Kucoloniswa kweKapa, ema-1600 kuya ema-1700
Kutsi inkampani yekutsengisa yemaDashi (Dutch) yakha njani indzawo yekuhlala eKapa - nekutsi lendzawo yekuhlala yatintjintja njani timphilo temaKhoikhoi, emaSan kanye netinkhulungwane tebantfu lebebagcilatiwe.
Speaker notes
Cala ngekubuta bafundzi kutsi bacabanga kutsi 'ikholoni' yini nekutsi kungani imikhumbi yemaYurophu beyendlula eKapa ngema-1600. Beka phansi imicondvo lemibili lemikhulu yalesifundvo: (1) emaDashi eta kutawutsengisa, ekucaleni angetanga kutawunqoba, kodvwa indzawo yawo yekuhlala yakhula yase itsatsa umhlaba; (2) lendzawo yekuhlala yakhelwa etikwemsebenti webantfu lebebagcilatiwe futsi yaholela ekutfathelweni kwemhlaba wemaKhoikhoi nemaSan. Chaza 'kucoloniswa' ngalula - nangabe bantfu labavela kulelinye live behlala futsi batsatsa umhlaba webanye bantfu.
Bantfu bekucala baseKapa
EmaKhoikhoi nemaSan bebahlala eNingizimu ye-Afrika tinkhulungwane teminyaka ngaphambi kwekufika kwanoma ngumuphi umkhumbi.
Emacembu lamabili bebahlala eKapa kadeni ngaphambi kwemaDashi. EmaSan bebangebatingeli nebaButi bekudla (hunter-gatherers) lebebahamba ngekwetinkhatsi tonyaka, batingela ngemcibisholo loneshevu futsi babutsa titjalo tesiganga. EmaKhoikhoi bebangebelusi (pastoralists) lebebanetimfuyo letinkhulu tetinkhomo netimvu futsi babala umnotfo wabo ngetifuyo.
- Ligama lelitsi 'Khoikhoi' livame kutsiwa lisho 'emadvodza emkhatsini wemadvodza' nome 'bantfu bantfu'.
- EmaKhoikhoi bebatfutsela timfuyo tabo emhlabeni lomusha wekudla eceleni kwelugu nemifula.
- Ndzawonye lamacembu lamabili ngalesinye sikhatsi abitwa ngekutsi ngemaKhoisan, njengoba abelana ngetilwimi letinemisindvo yekuklikha (click).
Speaker notes
Gcizelela kutsi iKapa beyingesiwo umhlaba longenamuntfu - bekulikhaya lemiphakatsi leyayihlala khona lenemnotfo wayo, tilwimi netindlela tekuphila. Loku kubalulekile kuko konkhe lokulandzelako: nangabe emaDashi atsatsa umhlaba wekwelusa, abewutsatsa ebantfwini labebancike kuwo. Lungisa inganekwane yakadze yekutsi umhlaba 'bewungasetjentiswa'. Chaza kutsi tindlela tekuphila temaSan nemaKhoikhoi betihlangana futsi bantfu ngalesinye sikhatsi bebahamba emkhatsini wato.
I-VOC: inkampani yekutsengisa
I-Dutch East India Company beyifuna tinongo tekudla (spices) tase-Asia - kanye nendzawo lephephile yekuma endleleni lendze yaselwandle.
I-Dutch East India Company (ngesiDashi, i-Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, nome i-VOC) yasungulwa nga-1602. Beyingulenye yetinkampani letinjingile kunato tonkhe emhlabeni futsi yayitsengisa tinongo letifana ne-pepper, i-cinnamon ne-nutmeg emkhatsini we-Europe ne-Asia.
- Luhambo lolwandle lolusuka e-Netherlands luya e-Asia belutsatsa tinyanga letinyenti.
- Bahambi bemikhumbi bebavame kugula bese bayafa ngesifo lesibitwa nge-scurvy, lesibangelwa kudla lokungakalungi.
- I-VOC beyidzinga 'indzawo lesemkhatsini weluhambo' lapho imikhumbi beyingatsatsa khona emanti lamasha, imifino nenyama.
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi i-VOC ekucaleni beyingesiyo hulumende kodvwa beyinkampani yangasese yekutsengisa - kepha beyinemandla kangangekutsi beyingakhona kwakha emabutfo, kwakha tinqaba nekwenta tivumelwane. Hlanganisa sidzingo sendzawo yekuma netohambo tekucala tema-Portuguese (Dias, da Gama) labebavele batungeleta iKapa. Yenta sizatfu sebuntfu sicace: i-scurvy yabulala bahambi bemikhumbi labanyenti, ngako kudla lokusha eKapa kwasindzisa timphilo nemali.
Jan van Riebeeck uyafika
I-VOC yatfumela Jan van Riebeeck kutsi akhe indzawo yekuphumuza nekwongeta kudla (refreshment station) eTable Bay.
Nga-6 April 1652, Jan van Riebeeck wafika eTable Bay nelicembu lelincane letisebenti teNkampani. Umsebenti wabo bekuwukwakha inqaba nekutjala kudla kuze baphakele imikhumbi leyendlulako. Ekucaleni, iKapa beyihloselwe kuba yindzawo yekuphakela kudla kuphela, hhayi ikholoni.
- EmaDashi akha inqaba yeludzaka nemapulangwe kutivikela.
- Batjala i-Company's Garden kuze bakhulise imifino nemitselo lemisha.
- Van Riebeeck watjelwa kutsi atsengiselane ngekuthula nemaKhoikhoi kuze atfole tinkhomo netimvu.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela lelibinzana lelitsi 'refreshment station' - emaDashi abengahlelanga kwakha ikholoni lenkhulu. Loku kubalulekile ekukhombiseni lushintjo ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi: loko lokwacala kuncane kwakhula kwaba yindzawo yekuhlala leyatsatsa sifundza sonkhe. Sho kutsi van Riebeeck abegcina idayari lenemininingwane, lokungumtfombo lomcoka wembali baholi bomlando labasawusebentisa. Buta bafundzi kutsi babikezele kutsi yini lengabangela kungcinane nangabe emaDashi asadzinga umhlaba nekudla lokwengetiwe.
Kusuka endzaweni yekuphakela kuya endzaweni yekuhlala
Emvakweminyaka lembalwa lendzawo lencane yacala kwandza yeta emhlabeni wemaKhoikhoi.
Nga-1657 i-VOC yavumela letinye tetisebenti tayo kutsi tibe ma-free burgher - takhamuti letikhululekile letashiya iNkampani kuze tilime umhlaba wato eduze kwenqaba. Kuze bondle lendzawo yekuhlala lebeyikhula, bebadzinga umhlaba lomunyenti netisebenti letinyenti, ngako indzawo yekuhlala yaya ngephandle isuka eTable Bay.
- Ema-free burgher aniketwa emapulazi emhlabeni lebewusetjentiswa ngemaKhoikhoi kwelusa.
- Nga-1688 bababaleki labangema-French Huguenot bafika futsi basita kucala kulinywa kwewayini (wine farming).
- Njengoba emapulazi andza, labahlali bebadzinga tisebenti letinyenti, letishibhile.
Speaker notes
Lesilayidi silisango lalesifundvo: kushintja kusuka endzaweni yekuphakela kuya ekholonini yebahlali leyandzako. Chaza 'free burgher' ngalula - tisebenti letaba balimi labatimele. Nyalo emandla lamabili aholela kucoloniswa: indlala yemhlaba (lowatsatfwa emaKhoikhoi) nendlala yetisebenti (leholela ebugcilini, kumaslayidi lalandzelako). Ema-Huguenot anga-1688 asibonelo lesihle sekukhula nekuhlangana kwesibalo sebahlali.
EmaDashi nemaKhoikhoi
Njengoba labahlali batsatsa umhlaba wekwelusa, kutsengiselana kwaphendvuka imphi futsi emaKhoikhoi alahlekelwa yinkululeko yawo.
Ekucaleni emaKhoikhoi bekatsengisela emaDashi tinkhomo. Kodvwa njengoba emapulazi andza eta emadlelweni awo, emaKhoikhoi alahlekelwa umhlaba wekwelusa netilwane. Loku kwaholela e-mphini yekucala yemaKhoikhoi nemaDashi (1659-1660) kanye ne-mphini yesibili (1673-1677). EmaDashi, anetibhamu nemahhashi, kancane kancane atsatsa umbuso.
- Baholi bemaKhoikhoi labafana na-Doman bahola kumelana nekulahlekelwa ngumhlaba wabo.
- Autshumato (lobitwa ngekutsi 'Harry' ngemaDashi) abesebenta njengemtsengisi nemhumushi.
- Krotoa, intfombatana yeliKhoikhoi, abesebenta njengemhumushi endlini yaka-van Riebeeck.
Speaker notes
Phatsa loku njengenhlitiyo yekutfathelwa kwemhlaba ngemakholoni, ezingeni leBanga 7. Kutsengiselana bekungalingani kusukela ekucaleni, futsi kwatsi nakubiywe umhlaba wemapulazi emaKhoikhoi angakhona kugcina timfuyo tawo tihamba. Sho emagama ebantfu kuze umlando ungabi ngulongenabuso: Doman (kumelana), Autshumato (kutsengisa/kuhumusha), Krotoa/Eva (umhumushi lobanjwe emkhatsini wemhlaba lomibili). [SME] Sicela ubuketise indlela lokubekwe ngayo indzaba yaKrotoa - umlando wemphilo yakhe mulukhuni futsi ngalesinye sikhatsi uyaphikiswa; cinisekisa emagama lafanele likilasi ngaphambi kwekukhicita.
Kungani i-VOC yaletsa bantfu lebagcilatiwe
INkampani yayingeke ivumele labahlali kutsi bagcilate emaKhoikhoi, ngako yangenisa bantfu lebagcilatiwe labavela ngaphesheya kwe-Indian Ocean.
Labahlali bebadzinga tisebenti temapulazi nemakhaya abo, kodvwa i-VOC yayenqabela kugcilatwa kwemaKhoikhoi endzawo. Kunaloko iNkampani yangenisa bantfu lebagcilatiwe ngemikhumbi. Emacembu lamakhulu ekucala afika nga-1658 ngemikhumbi i-Amersfoort ne-Hasselt, futsi iKapa kancane kancane yaba ngumphakatsi wetigcili.
- Bantfu lebagcilatiwe bebenta umsebenti wepulazi, wekwakha, wekupheka nemsebenti wasekhaya.
- Kuba nebantfu lebagcilatiwe kwaba yintfo lejwayelekile emindenini leminyenti yebahlali.
- Ngema-1700 bekuvame kuba nebantfu lebagcilatiwe labanyenti eKapa kunebahlali labakhululekile.
Speaker notes
Yetfula bugcili ngekunakekela nangekucaca. Yenta umcondvo ucace: iNkampani yavikela emaKhoikhoi ekugcilatweni (ngalenye indlela kuze kugcinwe kutsengiswa kwetinkhomo), kodvwa yayingenawo umatata ekungeniseni bantfu lebagcilatiwe labavela kulenye indzawo. Gcizelela kutsi bantfu lebagcilatiwe bebangebantfu labaphatfwa njengempahla ngaphandle kwentsandvo yabo - hhayi 'tisebenti tasekhaya'. Liciniso lelishaqisako lekutsi labagcilatiwe ngalesinye sikhatsi bebandza kunebahlali labakhululekile likhombisa kutsi bugcili bebubaluleke kangakanani ekholonini yonkhe. [SME] Cinisekisa kutsi iminingwane yanga-1658 ye-Amersfoort/Hasselt isezingeni lelifanele leBanga 7.
Bantfu lebagcilatiwe bebavelaphi
Bantfu bebabanjwa bese batfunyelwa ngemikhumbi eKapa bavela emaveni lamanyenti langakwe-Indian Ocean.
Bantfu lebagcilatiwe baletfwa eKapa bavela e-East Africa, Madagascar, India kanye netichingi talokunyalo lokubitwa nge-Indonesia. Bahlukaniswa nemakhaya kanye nemindeni yabo, bafika bakhuluma tilwimi letinyenti letehlukene. E-Cape Town, bantfu lebagcilatiwe lebebangebeNkampani bebavalelwe e-Slave Lodge.
- Bantfu lebagcilatiwe baletsa emakhono abo, kudla, umculo netinkholelo tabo.
- Labanyenti bebangemaMuslim, futsi inkholo yema-Islam yagxila eKapa ngabo.
- Emasiko abo asita kwakha lulwimi nekudla lesikubita nyalo ngekutsi yiCape Malay.
Speaker notes
Sebentisa limephu lwelubondza nangabe unalo, ulandzela tindlela te-Indian Ocean. Gcizelela intsengo yebuntfu: bantfu behlukaniswa nemindeni nelizwe lakubo baphocelelwa kwakha timphilo emkhatsini webantfu labangati. Bese ugcizelela kucina nelifa - imiphakatsi lebeyigcilatiwe yasita kwakha kupheka kweCape Malay, lulwimi lwesiBhunu (Afrikaans) nemphakatsi wemaMuslim losimile. Sho i-Slave Lodge e-Cape Town, bafundzi labasengayivakashela njengemnyuziyamu namuhla.
Timphilo letilukhuni, imimoya lecinile
Bantfu lebagcilatiwe bebacishe bangabi nawo emalungelo, kepha batfola tindlela tekumelana nekugcina bubuntfu babo.
Bantfu lebagcilatiwe bebangatsengwa batsengiswe, bebaphocelelwa kusebenta emahora lamadze, futsi bebajeziswa kabuhlungu. Imitsetfo lecinile beyilawula lapho bebangaya khona nalabekungakwenta. Kepha nome ngaphansi kwalesimo lesinelunya, bantfu bamelana - ngekubaleka, ngekusebenta kancane, ngekugcina tinkholelo tabo, nome ngalesinye sikhatsi ngekuvukela.
- Bantfu lebagcilatiwe bebangavunyelwa kuba nempahla nome kuhamba ngekukhululeka.
- Imindeni beyingahlukaniswa nangabe emalunga ayo atsengiselwa banikati labehlukene.
- Kubambelela elulwimini, enkholweni nasemculweni kwako kwakuluhlobo lwekumelana.
Speaker notes
Lesilayidi sicela bafundzi kutsi bacabange ngobabili lunya nesibindzi. Gcina indlela yekukhuluma icinisile kodvwa ingabi buhlungu kakhulu - sho kungabikho kwebulungiswa ngekucaca kube ugcizelela sitfunti nekumelana kwebantfu lebagcilatiwe, kuze lesifundvo singabenti babe tisulu kuphela. Sikhutsati sengcoco lesihle: kungani kugcina lulwimi nome inkholo yakho kungabalwa njengesento sekumelana? [SME] Sicela ubuketise lizinga leminingwane yekujeziswa nanoma nguyiphi imvukela leyetsiwe longafisa kuyingeta ngenca yekuva kweBanga 7.
Kwandza kwelikholoni ngekhatsi elizweni
Ngema-1700 balimi bebahlali bacindzetela baya khashane le-Cape Town, batsatsa umhlaba lomunyenti nalomunyenti.
Ngema-1700, balimi betinkhomo lababitwa ngema-trekboer bakhweta imindeni yabo etincoleni tetinkhabi bese bahamba bangena shubeka ngekhatsi elizweni bafuna umhlaba wekwelusa. Njengoba umngcele (frontier) welikholoni ucindzetela uya enyakatfo nasemphumalanga, wachubeka utsatsa umhlaba emaKhoikhoi nemaSan, labamelana kodvwa base bacoshwa emhlabeni wabo nome baphocelelwa kutsi basebentele labahlali.
- Ema-trekboer bebaphila imphilo yekuhambahamba khashane nekulawulwa yiNkampani.
- Umngcele lohambako waletsa tingcindzetelo letinsha ngemhlaba, tinkhomo nemanti.
- EmaKhoikhoi nemaSan lamanyenti abulawa, aciteka, nome entiwa kutsi asebente emapulazini ebahlali.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'umngcele' (frontier) njengelicele lelisolo lihamba lelikholoni. Ema-trekboer akhombisa kutsi kucoloniswa kwachubeka kwandza sikhatsi lesidze ngemuva kwa-1652, khashane nekulawulwa yiNkampani. Gcina imiphumela icacile: loku kwandza bekusho kutfathelwa umhlaba lokuchubekako, budlova nemsebenti wekuphocelela emiphakatsini yemaKhoikhoi nemaSan. Loku kuhlanganisa nembali yetimphi temingcele bafundzi labatawuhlangana nayo emabangeni langemuva.
Bhubhane welingatja (smallpox)
Sifo lesatfwatfwa ngumkhumbi sasita kubhidlita umphakatsi wemaKhoikhoi eKapa.
Nga-1713 bhubhane we-smallpox (lingatja) wancoba iKapa. EmaKhoikhoi abengakaze ahlangabetane nalesifo saseYurophu futsi abengenawo emandla ekumelana naso, ngako bantfu labanyenti bafa. Kanye nekulahlekelwa ngumhlaba netinkhomo tawo, lomkhuhlane wahlukanisa imiphakatsi leminyenti yemaKhoikhoi ngunaphakadze.
- Kucatjangwa kutsi i-smallpox yafika ngetimphahla letigezwako temkhumbi lobewendlula.
- Tive tonkhe temaKhoikhoi talahlekelwa yincumbi yemalunga ato.
- Labasindza bebavame kungabi nako lokunyenti lokungenteka ngaphandle kwekusebenta njengetisebenti tebahlali.
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi kungani bhubhane 'welinhlabatsi lelisha' (virgin soil) abebulala kangaka: emaKhoikhoi abengenawo emandla lakheke ekulwa ne-smallpox. Hlanganisa kushaywa katsatfu lokwaphula inkululeko yemaKhoikhoi - kulahlekelwa umhlaba, kulahlekelwa tinkhomo, nyalo nesifo. Caphela ungasho kutsi sifo bekusiso sodvwa simbangeli; sasebenta kanye nekucoloniswa nekutfathelwa kwemhlaba. [SME] Cinisekisa lidethi la-1713 nenchazelo yetimphahla letigezwako temkhumbi ku-SAHO ngaphambi kwekukhicita.
Emalanga labalulekile, 1602-1713
- 1602 I-VOC (Dutch East India Company) iyasungulwa
- 1652 Jan van Riebeeck ufika eTable Bay
- 1657 Ema-free burgher ekucala atfola emapulazi awo
- 1658 Emacembu lamakhulu ekucala ebantfu lebagcilatiwe ayafika
- 1659 Imphi yekucala yemaKhoikhoi nemaDashi iyacala
- 1713 Bhubhane we-smallpox ubhubhisa emaKhoikhoi
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lesilayidi kucinisa kulandzelana ngaphambi kwekubuyeketa. Buta bafundzi kutsi babone iphetheni: emaDashi afika kutawutsengisa, indzawo yekuhlala iyakhula, umhlaba uyatsatfwa, bantfu lebagcilatiwe bayangeniswa, futsi emaKhoikhoi alahlekelwa yinkululeko yawo. Yenta bafundzi bakophi i-timeline etincwadzini tabo bese bangeta umusho munye lochaza kutsi kungani lidethi ngalinye libalulekile.
Loko lesikufundzile
Indzawo yekuma yekutsengisa yakhula yaba yikholoni leyakhelwa etikwemhlaba lowebiwe nemsebenti wekuphocelela - yayintjintja iKapa ngunaphakadze.
IKapa yacala njenge-refreshment station ye-VOC nga-1652, kodvwa yakhula yaba yikholoni yebahlali. Kucoloniswa bekusho kutfathelwa umhlaba kwemaKhoikhoi nemaSan, kanye nemphakatsi lowakhelwa etikwe-bugcili bebantfu lebaletfwa bavela ngaphesheya kwe-Indian Ocean. Loku kutjintja kusabumba umhlaba, tilwimi nebantfu baseNingizimu Afrika nalamuhla.
Q. Kungani i-VOC beyifuna indzawo eKapa, futsi kungani yakhula yaba yikholoni? (4 marks)
Q. Chaza tindlela letimbili emaKhoikhoi lalahlekelwa ngato umhlaba nenkululeko yawo ngema-1600 nema-1700. (6 marks)
Q. Bantfu lebagcilatiwe baletfwa baphi, futsi basita njani ekwakheni imphilo eKapa? (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Phetsa ngekubuyela emicondvweni lemikhulu: kucoloniswa bekumayelana nemhlaba nemsebenti. Sebentisa lemibuto lemitsatfu njengemsebenti lobhaliwe nome ingcoco yelikilasi; kwabiwa kwemamaki kulandzela tindlela te-CAPS letisekelwe emitfonjeni nekubhala tigaba. Khumbuta bafundzi kutsi lomlando uhlangana nemhlaba, tilwimi (njengesiBhunu/Afrikaans) nemiphakatsi (njengemphakatsi wemaMuslim waseKapa) labawatiko namuhla, futsi ubeka sisekelo tihloko letilandzelako ngemaNgisi eKapa netimphi temingcele.
- Grade
- Grade 7
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Colonisation of the Cape in the 17th and 18th centuries
- Resource type
- Presentation