Kutsi umusi (isitimu), imifekthri kanye nemadolobha kwayiguculani ngayiphi indlela iBhrithani - nekutsi lelidzimba lenguquko lifinyelele njani e-Afrika leseNingizimu.
Speaker notes
Cala ngekubuta bafundzi kutsi ngimiphi imishini kanye netintfo tekuphila letitisebentisa onkhe malanga letidzinga imifekthri, gesi noma uphetroli kute tibe khona. Chaza tincenye letimbili taloluhloko: kucala Inguquko Yetimboni leyacala eBhrithani, bese kutsi kufuneka kwetintfo teluhlobo (raw materials), timakethe kanye nebasebenti kwadvonsela njani i-Afrika leseNingizimu kulelive lelifananako letimboni - ikakhulukati ngemadayimane negolide. Chaza kutsi 'inguquko' isho lushintjo lolusheshako, loluhle nalolujulile endleleni bantfu labaphila nalabasebenta ngayo.
Kusukela cishe emnyakeni wa-1760, iBhrithani yashintja kusuka ekwentiweni kwetimphahla ngetandla kuya ekutentweni kwato ngemishini emifekthri.
Inguquko Yetimboni (Industrial Revolution) bekusikhatsi, lesacala eBhrithani ekhatsi nelikhulu la-1700, lapho imishini lemisha kanye nemitfombo lemisha yemandla kwavumela bantfu kutsi bakhicite timphahla ngesivinini lesikhulu nangebunyenti lobukhulu kunangaphambilini. Umsebenti wasuka emakhaya nasetindzaweni letincane letentiwa khona timphahla wangena etimfekthrini letinkhulu (factories).
- Ngaphambilini: linyenti lebantfu belilima umhlaba lente timphahla ngetandla ekhaya.
- Ngemuva kwaloko: linyenti lebantfu lasebentisa imishini emifekthrini emadolobheni lamakhulu nalamancane.
- IBhrithani yahola indlela ngoba beyinemalahle, insimbi, imali yekutjala kanye nemizila yekuhweba kuwo wonkhe umbuso wayo (empire).
Speaker notes
Gcizelela kuchubeka nekushintja. Bantfu bebahlala benta indwangu, emathulusi kanye nebumba - kodvwa ngetandla nangebunyenti lobuncane. Inguquko beyisebubukhulu kanye nasesivinini. Yetfula umbono wekutsi kucala kweBhrithani kwatsembela ngalinye icala engcebeni netintfo teluhlobo letatfolwa emakoloni ayo langaphandle, lokuba kubalulekile nasifinyelela e-Afrika leseNingizimu.
Injini yesitimu yaniketa imifekthri umtfombo wemandla lonemandla nalotsembekile lobungatsembeli emifuleni noma emoyeni.
Imishini yekucala beyihanjiswa ngemasondvo emanti, ngako imifekthri beyakhelwa edvutane nemifula lesheshako. Ngeminyaka ya-1760 na-1770 unjiniyela waseSkotlandi James Watt watfutfukisa kakhulu injini yesitimu (steam engine), leyayishisa emalahle kute ibilise emanti bese ihambisa umshini. Nyalo imfekthri beyingakheka cishe nome kuphi.
- Tinjini tesitimu betikhipha emanti etimayini letijulile temalahle netensimbi.
- Betihambisa imishini yekweluka nekweluka indwangu emifekthrini yendwangu.
- Ngemuva kwaloko betihambisa timagagane (trains) kanye nemikhumbi, tihambisa timphahla nebantfu ngesivinini.
Speaker notes
Yenta sayensi ibe lula: shisa emanti abe sitimu, sitimu sisunduza ipistoni, ipistoni ijikisa isondvo lesihambisa imishini. Inkhululeko lebalulekile injini ka-Watt leyayiniketa yayiyindzawo - imifekthri beyingasadzingi kuhlala emfuleni. Hlanganisa nendzaba lelandzelako: emalahle, luphetiselo lolwaseluhlolisa injini yesitimu, aba ngenye yetimboni letakhula ngesivinini lesikhulu.
Imishini, basebenti kanye nemahora labekiwe kwahlanganiswa ngaphansi kwelibhande linye.
Imishini
Imishini lemikhulu lenemandla beyenta ngemizuzu loko lokwakwentiwa ngumsebenti ngemahora ngetandla.
Liwashi
Basebenti bekufanele bafike ngesikhatsi bese basebenta emashifthi lamade, lamiswe ngensimbi yemfekthri.
Imiholo
Bantfu abasazenti timphahla tiphelele; babekhokhelwa umholo wekwenta umsebenti munye lomncane lonkhe lilanga.
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lamakhadi lamatsatfu kuchaza lokwakusha ngemsebenti wemfekthri: kulawulwa liwashi, kwehlukaniswa kwemsebenti kube tincenyana letincane letiphindvwaphindvwako, kanye nekutsembela emholweni esikhundleni semhlaba noma sekhono. Buta bafundzi kutsi bacatsanise loku nendlela umsebenti bewuhleliwe ngayo ngaphambilini - ekhaya, ngesivinini semndeni. Loku kubeka indlela yendleko yebuntfu esikrini lesilandzelako.
Timboni letinsha netindlela tekuhamba letinsha tondlana bese tisakateka kuyo yonkhe iBhrithani.
Tinjini tesitimu betidzinga emalahle, imishini netiporo bekwentiwe ngensimbi (insimbi) kanye ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi ngestile, futsi timagagane tesitimu (railways) tatihambisa tonkhe ngesivinini eveni lonkhe. Nga-1830 kwavulwa i-Liverpool and Manchester Railway, kwakhombisa kutsi bantfu netimphahla bebangahamba ngesivinini lesingakanani.
- Kumbiwa kwemalahle kanye nekwentiwa kwensimbi kwakhula kwaba timboni letinkhulu.
- Tiporo temagagane kanye netihlengelene (canals) tahlanganisa timayini, imifekthri, emadolobha netichungechunge (ports).
- Imikhumbi yesitimu yahambisa timphahla teBhrithani - futsi yaletsa tintfo teluhlobo - kuwo wonkhe umbuso.
Speaker notes
Khombisa kusabela kweketjeni: sitimu sidzinga emalahle, imishini netiporo tidzinga insimbi, tiporo tihambisa tobabili tivule timakethe letinsha. Kungako bacwaningi bemlando bakubita 'inguquko' - lushintjo lunye lwaletsa lolunye. Gcizelela luhlangana lombuso (imikhumbi yesitimu nekuhweba) ngoba kuhlanganisa ngco nekutsi kungani iBhrithani yendlulela etindzaweni tanjenge-Afrika leseNingizimu.
Imifekthri yadvonsa linyenti lebantfu labavela emaphandleni yabangenisa emadolobheni lakhula ngesivinini.
Kwandza kwemadolobha (urbanisation) kusho kukhula kwemadolobha lamancane nalamakhulu njengoba bantfu bagcugcutela kuwo. Njengoba imifekthri yavulwa, imindeni yashiya emapulazi ifuna umsebenti, futsi emadolobha lanjenge-Manchester ne-Birmingham akhula ngesivinini lesikhulu. Tindlu, emanti kanye nekuhlanteka kwatsi vamise kuhluleka kuhambisana.
- Basebenti bagcwala etindlini letishibhile, letiminyene edvutane nemifekthri.
- Kuminyana nekungahlanteki lokungakahle kwasakata tifo.
- Ngekwesikhatsi sekucala, emave lamanyenti abanebantfu labanyenti labahlala emadolobheni kunalabo labahlala emhlabeni.
Speaker notes
Chaza kwandza kwemadolobha (urbanisation) ngekucacile ngoba lithemu lelibalulekile le-CAPS futsi libuya nasibuka iNingizimu Afrika. Linganisa umfanekiso: emadolobha aniketa umsebenti nemiholo, kodvwa emadolobha etimboni ekucala abeminyene futsi angaphili kahle. Buta bafundzi kutsi lidolobha labo noma lidolobha leliseceleni lakhula ngenca yemisebenti yini - hlanganisa umbono nemhlaba wabo.
Inguquko yenta ingcebo lenkhulu kulabatsite kanye nemsebenti lolukhuni nalolusongelako kulabanyenti.
Baniniemifekthri nebahwebi bacebha, futsi kwavela sigaba lesisemkhatsini lesisha (middle class). Kodvwa basebenti labanyenti - kufaka ekhatsi bomake nebantfwana - basebenta emahora lamade emifekthrini netimayini letisongelako ngemholo lophansi. Ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi, basebenti bakha tinyunyana tebasebenti (trade unions) balwela imitsetfo lebavikelako.
- Bantfwana basebenta emifekthrini netimayini, futsi labanyenti balimala. [SME] Cinisekisa nome ngukuphi kuminyaka lokutsite noma tibalo ngaphambi kwekusetjentiswa.
- Bagucules bawina imitsetfo lekhawulela emahora ekusebenta kanye nekusebenta kwebantfwana.
- Umphakatsi wehlukana kabuhlungu kakhulu waba sigaba lesicebile lesiphetse kanye nesigaba sebasebenti.
Speaker notes
Phatsa loku ngekwetsembeka: lidzingeko lekutsi kutfutfukiswa kwetimboni kwaletsa inchubekela phambili nebulukhuni ngesikhatsi sinye. Gcizelela imbangela nemphumela - timo letimbi tenta basebenti bahlele tinyunyana bacindzetele imitsetfo yekugucuka. Luphawu lwe-[SME] lubeka imininingwane yekusebenta kwebantfwana: yigcine imcondvo ngaphandle kwaloko lohlolako uniketa iminyaka noma tibalo leticiniswekile. Lombono wesigaba lesicebile lesiphetse nesigaba sebasebenti udlulela ngco etimayini teNingizimu Afrika.
- 1764 I-spinning jenny yesheshisa kwentiwa kwentsambo
- 1769 James Watt uthola i-patent yenjini yesitimu leyatfutfukiswa
- 1785 I-power loom yenta kweluka kube ngumshini
- 1825 Sitimela sekucala sesitimu semphakatsi (Stockton kuya Darlington)
- 1830 I-Liverpool and Manchester Railway iyavulwa
- 1840s IBhrithani ngemandla laphambili emhlabeni etimboni
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lelilayini yesikhatsi kuhlanganisa incenye yeBhrithani yaloluhloko ngaphambi kwekwewela uye e-Afrika leseNingizimu. Buta bafundzi babone iphethini: imishini yendwangu kucala, bese emandla esitimu, bese tiporo tesitimela letihambisa konkhe. Cwayisa kutsi lamalanga acishe abe tigcamu tekugucuka, hhayi kuphela tehlakalo letibalulekile. [SME] Lohlolako kufanele acinisekise emalanga langempela ngekumelene nelayini yesikhatsi yetento te-SAHO ngaphambi kwekushicilela.
IBhrithani letimboni beyidzinga tintfo teluhlobo, timakethe letinsha kanye nebasebenti labashibhile - yase ibuka emakoloni ayo.
Imifekthri yeBhrithani beyidzinga tintfo teluhlobo (raw materials) tanjenge-kotini, luboya kanye netensimbi, futsi bahwebi bayo bebafuna timakethe letinsha kute batsengise timphahla letiphelele. Loku kwadvonsela iBhrithani kutsi yandzise umbuso wayo, kufaka ekhatsi e-Afrika leseNingizimu. Kwatsi nakutfolwa emadayimane bese kutfolwa igolide lapha, loko kudvonsa kwaba nemandla kakhulu.
- Umnotfo wetimboni bewudzinga tintfo emakoloni labengatinika.
- Imali nemishini yaseBhrithani kwangena kute kumbiwe futsi kwakhiwe tiporo tesitimela.
- Loku kuvame kubitwa nge-Nguquko Yetimbiwa (Mineral Revolution) eNingizimu Afrika.
Speaker notes
Hlanganisa tincenye letimbili taloluhloko ngekucacile. Lamandla lafanako lentela iBhrithani yaba nayetimboni - indlala yetintfo teluhlobo, timakethe kanye nenzuzo - aphindze akha kabusha i-Afrika leseNingizimu. Yetfula 'Nguquko Yetimbiwa' (Mineral Revolution) njengeligama lasekhaya lelushintjo lolusheshako lwetimboni eNingizimu Afrika, loluhanjiswa kumbiwa kwetimbiwa kunekwenta indwangu. Lesi sigaba lesibalulekile senkhulumo.
Kutfolwa kwemadayimane kwaguculela indzawo lethulile yaba lidolobha letimayini leligcwele bantfu cishe ngobusuku bunye.
Kusukela nga-1867 emadayimane atfolwa edvutane nemifula i-Orange ne-Vaal, futsi kwacala kugijima lokukhulu ndzawonye naloko lokwaba Kimberley. Tinkhulungwane tebambi tembako langudini lolwatiwako lolubitwa nge-Big Hole. Nga-1888 Cecil John Rhodes wahlanganisa timayini ngaphansi kwenkampani yakhe, i-De Beers Consolidated Mines, watfola lawulo lwenyenti yemadayimane emhlabeni wonkhe.
- Kimberley yakhula yaba ngelinye lemadolobha lamakhulukati e-Afrika leseNingizimu.
- Bambi labancane basundvuselwa ngaphandle njengoba tinkampani letinjinga tatsatsa.
- Basebenti labamnyama bebahlaliswa emakhampu lavaliwe futsi bakhokhelwa kancane kakhulu kunebasebenti labamhlophe.
Speaker notes
Kimberley isibonelo sekucala lesicacile se-Nguquko Yetimbiwa. Mibono lemibili lemikhulu: kugijima kwadala lidolobha letimboni lelikhulu ngekhatsi eveni, futsi lawulo lwadlulela ngekushesha kusuka kubambi labanyenti labancane luya etinkampanini letimbalwa letinemandla letatiholwa ngu-Rhodes. Yetfula luhlelo lwemakhampu (compound) nebasebenti labafudukako ngekunono lapha; sikrini lesilandzelako sitakwakha loko. [SME] Cinisekisa kubekwa kwe-Eureka (1867) ngakuse-Kimberley 'New Rush' (1871) uma emalanga laciniswekile adzingeka.
Kutfolwa kwegolide nga-1886 kwadala iJohannesburg kwenta iNingizimu Afrika ibe sembandzeni wemnotfo wemhlaba.
Nga-1886 kwatfolwa umtsamo wegolide lomkhulu e-Witwatersrand, futsi lidolobha letimayini i-Johannesburg lamila ngetinyanga letimbalwa. Igolide belilele lijulile ngaphansi kwemhlaba, ngako kulimba bekudzinga imishini lebita, tinkampani letinkhulu kanye nebunyenti lobukhulu bebasebenti.
- Johannesburg yaba lidolobha lelakhula ngesivinini kunawo onkhe e-Afrika leseNingizimu.
- Kumba kwelizinga lelijulile bekudzinga imali lenyenti, ngako tinkampani tetimayini takhula tanemandla lamakhulu.
- Igolide lenta iNingizimu Afrika ibe balulekile eBhrithani nakuwo wonkhe umnotfo wemhlaba.
Speaker notes
Catsanisa emadayimane negolide. Emadayimane bekungakhiwa ebusweni bemhlaba ekucaleni; igolide leWitwatersrand belilijulile nalinelizinga lelisetulu, ngako kusukela ekucaleni kwakudzinga imishini lesindzako, tugodzi letijulile kanye nemali lenkhulu. Kungako tinkampani tetimayini letinamandla nebasebenti labanyenti kwavela ngesivinini. Johannesburg isibonelo lesicacile kunato sase-Ningizimu Afrika sekwandza kwemadolobha lokuhanjiswa timboni.
Timayini taguculela lapho nendlela lebantfu base-Afrika leseNingizimu bebahlala basebenta ngayo.
Timayini betidzinga bantfu labanyenti kakhulu, labashibhile. Bantfu labanyenti labamnyama bebahamba ibanga lelide besuka emaphandleni beta kutawusebenta etimayini titinyanga - luhlelo lwe-kufuduka kwebasebenti (migrant labour) - kubantfu bemindeni yabo basale emuva. Basebenti bebahlala emakhampu (compounds) laminyene, bakhokhelwa imiholo lephansi futsi bekufanele batfwale emaphasi labelawula kuhamba kwabo.
- Tintela nekulahlekelwa ngumhlaba kwasundvusela emadvodza lamanyenti asemaphandleni afuna umsebenti wasetimayini.
- Kwehlukaniswa ngebuhlanga emiholweni netindlini kwakhelwa ngekhatsi eluhlelweni lwetimayini.
- Lenhlanganisela yekufuduka kwebasebenti nekulawula ngebuhlanga yayibumba iNingizimu Afrika kwadlula 1900.
Speaker notes
Lesi sikrini lesibucayi kakhulu - sethule ngeliciniso nangenono. Umnotfo wetimbiwa awuzange nje udale ingcebo nemadolobha; wadala luhlelo lwekufuduka kwebasebenti, emakhampu, imiholo lephansi ngebuhlanga kanye nekulawula ngemaphasi lokwadala bulukhuni bangempela nekwehlukanisa imindeni. Yenta luhlangana nencenye yeBhrithani: njengobe basebenti baseBhrithani bebahlangabetane netimo letilukhuni nemphakatsi lowehlukene, umnotfo wetimayini weNingizimu Afrika wadala kungalingani lokujulile - lapha kuhleleke ngemigca yebuhlanga. Loku kuhlanganisa nembili netihloko letilandzelako tekwehlukaniswa (segregation) ne-apartheid.
Lamandla lafanako etimboni adala lushintjo lolufanako etindzaweni letimbili letehluke kakhulu.
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lesi sikrini seceleceleni kuveta likhono le-CAPS lekucatsanisa. Kufana: kukhula kwetimboni ngesivinini, emadolobha lakhula ngesivinini, kwehlukana lokujulile kwentalelwane emkhatsini wabaphetse nebasebenti. Umehluko lomkhulu: eNingizimu Afrika loko kwehlukana bekuhleleke ngebuhlanga, futsi basebenti bebafudukile kakhulu. Yenta bafundzi bacaphune kufana kunye nemehluko munye ngemavi abo ngaphambi kwekuveta emakholomu.
Sitimu nemifekthri kwaguculela iBhrithani; emadayimane negolide kwadvonsela i-Afrika leseNingizimu kulelo live lelifananako letimboni.
Inguquko Yetimboni yasusela umsebenti yawubeka emifekthrini lehanjiswa ngemishini, yagcwalisa emadolobha ngebantfu, yehlukanisa umphakatsi waba baphetse nebasebenti. Sidzingo seBhrithani setintfo netimakethe, kanye nekutfolwa kwemadayimane (diamonds) negolide (gold), kwaletsa lolushintjo lolusheshako lwetimboni e-Afrika leseNingizimu ngesimo se-Nguquko Yetimbiwa (Mineral Revolution).
Q. Chaza kutsi injini yesitimu yaguculani indlela timphahla letatentiwa ngayo eBhrithani. (4 marks)
Q. Chaza tindlela letimbili kutfolwa kwemadayimane negolide lokwaguculela ngato kuphila e-Afrika leseNingizimu. (6 marks)
Q. Niketa indlela yinye lushintjo lwetimboni lolwalufanako ngayo eBhrithani nase-Afrika leseNingizimu, nendlela yinye lolwaluhlukene ngayo. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngekubuyela embuzweni wesihloko: kutsi lushintjo eBhrithani lwafinyelela njani e-Afrika leseNingizimu? Buketa iketjeni - sitimu nemifekthri, kwandza kwemadolobha, kwehlukana kwentalelwane, bese lamandla lafanako afika lapha ngekumba. Sebentisa lemibuto lemitsatfu njengemsebenti lobhaliwe noma ingcoco; kwabiwa kwemamaki kulandzela tindlela te-CAPS letisekelwe emitfonjeni nekubhala lokwendlaliwe. Khumbula bafundzi kutsi loluhloko lubeka umsebenti welandzelako ngekwendlula kwemakoloni, iMphi yaseNingizimu Afrika nekwehlukaniswa.
- Grade
- Grade 8
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Industrial Revolution in Britain and southern Africa
- Resource type
- Presentation