Ukukoloniswa kweKapa, ngawo-1600 nawo-1700
Indlela inkampani yamaDashi yezohwebo eyakha ngayo indawo yokuhlala eKapa - nendlela leyo ndawo eyaguqula ngayo izimpilo zamaKhoikhoi, amaSan nezinkulungwane zabantu abagqilaziwe.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubuza abafundi ukuthi bacabanga ukuthi 'ikoloni' iyini nokuthi kungani imikhumbi yaseYurophu yayidlula eKapa ngawo-1600. Beka phambili imicabango emikhulu emibili yalesi sifundo: (1) amaDashi eza ukuzohweba, ekuqaleni engezi ukuzonqoba, kodwa indawo yawo yokuhlala yakhula yathatha umhlaba; (2) le ndawo yokuhlala yakhelwa phezu komsebenzi wabantu abagqilaziwe futhi yaholela ekwephucweni komhlaba kwamaKhoikhoi namaSan. Chaza 'ukukolonisa' ngendlela elula - lapho abantu bezwe elilodwa behlala bese bethatha ulawulo lomhlaba wabanye abantu.
Abantu bokuqala baseKapa
AmaKhoikhoi namaSan ayehlala eningizimu ye-Afrika iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ngaphambi kokuba kufike noma yimuphi umkhumbi.
Amaqembu amabili ayehlala eKapa kudala ngaphambi kwamaDashi. AmaSan ayengabazingeli-abaqoqi ababehamba ngokwezinkathi zonyaka, bezingela ngemicibisholo eneshevu beqoqa nezitshalo zasendle. AmaKhoikhoi ayengabelusi (abafuyi) ababefuya imihlambi emikhulu yezinkomo nezimvu futhi belinganisa ingcebo yawo ngemfuyo.
- Igama elithi 'Khoikhoi' kuvame ukuthiwa lisho 'amadoda phakathi kwamadoda' noma 'abantu abangabantu'.
- AmaKhoikhoi ayeqhubela imihlambi yawo emadlelweni amasha eduze kogu nemifula.
- Ndawonye lawa maqembu amabili kwesinye isikhathi abizwa ngokuthi amaKhoisan, njengoba ayabelana ngezilimi ezinemisindo yokuqhwaba (click).
Speaker notes
Gcizelela ukuthi iKapa yayingewona umhlaba ongenamuntu - yayiyikhaya lemiphakathi eyayihlezi inomnotho wayo, izilimi nezindlela zayo zokuphila. Lokhu kubalulekile kukho konke okulandelayo: lapho amaDashi ethatha umhlaba wokudlelisa, ayewuthatha kubantu ababewuthembele. Lungisa inganekwane endala yokuthi umhlaba 'wawungasetshenziswa'. Qaphela ukuthi izindlela zokuphila zamaSan namaKhoikhoi zaziyaxubana futhi abantu kwesinye isikhathi babengena ngapha nangapha.
I-VOC: inkampani yezohwebo
Inkampani yamaDashi yaseMpumalanga India yayifuna izinongo ezivela e-Asia - nendawo ephephile yokuma endleleni ende yaselwandle.
I-Dutch East India Company (ngesiDashi, i-Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, noma i-VOC) yasungulwa ngo-1602. Yayingenye yezinkampani ezicebe kakhulu emhlabeni futhi yayihweba ngezinongo ezinjengopelepele, isinamoni (cinnamon) ne-nutmeg phakathi kweYurophu ne-Asia.
- Uhambo lolwandle olusuka eNetherlands luya e-Asia lwaluthatha izinyanga eziningi.
- Abasebenzi bemikhumbi babevame ukugula bafe ngenxa yesifo esibizwa ngokuthi i-scurvy, esibangelwa ukudla okungenampilo.
- I-VOC yayidinga 'isiteshi esiphakathi nendlela' lapho imikhumbi yayingathola khona amanzi amasha, imifino nenyama.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi i-VOC ekuqaleni yayingewona uhulumeni kodwa yayiyinkampani yezohwebo ezimele - kodwa yayinamandla kangangokuthi yayingaqoqa amabutho, yakhe izinqaba, yenze nezivumelwano. Xhumanisa isidingo sesiteshi nezohambo zangaphambili zamaPutukezi (uDias, uda Gama) ababevele bewuzungeze iKapa. Yenza isizathu sabantu sicace: i-scurvy yabulala abasebenzi bemikhumbi abaningi, ngakho ukudla okusha eKapa kwasindisa izimpilo nemali.
UJan van Riebeeck uyafika
I-VOC yathumela uJan van Riebeeck ukuthi akhe isiteshi sokuhlinzeka imikhumbi (refreshment station) eTable Bay.
Ngomhla ka-6 April 1652, u-Jan van Riebeeck wafika eTable Bay neqembu elincane labasebenzi beNkampani. Umsebenzi wabo kwakuwukwakha inqaba nokutshala ukudla ukuze bahlinzeke imikhumbi edlulayo. Ekuqaleni, iKapa kwakuhloswe ukuthi ibe yisiteshi sokuhlinzeka kuphela, hhayi ikoloni.
- AmaDashi akha inqaba yodaka nezingodo ukuze bavikeleke.
- Batshala iNgadi yeNkampani (Company's Garden) ukuze bakhulise imifino nezithelo ezimasha.
- UVan Riebeeck wayalelwa ukuthi ahwebe ngokuthula namaKhoikhoi ethenga izinkomo nezimvu.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela igama elithi 'isiteshi sokuhlinzeka (refreshment station)' - amaDashi ayengahlelanga ukwakha ikoloni enkulu. Lokhu kubalulekile ekukhombiseni ukuguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: lokho okwaqala kukuncane kwakhula kwaba yindawo yokuhlala eyathatha sonke lesi sifunda. Sho ukuthi uvan Riebeeck wayebhala idayari enemininingwane, okuwumthombo oyinhloko wangempela izazi-mlando ezisawusebenzisa. Cela abafundi ukuthi baqagele ukuthi yini engabangela ingxabano lapho amaDashi esedinga umhlaba nokudla okwengeziwe.
Kusukela esiteshini kuya endaweni yokuhlala
Emva kweminyaka embalwa isiteshi esincane saqala ukusabalala emhlabeni wamaKhoikhoi.
Ngo-1657 i-VOC yavumela abanye babasebenzi bayo ukuthi babe ama-free burgher (izakhamuzi ezikhululekile) - izakhamuzi ezashiya iNkampani ukuze zilime emhlabeni wazo eduze kwenqaba. Ukuze bondle indawo yokuhlala eyayikhula babedinga umhlaba omningi nabasebenzi abaningi, ngakho indawo yokuhlala yasabalala isuka eTable Bay.
- Ama-free burgher anikwa amapulazi emhlabeni amaKhoikhoi ayewusebenzisela ukudlelisa.
- Ngo-1688 kwafika ababaleki bamaFrench Huguenot basiza ukuqala ukulinywa kwewayini.
- Njengoba amapulazi esabalala, abafiki babedinga abasebenzi abaningi, abashibhile.
Speaker notes
Lesi slayidi siyintsika yesifundo: ukushintsha kusuka esiteshini sokuhlinzeka kuya ekolonini yabafiki esabalalayo. Chaza i-'free burgher' ngokusobala - abasebenzi abaphenduka abalimi abazimele. Amandla amabili manje aqhuba ukukolonisa: ukulambela umhlaba (othathwe kumaKhoikhoi) nokulambela abasebenzi (okuholela ebugqilini, kumaslayidi alandelayo). AmaHuguenot ka-1688 ayisibonelo esihle sabantu bdatabase abakhulayo abaxubanayo.
AmaDashi namaKhoikhoi
Njengoba abafiki bethatha umhlaba wokudlelisa, uhwebo lwaphenduka impi futhi amaKhoikhoi alahlekelwa yinkululeko yawo.
Ekuqaleni amaKhoikhoi ayehweba ngezinkomo kumaDashi. Kodwa njengoba amapulazi esabalala emadlelweni awo, amaKhoikhoi alahlekelwa umhlaba wokudlelisa nezilwane. Lokhu kwaholela e-Mpini yokuqala yamaKhoikhoi namaDashi (1659-1660) kanye nasempini yesibili (1673-1677). AmaDashi, ngezibhamu namahhashi, kancane kancane athatha ulawulo.
- Abaholi bamaKhoikhoi abanjengoDoman bahola ukumelana nokulahlekelwa umhlaba wabo.
- U-Autshumato (owayebizwa ngokuthi 'Harry' ngamaDashi) wayesebenza njengomhwebi nomhumushi.
- UKrotoa, owesifazane omusha wamaKhoikhoi, wayesebenza njengotolika emzini kavan Riebeeck.
Speaker notes
Phatha lokhu njengenhliziyo yokwephucwa komhlaba kobukoloni, ezingeni leBanga 7. Uhwebo lwalungalingani kusukela ekuqaleni, futhi lapho umhlaba usubiyelwe amapulazi amaKhoikhoi awakwazanga ukugcina imihlambi yawo ihamba. Qamba amagama abantu ukuze umlando ungabi ngongenabuso: uDoman (ukumelana), u-Autshumato (uhwebo/ukuhumusha), uKrotoa/Eva (utolika obhajwe phakathi kwemhlaba emibili). [SME] Sicela ubuyekeze indlela u-Krotoa achazwa ngayo - umlando wempilo yakhe uyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngezinye izikhathi uyaphikiswa; qinisekisa amagama afanele ekilasini ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa.
Kungani i-VOC yaletha abantu abagqilaziwe
INkampani yayingavumeli abafiki ukuthi bagqilaze amaKhoikhoi, ngakho yangenisa abantu abagqilaziwe abavela ngaphesheya koLwandle iNdiya.
Abafiki babedinga abasebenzi emapulazini nasemakhaya abo, kodwa i-VOC yayivimbela ukugqilazwa kwamaKhoikhoi endawo. Esikhundleni salokho iNkampani yangenisa abantu abagqilaziwe ngomkhumbi. Amaqembu amakhulu okuqala afika ngo-1658 ngemikhumbi i-Amersfoort ne-Hasselt, futhi iKapa kancane kancane yaba umphakathi wobugqila.
- Abantu abagqilaziwe babenza umsebenzi wasepulazini, ukwakha, ukupheka nomsebenzi wasekhaya.
- Ukuba nabantu abagqilaziwe kwaba yinto ejwayelekile emindenini eminingi yabafiki.
- Ngawo-1700 ngokuvamile kwakunabantu abagqilaziwe abaningi eKapa kunabafiki abakhululekile.
Speaker notes
Yethula ubugqila ngokucophelela nangokucacile. Yenza umqondo ucace: iNkampani yavikela amaKhoikhoi ekugqilazweni (ngokwengxenye ukuze igcine uhwebo lwezinkomo), kodwa yayingenankinga yokungenisa abantu abagqilaziwe abavela kwenye indawo. Gcizelela ukuthi abantu abagqilaziwe babengabantu ababephathwa njengempahla ngokuphambene nentando yabo - hhayi 'izisebenzi'. Iqiniso elimangazayo lokuthi abagqilaziwe ngezinye izikhathi babebaningi kunabafiki abakhululekile likhombisa ukuthi ubugqila babusemqoka kangakanani kuyo yonke ikoloni. [SME] Qinisekisa ukuthi imininingwane ka-1658 ye-Amersfoort/Hasselt isezingeni elifanele iBanga 7.
Lapho abantu abagqilaziwe abavela khona
Abantu babethunjwa bathunyelwe eKapa ngomkhumbi bevela emazweni amaningi azungeze uLwandle iNdiya.
Abantu abagqilaziwe balethwa eKapa besuka e-Mpumalanga Afrika, eMadagascar, eNdiya naseziqhingini zalokho manje osekuyi-Indonesia. Behlukaniswe namakhaya nemindeni yabo, bafika bekhuluma izilimi eziningi ezehlukene. EKapa, abantu abagqilaziwe ababengabeNkampani babegcinwa e-Slave Lodge.
- Abantu abagqilaziwe baletha amakhono abo, ukudla, umculo nezinkolelo zabo.
- Abaningi babengamaSulumane, futhi inkolo yamaSulumane (Islam) yagxila eKapa ngabo.
- Amasiko abo asiza ukwakha ulimi nokudla esikubiza manje ngokuthi Cape Malay.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa ibalazwe lodonga uma unalo, ulandela imizila yoLwandle iNdiya. Gcizelela izindleko zabantu: abantu bahlukaniswa nemindeni namazwe abo baphoqwa ukwakha izimpilo phakathi kwabantu ababengabazi. Bese ugqamisa ukuqina nefa - imiphakathi yabagqilaziwe yasiza ukudala ukupheka kweCape Malay, ulimi lwesiBhunu (Afrikaans) nomphakathi wamaSulumane osahleziyo. Sho i-Slave Lodge eKapa, abafundi abasakwazi ukuyivakashela njengemnyuziyamu namuhla.
Izimpilo ezinzima, imimoya eqinile
Abantu abagqilaziwe babecishe bangabi namalungelo, kodwa bathola izindlela zokumelana nokugcina ubuntu babo.
Abantu abagqilaziwe babengathengwa bathengiswe, babephoqwa ukusebenza amahora amade, futhi babejeziswa kabuhlungu. Imithetho eqinile yayilawula lapho ababengaya khona nalokho ababengakwenza. Kodwa noma ngaphansi kwalezi zimo ezinonya, abantu bamelana - ngokubaleka, ukusebenza kancane, ukugcina izinkolelo zabo, noma kwesinye isikhathi ngokuvukela.
- Abantu abagqilaziwe babengavunyelwe ukuba nempahla noma ukuhamba ngokukhululeka.
- Imindeni yayingahlukaniswa lapho amalungu ethengiswa kubanikazi abehlukene.
- Ukubambelela olimini, ekukholweni nasemculweni kwakuwuhlobo lokumelana ngokwalo.
Speaker notes
Lesi slayidi sicela abafundi ukuthi bacabange ngobunonya kanye nesibindi. Gcina indlela yokukhuluma iqotho kodwa ingacaci kakhulu ngendlela ebuhlungu - qamba ukungabi nabulungiswa ngokucacile ngenkathi ugxile esithunzini nasekumelaneni kwabantu abagqilaziwe, ukuze isifundo singabenzi babe yizisulu kuphela. Umbuzo omuhle wengxoxo: kungani ukugcina ulimi noma inkolo yakho kungabalwa njengesenzo sokumelana? [SME] Sicela ubuyekeze izinga lemininingwane ngezijeziso nanoma yikuphi ukuvukela okuqanjwe igama ofuna ukukwengeza ngokuzwela kweBanga 7.
Ukwanda kobukoloni ngaphakathi ezweni
Phakathi nawo-1700 abalimi abafiki basabalala kude ngale kweKapa, bethatha umhlaba omningi nomningi.
Ngawo-1700, abafuyi bezinkomo ababebizwa ngokuthi ama-trekboer babelayisha imindeni yabo ezinqoleni zezinkabi baye kude phakathi ezweni befuna umhlaba wokudlelisa. Njengoba umngcele wekoloni usabalala uya enyakatho nasempumalanga, waqhubeka uthatha umhlaba kumaKhoikhoi namaSan, ababemelana kodwa baxoshwa emhlabeni wabo noma baphoqwa ukusebenzela abafiki.
- Ama-trekboer ayephila impilo yokuzula okwengxenye kude nolawulo lweNkampani.
- Umngcele onyakazayo waletha izingxabano ezintsha ngomhlaba, izinkomo namanzi.
- AmaKhoikhoi namaSan amaningi abulawa, axoshwa, noma aphoqwa ukusebenza emapulazini abafiki.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'umngcele' njengonqenqema lwekoloni oluhlala lunyakaza. Ama-trekboer akhombisa ukuthi ukukolonisa kwaqhubeka kusabalala isikhathi eside emva kuka-1652, kude nolawulo lweNkampani. Gcina imiphumela icacile: lokhu kwanda kwakusho ukuqhubeka kokwephucwa umhlaba, udlame nokusebenza ngenkani kwimiphakathi yamaKhoikhoi namaSan. Lokhu kuxhumana nezimpi zomngcele abafundi abazohlangana nazo emabangeni alandelayo.
Ubhubhane wengxibongo (smallpox)
Isifo esalethwa umkhumbi sasiza ukubhidliza umphakathi wamaKhoikhoi eKapa.
Ngo-1713 ubhubhane wengxibongo (smallpox) washaya kulo lonke iKapa. AmaKhoikhoi ayengakaze ahlangabezane nalesi sifo saseYurophu futhi ayengenamandla okumelana naso, ngakho isibalo esikhulu safa. Ndawonye nokulahlekelwa umhlaba nezinkomo zawo, lo bhubhane wahlukanisa imiphakathi eminingi yamaKhoikhoi unomphela.
- Kucatshangwa ukuthi ingxibongo yafika ezimpahleni ezigezwayo zomkhumbi owawudlula.
- Izizwe zonke zamaKhoikhoi zalahlekelwa iningi lamalungu azo.
- Abasinda ngokuvamile babengenayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokusebenza njengezisebenzi zabafiki.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi kungani izifo zobhubhane 'zomhlabathi omusha' zaziyingozi kangaka: amaKhoikhoi ayengenawo amandla emzimba akhelwe ukumelana nengxibongo. Xhumanisa izehlakalo ezintathu ezabhidliza inkululeko yamaKhoikhoi - ukulahlekelwa umhlaba, ukulahlekelwa izinkomo, manje nesifo. Qaphela ungaphakamisi ukuthi isifo sasiwukuphela kwesizathu; sasebenzisana nokukolonisa nokwephucwa umhlaba. [SME] Qinisekisa usuku luka-1713 nencazelo 'yezimpahla ezigezwayo zomkhumbi' ngokumelene ne-SAHO ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa.
Izinsuku ezibalulekile, 1602-1713
- 1602 I-VOC (Dutch East India Company) iyasungulwa
- 1652 UJan van Riebeeck ufika eTable Bay
- 1657 Ama-free burgher okuqala athola amapulazi awo
- 1658 Amaqembu amakhulu okuqala abantu abagqilaziwe ayafika
- 1659 Impi yokuqala yamaKhoikhoi namaDashi iyaqala
- 1713 Ubhubhane wengxibongo ubhuqa amaKhoikhoi
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lesi slayidi ukuqinisa ukulandelana ngaphambi kokubuyekeza. Cela abafundi ukuthi bathole iphethini: amaDashi afika ukuzohweba, indawo yokuhlala iyakhula, umhlaba uyathathwa, abantu abagqilaziwe bayangeniswa, futhi amaKhoikhoi alahlekelwa inkululeko yawo. Cela abafundi bakopishe uhla lwesikhathi emabhukwini abo bese bengeza umusho owodwa ochaza ukuthi kungani usuku ngalunye lubalulekile.
Esikufundile
Isiteshi sokuhweba sakhula saba yikoloni eyakhelwe emhlabeni owebiwe nasemsebenzini wenkani - kwaguqula iKapa unomphela.
IKapa yaqala njenge-siteshi sokuhlinzeka (refreshment station) se-VOC ngo-1652, kodwa yakhula yaba yikoloni yabafiki. Ukukolonisa kwakusho ukwephucwa komhlaba kwamaKhoikhoi namaSan, kanye nomphakathi owakhelwe ebugqilini babantu ababelethwe bevela ngaphesheya koLwandle iNdiya. Lezi zinguquko zisawakha umhlaba, izilimi nabantu baseNingizimu Afrika namuhla.
Q. Kungani i-VOC yayifuna isiteshi eKapa, futhi kungani sakhula saba yikoloni? (4 marks)
Q. Chaza izindlela ezimbili amaKhoikhoi alahlekelwa ngazo umhlaba nenkululeko yawo ngawo-1600 nawo-1700. (6 marks)
Q. Abantu abagqilaziwe babelethwe bevela kuphi, futhi basiza kanjani ukwakha impilo eKapa? (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Phetha ngokubuyela emicabangweni emikhulu: ukukolonisa kwakumayelana nomhlaba nomsebenzi. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliwe noma ingxoxo yasekilasini; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulandela izitayela ze-CAPS ezisekelwe emithonjeni nokubhala izigaba. Khumbuza abafundi ukuthi lo mlando uxhumene nomhlaba, izilimi (njenge-Afrikaans) nemiphakathi (njengomphakathi wamaSulumane waseKapa) abawaziyo namuhla, futhi ubeka isisekelo sezihloko ezizayo ngamaNgisi eKapa nezimpi zomngcele.
- Grade
- Grade 7
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Colonisation of the Cape in the 17th and 18th centuries
- Resource type
- Presentation