Ukwelapha Ngokuhamba Kwesikhathi
Indlela abantu abanakekele ngayo abagulayo - kusukela kubelaphi bendabuko nezimila ezelaphayo kuya emithini yokugoma (imigomo), imithi ebulala amagciwane, nokufakwa kwezinhliziyo ezintsha.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubuza abafundi ukuthi benzani lapho begula namuhla - baya emtholampilo, baphuze umuthi, bathole umgomo. Chaza ukuthi nabantu bakudala babenezindlela zokwelapha, nokuthi ukwelapha kushintshe kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lesi sifundo sibheka kokubili ukwelapha kwendabuko (okudala, okudluliselwa phansi) nokwelapha kwesimanje (okusekelwe kusayensi), nokuthi kungasebenza kanjani ndawonye.
Abantu bebelokhu bezama ukwelapha
Iminyaka eyizinkulungwane, wonke umphakathi ubulokhu ufuna izindlela zokulwa nokugula nobuhlungu.
Ukwelapha (medicine) kuwulwazi nekhono lokugcina abantu bephilile nokusiza abagulayo baphile. Kudala ngaphambi kwezibhedlela namaphilisi, abantu babesebenzisa izimila, imithandazo, ukuphumula nokubukisisa ngokucophelela ukuze bathole ukuthi yini esiza umuntu ogulayo alulame.
- Abelaphi bakuqala bafunda ngokubukisisa ukuthi yiziphi izimila ezenza abantu bazizwe bengcono.
- Ulwazi lwaludluliswa lusuka kubazali luya ezinganeni ngomlomo.
- Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okutholakalayo okusha kwaqhubeka kushintsha ukwelapha kaninginingi.
Speaker notes
Beka isihloko sesifundo sonke: ukuqhubeka nokushintsha. Abantu BEBELOKHU befuna ukwelapha (ukuqhubeka), kodwa INDLELA abelapha ngayo iyaqhubeka ishintsha (ukushintsha). Cela abafundi baqambe umuthi wasekhaya umndeni wabo owusebenzisayo - lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ulwazi lwendabuko lusaphila nanamuhla.
Izangoma nezinyanga
iNingizimu Afrika inesiko elide labelaphi bomdabu abasathenjwa abantu abaningi nanamuhla.
Isangoma
Umelaphi ongokomoya, ngokuvamile ongowesifazane, othola ukuthi yini engalungile ngokulalela amadlozi nangokubheka impilo yomuntu yonke.
Inyanga
Umelaphi osebenzisa imithi yezimila; igama lesiZulu lisho 'umuntu wezihlahla'. Izinyanga zenza umuthi ngezimila, izimpande, amaxolo nezinye izinto zemvelo.
Ukunakekela okuphelele
Abelaphi babheka umzimba KANYE nezinkinga zasekhaya noma emsebenzini, ngoba bakholelwa ukuthi lezi zingamgulisa umuntu.
Speaker notes
Phatha lesi sihloko ngenhlonipho - izigidi zabantu baseNingizimu Afrika basebenzisa abelaphi bendabuko, ngakho leli yisiko eliphilayo, hhayi umlando nje kuphela. Chaza 'okuphelele': ukubheka umuntu wonke, hhayi ingxenye egulayo kuphela. Qaphela ukuthi izangoma nezinyanga zivame ukusebenza ngezindlela ezehlukene kodwa zombili zihlose ukwelapha. Umthombo: SAHO 'Indigenous medicine and traditional healing'.
Izimila ezelaphayo nokuqeqeshwa ngokucophelela
Ukwelapha kwendabuko kwakhelwe phezu kolwazi olujulile lwemvelo.
Inyanga yenza umuthi (medicine) ngezimila, izimpande namaxolo. Lolu lwazi lunamandla futhi kufanele luphathwe ngokucophelela - isitshalo esifanele ngesilinganiso esifanele singelapha, kodwa isilinganiso esingafanele singaba yingozi. Yingakho abelaphi beqeqeshwa iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi kokuvunyelwa ukwelapha abantu.
- Abelaphi bathi 'bayabizwa' emsebenzini ngamadlozi abo.
- Ukuqeqeshwa kubandakanya imithetho eqinile, ukudla okukhethekile nokufunda ngezimila eziningi.
- Ezinye izimila ezazisetshenziswa kudala zisabalulekile ekwelapheni nanamuhla.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela ikhono nemfanelo okubandakanyekayo - lokhu kuphikisa umbono wokuthi ukwelapha kwendabuko 'kungukholwa nje'. Isixhumanisi sesilayidi 13 (i-periwinkle yaseMadagascar esetshenziswa ekwelapheni umdlavuza wesimanje) singabikezelwa lapha: ulwazi lwezimila zomdabu lusizile isayensi yesimanje.
Ukwelapha emiphakathini yakuqala
Emhlabeni wonke, abantu basendulo bakha kancane kancane ulwazi ngomzimba nangokwelapha.
Ezindaweni ezifana neGibhithe yasendulo (ancient Egypt), abelaphi babelungisa amathambo aphukile, belapha amanxeba futhi bebhala phansi imithi yabo. Emiphakathini eminingi abantu babexuba imithi yangempela nemithandazo namakhubalo, ngoba babengakazi ukuthi yini ngempela ebangela ukugula.
- Abantu babengazi ukuthi amagciwane amancane abangela izifo eziningi.
- Abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi ukugula kwakuyisijeziso noma kuvela emoyeni omubi.
- Noma kunjalo, eminye imithi yakuqala yayisebenza ngempela futhi yagcinwa amakhulu eminyaka.
Speaker notes
Gcina lokhu kulula futhi kuqhathanisa kunokuphenya kujule ngomphakathi owodwa. Iphuzu elibalulekile lokufunda YILAPHO ukwelapha kwakuqala kwakulinganiselwe: abantu babengazi ukuthi amagciwane akhona. Lokhu kubeka isisekelo soshintsho olukhulu oluza nokutholwa kwamagciwane nemigomo ezilayidini ezizayo. [SME] Lungisa isibonelo somphakathi wasendulo ukuze sivumelane nemiphakathi eqanjwe empeleni kokuqukethwe kwe-CAPS yesikole sakho.
Ubhubhane lwengxibongo
Ngonyaka we-1713 isifo esibulalayo safika eKapa sashintsha izimpilo zabantu ababehlala khona.
Ingxibongo (smallpox) yafika eKapa ngonyaka we-1713, ilethwe umkhumbi wamaDashi owawudlula. Yasakazeka ngokushesha. AbeKhoikhoi (amaKhoisan) yibona abashaywa kakhulu, ngoba lesi sifo sasisisha kubo futhi imizimba yabo yayinesivikelo esincane kuso.
- Ubhubhane yilapho isifo sisakazeka ngokushesha phakathi kwabantu abaningi.
- Kwakungakabikho migomo, ngakho isifo sasingenakuvinjelwa.
- Imiphakathi eminingi yabeKhoikhoi yalahlekelwa yizinombolo ezinkulu zabantu.
Speaker notes
Chaza indleko yabantu ngobumnene kodwa ngeqiniso: lobhubhane lwabangela ukulahleka okukhulu kwezimpilo phakathi kwabeKhoikhoi futhi lwasiza ukubhidliza imiphakathi yabo. Ethula igama lesigama 'ubhubhane'. Xhumanisa phambili: yilesi sifo kanye imigomo eyayizokwazi ukusivimba kamuva. Umthombo: SAHO 'Smallpox Epidemic Strikes at the Cape'.
Imibono emithathu eyashintsha ukwelapha
Eminyakeni engama-250 edlule, ukutholwa okukhulu okumbalwa kwenza ukwelapha kuba namandla kakhulu.
Imigomo
Ngonyaka we-1796 u-Edward Jenner wakhombisa ukuthi igciwane elithambile lingavikela abantu engxibongweni. Lokhu kwaba umgomo wokuqala.
Ithiyori yamagciwane
Ngeminyaka yama-1800 ososayensi abanjengo-Louis Pasteur bafakazela ukuthi amagciwane amancane abangela izifo eziningi - ngakho ukuhlanzeka kungasindisa izimpilo.
Imithi ebulala amagciwane
Ngonyaka we-1928 u-Alexander Fleming wathola i-penicillin, umuthi owenziwa ngesikhunta obulala amagciwane ayingozi.
Speaker notes
Lawa makhadi amathathu ayinhliziyo 'yokutholwa okubalulekile'. Gcizelela iketango lembangela nomphumela: lapho abantu sebeqonda amagciwane, baqonda ukuthi kungani ukugeza izandla namanzi ahlanzekile kubalulekile, nokuthi kungani imigomo nemithi ebulala amagciwane isebenza. Buza abafundi ukuthi yikuphi kulokhu abazuze kukho (kokuthathu!). Izinsuku ziyizilinganiso zamaphuzu okuphenduka afanele iBanga 6.
Amanzi ahlanzekile nezempilo yomphakathi
Lapho abantu sebeqonda amagciwane, ohulumeni baqala ukusebenza ukuvimba izifo ngaphambi kokuqala kwazo.
Ezempilo yomphakathi (public health) kusho ukunakekela impilo yomphakathi wonke, hhayi umuntu oyedwa ogulayo kuphela. Lapho amadolobha eletha amanzi ahlanzekile, imisele nokususwa kukadoti, babambalwa kakhulu abantu abathola izifo ezifana ne-cholera ne-typhoid ezisakazeka ngamanzi angcolile.
- Amanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile angenye yezinto ezisindisa izimpilo kakhulu emlandweni.
- Izindlu zangasese nemigudu yendle igcina amagciwane kude nalapho abantu behlala khona.
- Izinhlelo zokugoma zivikela izingane eziningi ngasikhathi sinye.
Speaker notes
Ezempilo yomphakathi kungumqondo obalulekile we-CAPS: ushintsho lwafika hhayi ngemithi ehlakaniphile kuphela kodwa ngokuvimbela. Kwenze kucace - buza ukuthi kungenzekani uma isikole singenamanzi ahlanzekile noma izindlu zangasese. Xhumanisa nethiyori yamagciwane (isilayidi 7): sigeza ngoba manje sesiyazi ukuthi amagciwane asakaza izifo.
Umkhuhlane 'kaMfumfu Omnyama'
Ngonyaka we-1918 umkhuhlane osakazeka ngokushesha wakhukhula iNingizimu Afrika nomhlaba wonke.
NgoMandulo noMfumfu we-1918 (September and October 1918), iSpanish Flu yafika eNingizimu Afrika, iqala emachwebeni. Yasakazeka ngokushesha kangangokuthi uMfumfu we-1918 waziwa ngokuthi 'uMfumfu Omnyama' (Black October). Ngoba kwakungekho mithi ebulala amagciwane, odokotela babengakwazi ukwelapha inyumoniya eyabulala iziguli eziningi.
- Kucatshangwa ukuthi abantu abangaba yizi-300 000 bashona eNingizimu Afrika.
- Abasebenzi basezimayini nemiphakathi empofu babengabathinteka kabi kakhulu.
- Izikole, izitolo nezindawo zomphakathi kwadingeka zivalwe ukwehlisa ukusakazeka.
Speaker notes
Abafundi bavame ukukuxhumanisa nezifo zakamuva ezanda, okubasiza ukukuqonda. Chaza ukuthi ukuvala izikole nezitolo ukwehlisa isifo kuyithuluzi lezempilo yomphakathi elisasetshenziswa nanamuhla. [SME] Izilinganiso zabashonile emkhuhlaneni we-1918 eNingizimu Afrika ziyahlukahluka kakhulu (cishe 250 000-350 000); qinisekisa inani eliqondile elisetshenziswa umthombo wakho we-SAHO nezinto ze-CAPS. Imithombo: SAHO 'The Influenza epidemic' ne 'Spanish Flu strikes South Africa'.
Lapho imithetho yezempilo yayingenabulungiswa
Kwesinye isikhathi ukwesaba isifo kwakusetshenziswa ngezindlela ezingenabulungiswa.
Ngonyaka we-1901, izigameko zebubonic plague (isifo semvubukazi) zatholakala eKapa. Uhulumeni wasebenzisa ukwesaba lesi sifo njengesizathu sokuphoqa izakhamuzi eziningi ezimnyama ukuba ziphume edolobheni aziyise endaweni ehlukene. Ukukhathazeka ngempilo kwakuyiqiniso, kodwa indlela abantu abaphathwa ngayo yayingenabulungiswa futhi ingalingani.
- Wonke umuntu ufanelwe ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okulinganayo nokunobulungiswa.
- Ukugula kwesinye isikhathi kwakusolwa abantu abampofu kakhulu esikhundleni sezimo zempilo ezimbi.
- Ukufunda ngalokhu kusisiza sibone ukuthi kungani ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okunobulungiswa kubalulekile namuhla.
Speaker notes
Kuphathe ngobunono nangezinga elifanele iminyaka. Iphuzu leBanga 6 yisifundo sokuziphatha ngobulungiswa, hhayi ucwaningo olujulile ngokwehlukaniswa. Lesi sigameko (ukususwa kabantu ukuyiswa e-Uitvlugt/Ndabeni) kwaba yisinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlukaniswa ngokphoqiwe kamuva. Gcina isimo siyiqiniso futhi sinethemba: namuhla sihlose ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okuphatha wonke umuntu ngokulinganayo. [SME] Sicela ubuyekeze amagama ngokufaneleka kweminyaka nangokunemba. Umthombo: SAHO 'Three cases of bubonic plague are reported in Cape Town'.
Ukufakwa kwenhliziyo kokuqala emhlabeni
Ngomhla ka-3 Disemba 1967 ithimba laseNingizimu Afrika lenza into eyayingakaze yenziwe muntu ngaphambili.
EGroote Schuur Hospital eKapa, uDkt Christiaan Barnard nethimba lakhe benza ukufakwa kwenhliziyo yomuntu kokuqala emhlabeni. Banikeza inhliziyo entsha isiguli esasigula kakhulu, uLouis Washkansky. Kwaba yisikhathi esikhulu esenza odokotela emhlabeni wonke bakholelwe ukuthi ukufaka izitho okusha kungenzeka.
- Ukuhlinzwa kwathatha cishe amahora ayisishiyagalolunye futhi kwasebenzisa amakhono ethimba elikhulu.
- U-Hamilton Naki, umsizi owazifundisayo, wasiza ukuthuthukisa amakhono okuhlinza ayengemuva kwako.
- Isiguli saphila izinsuku eziyi-18 ngaphambi kokushona ngenxa yenyumoniya - kodwa ukwelapha kwakushintshe unomphelo.
Speaker notes
Impumelelo yaseNingizimu Afrika okuziqhenyiswa ngayo nethuba lokugubha indaba yasekhaya. Okubalulekile, qamba u-Hamilton Naki: umuntu omnyama waseNingizimu Afrika onekhono lokuhlinza elalinganakwa kahle iminyaka eminingi ngenxa yobandlululo - ukwengeza okunobulungiswa nokwiqiniso. Gcina iqiniso lokuthi u-Washkansky washona emva kwezinsuku eziyi-18: kukhombisa ukuthi ukuqhamuka kokuqala kuyisiqalo nje, nokuthi ukufakwa kwezitho kamuva kwaphumelela kakhulu. Imithombo: izigameko ze-SAHO ngo-Barnard no-Naki.
Ukwelapha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi
- Long ago Abelaphi bendabuko basebenzisa izimila nokunakekela okuphelele
- 1713 Ubhubhane lwengxibongo lushaya iKapa
- 1796 Umgomo wokuqala (Jenner, ingxibongo)
- 1901 Ukwesaba isifo semvubukazi kusetshenziselwa ukususa abantu eKapa
- 1918 Spanish Flu 'uMfumfu Omnyama' eNingizimu Afrika
- 1928 I-penicillin iyatholakala (umuthi wokuqala obulala amagciwane)
- 1967 Ukufakwa kwenhliziyo kokuqala emhlabeni, eKapa
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lokhu ukuqinisa ukulandelana nesihloko soshintsho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Cela abafundi babone iphethini: izinkinga zakuqala (njengengxibongo) zazingenakuvinjelwa, kodwa ukutholwa kwakamuva (imigomo, imithi ebulala amagciwane, ukuhlinza) kwanikeza abantu amandla amaningi phezu kwesifo. Ukwelapha kwendabuko kuhamba eceleni kwalo lonke uhlelo lwesikhathi, hhayi ekuqaleni kuphela.
Ukwelapha kwendabuko nokwesimanje ndawonye
eNingizimu Afrika namuhla, zombili izinhlobo zokwelapha zisabalulekile.
Abaningi baseNingizimu Afrika bavakashela kokubili umtholampilo nomelaphi wendabuko. Ososayensi baze bathola ukuthi ezinye izimila ezisetshenziswa abelaphi bendabuko zisebenza ngempela - isibonelo, i-Madagascar periwinkle (imbali yaseMadagascar), esetshenziswe kudala ekwelapheni kwendabuko, manje isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa komdlavuza kwesimanje.
- Ulwazi lwendabuko lungasiza ososayensi bathole imithi emisha.
- Ukwelapha kwesimanje kunikeza imigomo, ukuhlinza nemithi ebulala amagciwane.
- Ukuhlonipha kokubili kusiza ukunakekela umphakathi wonke.
Speaker notes
Qedela okuqukethwe ngephuzu elilinganiselayo, elinenhlonipho elibonisa impilo yangempela yaseNingizimu Afrika. Lokhu kugwema umbono ongamanga wokuthi ukwelapha kwesimanje 'kwavele kwathatha indawo' yokwelapha kwendabuko. Isibonelo se-periwinkle siyisixhumanisi esikhumbulekayo, esiyiqiniso phakathi kwalezi zinhlaba zombili. Umthombo: SAHO 'Indigenous medicine and traditional healing'.
Esikufundile
Ukwelapha kushintshe kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa isifiso sokwelapha sihlale sifana njalo.
Sibone abelaphi bendabuko nezimila ezelaphayo, izifo ezibulalayo ubhubhane ezifana nengxibongo nomkhuhlane we-1918, ukutholwa okukhulu okunjenge migomo nemithi ebulala amagciwane, ukubaluleka kwezempilo yomphakathi, kanye nokufakwa kwenhliziyo kokuqala kwaseNingizimu Afrika. Manje khombisa lokho okukhumbulayo.
Q. Qamba izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zabelaphi bendabuko eNingizimu Afrika bese uchaza ukuthi ngamunye wenzani. (4 marks)
Q. Khetha ukutholwa OKUKODWA okubalulekile (imigomo, ithiyori yamagciwane noma imithi ebulala amagciwane) bese uchaza ukuthi kusize kanjani abantu. (3 marks)
Q. Kungani amanzi ahlanzekile ebaluleke kangaka ekugcineni umphakathi wonke uphilile? (3 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa le mibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliwe noma ingxoxo yekilasi. Umbuzo 1 uhlola ukukhumbula (isangoma/inyanga), umbuzo 2 uhlola ukuqonda ukutholwa okubalulekile, futhi umbuzo 3 uxhumanisa nezempilo yomphakathi. Ukwabelwa kwamamaki kulandela isitayela esilula seSigaba Esimaphakathi. Vala ngokukhumbuza abafundi ukuthi kokubili ukwelapha kwendabuko nokwesimanje kubalulekile eNingizimu Afrika namuhla.
- Grade
- Grade 6
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Medicine through time
- Resource type
- Presentation