Ukuthinjwa kweKapa, ngeminyaka yee-1600s ne-1700s
Indlela inkampani yorhwebo yamaDatshi (amaDatshi) eyakha ngayo indawo yokuhlala eKapa - nendlela loo ndawo yokuhlala eyabutshintsha ngayo ubomi babantu bakwaKhoikhoi, amaSan namawaka abantu ababekhotyisiwe (abangamakhoboka).
Speaker notes
Qalisa ngokubuza abafundi ukuba bacinga ukuba 'ikoloni' yintoni, kwaye kutheni iinqanawa zaseYurophu zaziwela kufuphi neKapa ngeminyaka yee-1600s. Beka phambili iingcamango ezimbini ezinkulu zesi sifundo: (1) amaDatshi eza kurhweba, ekuqaleni ayengezanga kuthimba, kodwa indawo yawo yokuhlala yakhula yaza yathatha umhlaba; (2) le ndawo yokuhlala yakhelwa phezu komsebenzi wabantu ababekhotyisiwe (abangamakhoboka) yaza yakhokelela ekuhluthweni komhlaba kwabakwaKhoikhoi namaSan. Chaza igama elithi 'ukuthinjwa' (colonisation) ngokulula - xa abantu abasuka kwelinye ilizwe behlala baze balawule umhlaba wabanye abantu.
Abantu bokuqala baseKapa
AbakwaKhoikhoi namaSan babehlala kuMzantsi Afrika kangangamawaka eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba kufike naliphi na inqanawa.
Kwakukho amaqela amabini awayehlala eKapa kudala ngaphambi kwamaDatshi. AmaSan ayengabazingeli-baqokeleli (hunter-gatherers) ababehamba ngokwamaxesha onyaka, bezingela ngeentolo ezinetyhefu bequkanya nezityalo zasendle. AbakwaKhoikhoi babengabafuyi (pastoralists) ababefuye imihlambi emikhulu yeenkomo neegusha, belinganisa ubutyebi babo ngemfuyo.
- Igama elithi 'Khoikhoi' lidla ngokuthiwa lithetha 'amadoda phakathi kwamadoda' okanye 'abantu babantu'.
- AbakwaKhoikhoi babeshenxisela imihlambi yabo kumhlaba onengca entsha kufuphi nonxweme nemilambo.
- Kunye la maqela mabini ngamanye amaxesha abizwa ngokuba ngamaKhoisan, kuba ayebelana ngeelwimi ezinezandi zocofo (click sounds).
Speaker notes
Gxininisa ukuba iKapa yayingengomhlaba ongenabantu - yayilikhaya kubantu abahlala ndaweninye abanoqoqosho lwabo, iilwimi zabo neendlela zabo zokuphila. Oku kubalulekile kuyo yonke into elandelayo: xa amaDatshi ethatha umhlaba wokwalusa, ayewuthatha kubantu ababexhomekeke kuwo. Lungisa intsomi endala yokuba umhlaba 'wawungasetyenziswa'. Qaphela ukuba iindlela zokuphila zamaSan nezabakwaKhoikhoi zazidibana kwaye abantu ngamanye amaxesha babeshenxa phakathi kwazo.
I-VOC: inkampani yorhwebo
IDutch East India Company yayifuna iziqholo (spices) ezivela e-Asia - kunye nendawo ekhuselekileyo yokumisa kuhambo olude lwaselwandle.
IDutch East India Company (ngesiDatshi, i*Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie*, okanye i-VOC) yasekwa ngo-1602. Yayiyenye yeenkampani ezizezona zisisityebi ehlabathini kwaye yayirhweba ngeziqholo ezinjenge pepile, isinamoni ne-nutmeg phakathi kweYurophu ne-Asia.
- Uhambo lwaselwandle olusuka eNetherlands ukuya e-Asia lwaluthatha iinyanga ezininzi.
- Amatiloshe (iimatiloshe) ayedla ngokugula asweleke ngenxa yesifo esibizwa ngokuba yi-scurvy, esibangelwa kukutya okungezopholo.
- I-VOC yayifuna 'isikhululo sasesiqingatheni' apho iinqanawa zazinokuthabatha khona amanzi acocekileyo, imifuno kunye nenyama.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuba i-VOC yayingengorhulumente ekuqaleni koko yayiyinkampani yorhwebo yabucala - nangona kunjalo yayinamandla kangangokuba yayinokuqesha imikhosi, yakhe iinqaba, yenze nezivumelwano. Dibanisa isidingo sesikhululo neenqanawa zamandulo zamaPhuthukezi (uDias, uda Gama) ababesele beyijikelezile iKapa. Yenza isizathu sabantu sicace: i-scurvy yabulala amatiloshe amaninzi, ngoko ukutya okutsha eKapa kwasindisa ubomi nemali.
Ukufika kukaJan van Riebeeck
I-VOC yathumela uJan van Riebeeck ukuba akhe isikhululo sokuhlaziya eTable Bay.
Ngomhla wesi-6 kuTshazimpuzi 1652, uJan van Riebeeck wafika eTable Bay neqela elincinci labasebenzi beNkampani. Umsebenzi wabo yayikukwakha inqaba nokulima ukutya ukuze bondle iinqanawa ezidlulayo. Ekuqaleni, iKapa yayimele ibe sisikhululo sokubonelela kuphela, hayi ikoloni.
- AmaDatshi akha inqaba yodaka nemithi ukuze azikhusele.
- Batyala iCompany's Garden ukuze bakhulise imifuno neziqhamo ezitsha.
- UVan Riebeeck wayalelwa ukuba arhwebe ngoxolo nabakwaKhoikhoi ukufumana iinkomo neegusha.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa igama elithi 'isikhululo sokuhlaziya' (refreshment station) - amaDatshi ayengacwangcisanga ukwakha ikoloni enkulu. Oku kubalulekile ukubonisa utshintsho ngokuhamba kwexesha: into eyaqala incinci yakhula yaba yindawo yokuhlala eyathatha wonke lo mmandla. Khankanya ukuba uvan Riebeeck wayegcina idayari eneenkcukacha, engumthombo ophambili wembali abasagcina besebenzisa woososayensi bembali. Cela abafundi baqikelele ukuba yintoni enokubangela ungquzulwano xa amaDatshi efuna umhlaba nokutya okungakumbi.
Ukusuka esikhululweni ukuya kwindawo yokuhlala
Kwiminyaka embalwa nje isikhululo esincinci saqalisa ukwanda kumhlaba wabakwaKhoikhoi.
Ngo-1657 i-VOC yavumela abanye babasebenzi bayo ukuba babe ngabahlali abakhululekileyo (free burghers) - abemi abakhululekileyo abashiya iNkampani ukuze balime umhlaba wabo kufuphi nenqaba. Ukuze bondle indawo yokuhlala ekhulayo babefuna umhlaba omninzi nabasebenzi abaninzi, ngoko indawo yokuhlala yatyhalela ngaphandle isuka eTable Bay.
- Abahlali abakhululekileyo babenikwa iifama kumhlaba obusetyenziswa ngabakwaKhoikhoi ukwalusa.
- Ngo-1688 iimbacu zamaFrench Huguenot zafika zaza zanceda ukuqalisa ukulinywa kwewayini.
- Njengoko iifama zisanda, abahlali babefuna abasebenzi abaninzi nabashipushipu.
Speaker notes
Esi silayidi sisikhonkco sesi sifundo: ukutshintsha ukusuka esikhululweni sokubonelela ukuya kwikoloni yabahlali eyandayo. Chaza igama elithi 'umhlali okhululekileyo' (free burgher) ngokucacileyo - abasebenzi ababa ngabalimi abazimeleyo. Ngoku amandla amabini aqhuba ukuthinjwa: ukunxanelwa umhlaba (othathwe kubakwaKhoikhoi) nokunxanelwa abasebenzi (okukhokelela ebukhobokeni, izilayidi ezilandelayo). AmaHuguenot ka-1688 ngumzekelo omhle wenani labahlali elikhulayo nelixubanayo.
AmaDatshi nabakwaKhoikhoi
Njengoko abahlali besithatha umhlaba wokwalusa, urhwebo lwajika lwaba yimfazwe kwaye abakwaKhoikhoi baphulukana nenkululeko yabo.
Ekuqaleni abakwaKhoikhoi babethengisa iinkomo kumaDatshi. Kodwa njengoko iifama zisanda kumadlelo abo, abakwaKhoikhoi baphulukana nomhlaba wokwalusa nezilwanyana. Oku kwakhokelela kwiMfazwe yokuqala yamaKhoikhoi namaDatshi (1659-1660) kunye nemfazwe yesibini (1673-1677). AmaDatshi, enemipu namahashe, ngokuthe ngcembe athatha ulawulo.
- Iinkokeli zamaKhoikhoi ezinjengoDoman zakhokela ukuxhathisa ekulahlekelweni ngumhlaba wabo.
- UAutshumato (owabizwa ngokuba ngu'Harry' ngamaDatshi) wayesebenza njengomrhwebi netoliki.
- UKrotoa, ibhinqa eliselula lakwaKhoikhoi, wayesebenza njengetoliki kwikhaya likavan Riebeeck.
Speaker notes
Phatha oku njengembindi wokuhluthwa komhlaba kobukoloniyali, kwinqanaba leBanga 7. Urhwebo lwalungalingani ukususela ekuqaleni, kwaye emva kokuba umhlaba ubiyelwe iifama abakwaKhoikhoi babengasakwazi ukugcina imihlambi yabo ishenxa. Balula abantu ukuze imbali ingabi nabuso: uDoman (ukuxhathisa), uAutshumato (urhwebo/utoliko), uKrotoa/Eva (itoliki ebambeke phakathi kwamazwe amabini). [SME] Nceda uhlolisise indlela kaKrotoa achazwe ngayo - ibali lobomi bakhe lintsonkothile kwaye ngamanye amaxesha liyaphikiswa; qinisekisa amagama afanelekileyo egumbini lokufundela ngaphambi kokupapasha.
Kutheni i-VOC yazisa abantu abangamakhoboka
INkampani yayingavumeli abahlali ukuba benze abakwaKhoikhoi amakhoboka, ngoko yangenisa abantu abakhotyisiweyo bevela kuwo wonke uLwandle lwaseIndiya.
Abahlali babefuna abasebenzi kwiifama nemizi yabo, kodwa i-VOC yayikuthintela ukwenziwa amakhoboka kwabakwaKhoikhoi bendawo. Endaweni yoko iNkampani yangenisa abantu abangamakhoboka ngenqanawa. Amaqela okuqala amakhulu afika ngo-1658 kwiinqanawa i*Amersfoort* ne*Hasselt*, kwaye iKapa ngokuthe ngcembe yaba luluntu lwamakhoboka (slave society).
- Abantu abangamakhoboka babesenza umsebenzi wasefama, ukwakha, ukupheka nomsebenzi wasekhaya.
- Ukuba nabantu abangamakhoboka kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo kwiintsapho ezininzi zabahlali.
- Ngeminyaka yee-1700s ngamanye amaxesha kwakukho abantu abangamakhoboka abaninzi eKapa kunabahlali abakhululekileyo.
Speaker notes
Yazisa ubukhoboka ngononophelo nangokucacileyo. Yenza ingqiqo icace: iNkampani yayikhusela abakwaKhoikhoi ekwenziweni amakhoboka (ngokuyinxenye ukugcina urhwebo lweenkomo), kodwa yayingenangxaki yokungenisa abantu abangamakhoboka bevela kwezinye iindawo. Gxininisa ukuba abantu abangamakhoboka babengabantu abaphathwa njengempahla ngokuchasene nentando yabo - hayi 'izicaka'. Inyaniso ebalaseleyo yokuba amakhoboka ngamanye amaxesha ayengaphezu kwabahlali abakhululekileyo ibonisa ukuba ubukhoboka babuphakathi kanjani kwikoloni yonke. [SME] Qinisekisa inkcukacha ka-1658 ye-Amersfoort/Hasselt ukuba ikwinqanaba elifanelekileyo leBanga 7.
Apho abantu abangamakhoboka bavela khona
Abantu babebanjwa baze bathunyelwe eKapa bevela kumazwe amaninzi ajikeleze uLwandle lwaseIndiya.
Abantu abangamakhoboka babeziswa eKapa bevela eMpuma Afrika, eMadagascar, eIndiya nakwiziqithi zoko ngoku kuyiIndonesia. Bekhutshwa ngenkani emakhayeni nakwiintsapho zabo, bafika bethetha iilwimi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. EKapa, abantu abangamakhoboka ababemilikelwa yiNkampani babegcinwa eSlave Lodge.
- Abantu abangamakhoboka bazisa izakhono zabo, ukutya, umculo neenkolelo zabo.
- Abaninzi babengamaSilamsi, kwaye ubuSilamsi bagxumeka iingcambu eKapa ngabo.
- Iinkcubeko zabo zanceda ukubumba ulwimi nokutya esikubiza ngoku ngokuba yiCape Malay.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imephu yodonga ukuba unayo, ukulandela iindlela zoLwandle lwaseIndiya. Gxininisa iindleko zabantu: abantu bahlulwa kwiintsapho namakhaya baze banyanzelwa ukwakha ubomi phakathi kwabantu abangabaziyo. Emva koko phawula ukuzinza nelifa - uluntu lwamakhoboka lwanceda ukudala ukupheka kweCape Malay, ulwimi lwesiBhulu (Afrikaans) noluntu lwamaSilamsi oluhlala kude kube namhlanje. Khankanya iSlave Lodge eKapa, abafundi abasenokuyityelela njengemyuziyam namhlanje.
Ubomi obunzima, imimoya eyomeleleyo
Abantu abangamakhoboka babengenamalungelo aphantse angabikho, kodwa bafumana iindlela zokuxhathisa nokugcina ubuntu babo.
Abantu abangamakhoboka babenokuthengwa bathengiswe, banyanzelwe ukusebenza iiyure ezininzi, baze bohlwaywe kabuhlungu. Imithetho engqongqo yayilawula apho babenokuya khona nokuba yintoni ababenokuyenza. Kodwa nangaphantsi kwezi meko zenkohlakalo, abantu baxhathisa - ngokubaleka, ukusebenza kancinci, ukugcina iinkolelo zabo, okanye ngamanye amaxesha bevukela.
- Abantu abangamakhoboka babengavumelekanga ukuba nempahla okanye ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo.
- Iintsapho zazinokwahlulwa xa amalungu ethengiselwa abanini abahlukeneyo.
- Ukubambelela kulwimi, kwinkolo nakumculo kwakuluhlobo lokuxhathisa ngokwako.
Speaker notes
Esi silayidi sicela abafundi ukuba bacinge ngenkohlakalo nangesibindi. Gcina imo ithembekile kodwa ingaqaqambisi - chaza intswela-bulungisa ngokucacileyo ngelixa ugxininisa isidima nokuxhathisa kwabantu abangamakhoboka, ukuze isifundo singabenzi baba ngamaxhoba kuphela. Umbuzo omhle wengxoxo: kutheni ukugcina ulwimi okanye inkolo yakho kunokubalwa njengesenzo sokuxhathisa? [SME] Nceda uhlolisise inqanaba leenkcukacha ngesohlwayo naliphi na uvukelo olibizayo ofuna ukulongeza kubuthathaka beBanga 7.
Ukwanda kobukoloniyali ngaphakathi elizweni
Ngeminyaka yee-1700s abalimi abahlali batyhalela kude ngaphaya kweKapa, bethatha umhlaba omninzi ngakumbi.
Ngeminyaka yee-1700s, abafuyi beenkomo ababebizwa ngokuba ngootrekboer balayisha iintsapho zabo kwiinqwelo zeenkomo baze bashenxela kude ngaphakathi elizweni befuna umhlaba wokwalusa. Njengoko umda wekoloni utyhalela emantla nasempuma, waqhubeka usithatha umhlaba wabakwaKhoikhoi namaSan, ababexhathisa kodwa betyhalelwa ngaphandle komhlaba wabo okanye benyanzelwa ukusebenzela abahlali.
- Ootrekboer babephila ubomi obunjengobabhaduli kude nolawulo lweNkampani.
- Umda oshenxayo wazisa ungquzulwano olutsha ngomhlaba, iinkomo namanzi.
- Abaninzi bakwaKhoikhoi namaSan babulawa, bagxothwa, okanye benziwa ukuba basebenze kwiifama zabahlali.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'umda' (frontier) njengomphetho wekoloni oshenxa rhoqo. Ootrekboer babonisa indlela ubukoloniyali obuqhubeka busanda ngayo emva kwexesha elide lika-1652, kude nolawulo lweNkampani. Gcina iziphumo zicace: oku kwanda kwakuthetha ukuqhubeka kokuhluthwa komhlaba, ubundlobongela nokusetyenziswa ngenkani kuluntu lwakwaKhoikhoi namaSan. Oku kudibanisa phambili neemfazwe zomda abafundi abaya kudibana nazo kumabanga alandelayo.
Uqhambuko lweengqakaqa (smallpox)
Isifo esaziswa ngenqanawa sanceda ukudiliza uluntu lwakwaKhoikhoi eKapa.
Ngo-1713 uqhambuko lwengqakaqa (smallpox) lwatshayela iKapa. AbakwaKhoikhoi babengazange bachukumiseke sesi sifo saseYurophu kwaye babengenamzimba onako ukulwa naso, ngoko inani elikhulu labo lasweleka. Kunye nokulahlekelwa ngumhlaba neenkomo zabo, olu qhambuko lwaphula uninzi loluntu lwakwaKhoikhoi ngonaphakade.
- Kucingelwa ukuba iingqakaqa zafika kwimpahla emanzi (i-laundry) yenqanawa edlulayo.
- Izizwe zonke zakwaKhoikhoi zalahlekelwa uninzi lwamalungu azo.
- Abasindileyo babedla ngokungabi naxesha kobasebenza njengabasebenzi babahlali.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuba kutheni iimbandezelo zesifo 'kumhlaba omtsha' (virgin soil) zazibulala kangaka: abakwaKhoikhoi babengenamzimba osele ukuwakhile amandla okulwa neengqakaqa. Dibanisa amagongqo amathathu awaphula inkululeko yakwaKhoikhoi - ukulahlekelwa ngumhlaba, ukulahlekelwa ziinkomo, kunye ngoku nesifo. Lumka ungaphakamisi ukuba isifo yayisisizathu kuphela; sasebenza kunye nobukoloniyali nokuhluthwa komhlaba. [SME] Qinisekisa umhla ka-1713 nengcaciso 'yempahla emanzi yenqanawa' ngokuchasene neSAHO ngaphambi kokupapasha.
Imihla ephambili, 1602-1713
- 1602 I-VOC (Dutch East India Company) iyasekwa
- 1652 UJan van Riebeeck ufika eTable Bay
- 1657 Abahlali abakhululekileyo bokuqala bafumana iifama zabo
- 1658 Amaqela okuqala amakhulu abantu abangamakhoboka ayafika
- 1659 IMfazwe yokuqala yamaKhoikhoi namaDatshi iyaqala
- 1713 Uqhambuko lweengqakaqa lutshabalalisa abakwaKhoikhoi
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa esi silayidi ukuqinisa ulandelelwano ngaphambi kophononongo. Cela abafundi baphawule iphethini: amaDatshi afika ukuze arhwebe, indawo yokuhlala iyakhula, umhlaba uyathathwa, abantu abangamakhoboka bayaziswa, kwaye abakwaKhoikhoi baphulukana nenkululeko yabo. Yenza abafundi bakhuphele umgca wexesha kwiincwadi zabo bongeze isivakalisi esinye esichaza ukuba kutheni umhla ngamnye ubalulekile.
Esikufundileyo
Isikhululo sorhwebo sakhula saba yikoloni eyakhelwe phezu komhlaba obiweyo nomsebenzi wenkani - sitshintsha iKapa ngonaphakade.
IKapa yaqala njengesikhululo sokuhlaziya (refreshment station) se-VOC ngo-1652, kodwa yakhula yaba yikoloni yabahlali. Ubukoloniyali bathetha ukuhluthwa komhlaba kwabakwaKhoikhoi namaSan, noluntu olwakhelwe phezu kobukhoboka babantu ababeziswe bevela kuwo wonke uLwandle lwaseIndiya. Ezi nguqu zisawubumba umhlaba, iilwimi nabantu boMzantsi Afrika nanamhlanje.
Q. Kutheni i-VOC yayifuna isikhululo eKapa, kwaye kutheni sakhula saba yikoloni? (4 marks)
Q. Chaza iindlela ezimbini abakwaKhoikhoi abaphulukana ngazo nomhlaba nenkululeko yabo ngeminyaka yee-1600s neye-1700s. (6 marks)
Q. Abantu abangamakhoboka babevela phi, kwaye banceda njani ekubumbeni ubomi eKapa? (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngokubuyela kwiingcamango ezinkulu: ubukoloniyali babumalunga nomhlaba nomsebenzi. Sebenzisa le mibuzo mithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliweyo okanye ingxoxo yeklasi; ukwabiwa kwamanqaku kulandela iindlela zeCAPS ezisekwe emthonjeni nezokubhala umhlathi. Khumbuza abafundi ukuba le mbali inxulumene nomhlaba, iilwimi (njengesiBhulu/Afrikaans) noluntu (njengoluntu lwamaSilamsi aseKapa) abalwaziyo namhlanje, kwaye ibeka phambili izihloko zamva ngamaNgesi eKapa neemfazwe zomda.
- Grade
- Grade 7
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Colonisation of the Cape in the 17th and 18th centuries
- Resource type
- Presentation