Ihlahluko Lokwelapha Ngokukhamba Kwesikhathi
Kobana abantu bebabatlhogomela njani abagulako - ukusuka ebalaphi bendabuko namakhambi wokwelapha ukuya emithini yokugoma, iyantibhayothikhi nokutjhentjhwa kwehliziyo.
Speaker notes
Vula ngokubuza abafundi bona benzani nabazizwa bagula namhlanjesi - baya emtholampilo, bathatha umuthi, bagoma. Hlathulula bona nabantu bekadeni bebanezindlela zokwelapha, nokuthi ukwelapha kutjhentjhe khulu ngokukhamba kwesikhathi. Isifundwesi siqala kokubili ukwelapha kwendabuko (okudala, okudluliselwako) nokwelapha kwesikhathi samanje (okusekelwe esayensi), nokuthi kungasebenzisana njani.
Abantu bahlala bazama ukwelapha
Iminyaka eziinkulungwana, woke umphakathi ubukhange iindlela zokulwa nokugula nobuhlungu.
Ukwelapha kulwazi nekghono lokugcina abantu baphilile nokusiza abagulako bona babe ngcono. Ngaphambi kobana kube neenhlamvu neemiti, abantu bebasebenzisa iintjalo, imithandazo, ukuphumula nokuqalisisa ngokutjheja bona bahlathulule bona yini esiza umuntu ogulako bona alulame.
- Abelaphi bekade bafunda ngokuqalisisa bona ngiziphi iintjalo ezenza abantu bazizwe bangcono.
- Ilwazi belidluliselwa kubabelethi ukuya ebantwaneni ngomlomo.
- Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, iimfumbethwana ezitjha zatjhentjha ukwelapha kanengi.
Speaker notes
Beka phasi ihloko yesifundo soke: ukuraga nokutjhentjha. Abantu BAHLALA bafuna ukwelapha (ukuraga), kodwana INDLELA yokwelapha ihlala itjhentjha (ukutjhentjha). Buza abafundi bona baqamule ikhambi lekhaya elisetjenziswa mndenabo - lokhu kukhombisa bona ilwazi lendabuko lisaphila namhlanjesi.
Abosangoma nabo-inyanga
ISewula Afrika inesiko elide labelaphi bendabuko abasathenjwa babantu abanengi namhlanjesi.
Isangoma
Umelaphi wommoya, kanengi ngumfazi, othola bona yini engalungi ngokulalela abezimu nokuqala ipilo yomuntu yoke.
Inyanga
Umuntu owelapha ngamakhambi, ibizo lakhe lesiZulu litjho 'umuntu wemithi'. Abo-inyanga benza umuthi ngeentjalo, imirabho, amaxolo nezinye izinto zemvelo.
Ukutlhogomela umuntu woke
Abelaphi baqala umzimba KANYE nokutshwenyeka ekhaya namtjhana emsebenzini, ngombana bakholelwa bona lokhu kungenza umuntu agule.
Speaker notes
Phatha ihlokwehli ngehlonipho - amasigidi weSewula Afrika asebenzisa abelaphi bendabuko, ngalokho lesi lisiko eliphilako, ingasi umlando kwaphela. Hlathulula 'ukutlhogomela umuntu woke': ukuqala umuntu woke, ingasi kwaphela indawo egulako. Tjheja bona abosangoma nabo-inyanga kanengi basebenza ngeendlela ezihlukileko kodwana boke bahlose ukwelapha. Umthombo: SAHO 'Indigenous medicine and traditional healing'.
Iintjalo ezilaphako nebandulo elicophelelileko
Ukwelapha kwendabuko kwakhelwe elwazini elijulileko lephasi lemvelo.
Inyanga yenza umuthi ngamakhambi, imirabho namaxolo. Ilwazeli linamandla begodu kufuze liphathwe ngokutjheja - isitjalo esifaneleko ngesilinganiso esifaneleko singelapha, kodwana isilinganiso esingakalungi singaba yingozi. Ngikho abelaphi babandulwa iminyaka eminengi ngaphambi kobana bavunyelwe ukwelapha abantu.
- Abelaphi bathi 'babizelwa' emsebenzini bebezimu babo.
- Ibandulo lifaka imithetho eqinileko, ukudla okukhethekileko nokufunda ngeentjalo ezinengi.
- Ezinye iintjalo ebezisetjenziswa kudala zisaqakathekile ekwelapheni namhlanjesi.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela ikghono nomthwalo obandakanyekako - lokhu kuphikisa umbono wokobana ukwelapha kwendabuko 'kukholelwa ehlanyeni kwaphela'. Ukuhlanganisa neslayidi 13 (i-Madagascar periwinkle esetjenziswa ekwelapheni umhlaza kwesikhathi samanje) kungakhonjwa lapha: ilwazi leentjalo zendabuko lisize isayensi yesikhathi samanje.
Ukwelapha emiphakathini yekadeni
Ephasini loke, abantu bekadeni bakha kancanikancani ilwazi ngomzimba nangokwelapha.
Endaweni ezifana ne-Egipite yekadeni, abelaphi bebalungisa amathambo aphukileko, belaphe amanceba begodu batlole imithi yabo. Emiphakathini eminengi abantu bebahlanganisa umuthi wamambala nemithandazo neenqhema, ngombana bebangakazi bona yini eqotho ebangela ukugula.
- Abantu bebangazi bona amagciwane amancani abangela imikhuhlano eminengi.
- Abanengi bebakholelwa bona ukugula bekusijeziso namtjhana bekuvela emmoyeni omumbi.
- Nanyana kunjalo, ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zekade zebenza ngambala begodu zagcinwa iinkhulungwana zeminyaka.
Speaker notes
Yenza lokhu kube lula begodu kumadaniso kunokutjhinga khulu emphakathini munye. Iphuzu eliqakathekileko lokufunda kobana KUBANGELWA YINI ukwelapha kwekade bekulinganiselwe: abantu bebangazi bona amagciwane akhona. Lokhu kubeka phasi itjhentjho elikhulu elifika nokufunyanwa kwamagciwane nemithi yokugoma emaslayidini alandelako. [SME] Lungisa isibonelo somphakathi wekade sivumelane nemiphakathi ebizwe khona esiqophini se-CAPS sesikolwenu.
Ubhubhane weengubhu (smallpox)
Ngo-1713 umkhuhlano obulalako wafika eKapa watjhentjha ipilo yabantu ababahlala lapho.
Iingubhu (smallpox) zafika eKapa ngo-1713, zaziswe mkhumbi wamaDatjhi obudlula. Zarhaba masinyana. AbeKhoikhoi (amaKhoisan) babatjhayeka khulu kunabo boke, ngombana umkhuhlanwesi bewumutjha kubo begodu imizimbabo beyingakavikeleki kuwo.
- Ubhubhane kulapho umkhuhlano urhaba masinyana phakathi kwabantu abanengi.
- Bekunganamithi yokugoma okusesekhona, ngalokho umkhuhlano bewungakavimbeki.
- Imiphakathi eminengi yabeKhoikhoi yalahlekelwa babantu abanengi khulu.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula ukulahlekelwa kwabantu ngobunono kodwana ngeqiniso: ubhubhanwu wabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwabantu phakathi kwabeKhoikhoi begodu wasiza ukwaphula imiphakathabo. Yethula ibizo elitjha 'ubhubhane'. Hlanganisa nangaphambili: lo mkhuhlano onjengalo imithi yokugoma bezizowuvimba ngokuya phambili. Umthombo: SAHO 'Smallpox Epidemic Strikes at the Cape'.
Imibono emithathu etjhentjhe ukwelapha
Eminyakeni engaphezu kwe-250 edlulileko, iimfumbethwana ezimbalwa ezikhulu zenza ukwelapha kwaba namandla khulu.
Imithi yokugoma
Ngo-1796 u-Edward Jenner watjengisa bona igciwane elithamba lingavikela abantu eengubhwini (smallpox). Lokhu bekungumuthi wokugoma wokuthoma.
Ithiyori yamagciwane (germ theory)
Ngeenkhulungwaneni ze-1800 abososayensi njengo-Louis Pasteur bafakazela bona amagciwane amancani abangela imikhuhlano eminengi - ngalokho ukuhlanzeka bekungasindisa iimpilo.
Iyantibhayothikhi
Ngo-1928 u-Alexander Fleming wafumana i-penicillin, umuthi owenziwe ngesikhunta obulala amabhaktheriya ayingozi.
Speaker notes
Amakarawa amathathu ayihliziyo 'yeemfumbethwana eziqakathekileko'. Gcizelela iketanga lembangela nomphumela: nabantu sebazwisisa amagciwane, bazwisisa bona kubayini ukuhlamba izandla namanzi ahlanzekileko kuqakathekile, nokuthi kubayini imithi yokugoma neyantibhayothikhi isebenza. Buza abafundi bona ngiyiphi le abazuze kiyo (zoke zomthathu!). Iindaka zimatlhuwo weentjhentjho afanele Ibanga 6.
Amanzi ahlanzekileko nezempilo yomphakathi
Nabantu sebazwisisa amagciwane, aborhulumende bathoma ukusebenzela ukuvimba imikhuhlano ngaphambi kobana iqale.
Ezempilo yomphakathi kutjho ukutlhogomela ipilo yomphakathi woke, ingasi kwaphela umuntu munye ogulako. Nabantu amadorobho anikela amanzi ahlanzekileko, imisele nokususwa kwezibi, abantu abambalwa khulu babambelela imikhuhlano efana ne-cholera ne-typhoid erhaba ngamanzi angcolileko.
- Amanzi wokusela ahlanzekileko ngenye yezinto ezisindisa ipilo khulu emlandweni.
- Iindlu zangasese nemisele igcina amagciwane kude nendawo abantu abahlala kiyo.
- Iimhlelo zokugoma zivikela abantwana abanengi ngesikhathi sinye.
Speaker notes
Ezempilo yomphakathi ngumbono oqakathekileko we-CAPS: itjhentjho aliveli kwaphela emithini ehlakaniphileko kodwana nasekuvimbeni. Yenza kubambeke - buza bona bekuzokwenzekani nengabe isikolo besinganamanzi ahlanzekileko namtjhana iindlu zangasese. Hlanganisa umuva nethiyori yamagciwane (islayidi 7): sihlanza ngombana nje siyazi bona amagciwane arhabisa imikhuhlano.
Umkhuhlane 'we-Black October'
Ngo-1918 umkhuhlane orhaba masinyana wakhukhula iSewula Afrika nephasi loke.
NgoSeptemba no-Oktoba 1918, umkhuhlane weSpanish Flu wafika eSewula Afrika, wathoma emazibukweni. Warhaba masinyana kangangobana u-Oktoba 1918 waziwa ngokuthi 'yi-Black October'. Ngombana bekunganayantibhayothikhi kesesekhona, abodorhodere bebangakghoni ukwelapha isifuba somphefumulo (pneumonia) esabulala abagulikahle abanengi.
- Kucatjangelwa bona abantu abamalinganiselo weengidi ezingu-300 000 bahlongakala eSewula Afrika.
- Abasebenzi bezimayini nemiphakathi etlhagako baphakathi kwababatjhayeka kumbi khulu.
- Iikolo, iimtolo neendawo zomphakathi kwafuze zivalwe bona kwehliswe ukurhaba.
Speaker notes
Abafundi kanengi bahlanganisa lokhu nobhubhane bakamva, okubasiza bona bazwisise. Hlathulula bona ukuvala iikolo neemtolo bona kwehliswe umkhuhlano lisisetjenziswa sezempilo yomphakathi esisasetjenziswa namhlanjesi. [SME] Iindaka zabantu abahlongakalako ku-1918 flu eSewula Afrika ziyahluka khulu (malinganiselo we-250 000 ukuya ku-350 000); qinisekisa isibalo esiqotho esisetjenziswa mthombwakho we-SAHO nesiqotho se-CAPS. Imithombo: SAHO 'The Influenza epidemic' ne 'Spanish Flu strikes South Africa'.
Namitjho imithetho yezempilo beyinganabulungiswa
Ngezinye iinkhathi ukwesaba umkhuhlano bekusetjenziswa ngeendlela ezinganabulungiswa.
Ngo-1901, iimtjhwenzi ze-bubonic plague (ubhubhane obumbi) zafunyanwa eKapa. Urhulumende wasebenzisa ukwesaba ubhubhanwu njengesizatho sokugagadlhela abahlali abanengi abanzima bona baphume edorobheni babase endaweni ehlukileko. Ukutshwenyeka ngezempilo bekukhona ngambala, kodwana indlela abantu abaphathwa ngayo beyinganabulungiswa nokulingana.
- Woke umuntu ufanele ukutlhogonyelwa ipilo ngobulungiswa nokulingana.
- Ukugula ngezinye iinkhathi bekusolwa abantu abatlhagako esikhundleni sokusola imibandelo yokuphila embi.
- Ukufunda ngalokhu kusisiza sibone bona kubayini ukutlhogonyelwa ipilo ngobulungiswa kuqakathekile namhlanjesi.
Speaker notes
Phatha lokhu ngobunono nangezinga elifanele iminyaka. Iphuzu le-Ibanga 6 sisifundo sokuziphatha ngobulungiswa, ingasi isifundo esijulileko ngokuhlukaniswa kwabantu. Isehlakalwesi (ukususwa kabantu babasa e-Uitvlugt/Ndabeni) bekusinyathelo sokuthoma sokuhlukaniswa kababantu ngokugagadlhelwa kwabalandelako. Gcina umkhnumbi uqotho begodu unethemba: namhlanjesi sihlose ukutlhogonyelwa ipilo okuphatha woke umuntu ngokulingana. [SME] Sibawa uhlole amagama bona afanele iminyaka nokuthi aqotho. Umthombo: SAHO 'Three cases of bubonic plague are reported in Cape Town'.
Ukutjhentjhwa kwehliziyo kokuthoma ephasini
NgomhlaZ 3 kuDisemba 1967 iqembu leSewula Afrika lenza into ekungazange yenziwe ngaphambili.
E-Groote Schuur Hospital eKapa, uDr Christiaan Barnard neqembu lakhe benza ukutjhentjhwa kwehliziyo yomuntu kokuthoma ephasini loke. Banikela ihliziyo etjha esigulini esigule khulu, u-Louis Washkansky. Bekusikhathi esikhulu esenza abodorhodere ephasini loke bakholelwa bona ukutjhentjhwa kwamalunga womzimba kungenzeka.
- Ihlinzo yathatha malinganiselo weeyure ezilithoba begodu yasebenzisa amakghono weqembu elikhulu.
- U-Hamilton Naki, umsizi owazifundisayo, wasiza ukuthuthukisa amakghono wehlinzo angemva kwayo.
- Isiguli saphila amalanga ali-18 ngaphambi kokuhlongakala isifuba somphefumulo (pneumonia) - kodwana ukwelapha bekutjhentjhe unomphela.
Speaker notes
Kuyipumelelo eziqhenyisako yeSewula Afrika begodu lithuba lokugidinga indaba yekhaya. Okuqakathekileko, biza u-Hamilton Naki: umnizima weSewula Afrika ikghono lakhe lehlinzo ebelingatjhejwa emitjhini iminyaka ngebanga le-apartheid - ukungezelela okuqotho, okunobulungiswa. Gcina iqiniso lokobana uWashkansky wahlongakala emva kwamalanga ali-18: kukhombisa bona iimpumelelo zokuthoma sisiqalo kwaphela, nokuthi ukutjhentjhwa kwamalunga womzimba kwakamva kwaba nepumelelo khulu. Imithombo: iimehlakalo ze-SAHO nge-Barnard ne-Naki.
Ukwelapha ngokukhamba kwesikhathi
- Long ago Abelaphi bendabuko basebenzisa iintjalo nokutlhogomela umuntu woke
- 1713 Ubhubhane weengubhu (smallpox) utjhaya eKapa
- 1796 Umuthi wokugoma wokuthoma (Jenner, smallpox)
- 1901 Ukwesaba ubhubhane kusetjenziswa ukususa abantu eKapa
- 1918 Spanish Flu 'Black October' eSewula Afrika
- 1928 I-penicillin iyafunyanwa (iyantibhayothikhi yokuthoma)
- 1967 Ukutjhentjhwa kwehliziyo kokuthoma ephasini, eKapa
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lokhu ukuqinisa ukulandelana nehloko yetjhentjho ngokukhamba kwesikhathi. Buza abafundi bona babone ipeterni: iinkinga zokuthoma (njengeengubhu) bezingavimbeki, kodwana iimfumbethwana zakamva (imithi yokugoma, iyantibhayothikhi, ihlinzo) yanikela abantu amandla amakhulu phezu komkhuhlano. Ukwelapha kwendabuko kukhamba nelayini yesikhathi yoke, ingasi ekuthomeni kwaphela.
Ukwelapha kwendabuko nokwesikhathi samanje ndawonye
ESewula Afrika namhlanjesi, iindlela zombili zokwelapha zisaqakathekile.
AbeSewula Afrika abanengi bavakatjhela kokubili umtholampilo nomelaphi wendabuko. Abososayensi baze bafumana bona ezinye iintjalo ezisetjenziswa babelaphi bendabuko zisebenza ngambala - isibonelo, i-Madagascar periwinkle, ebeyisetjenziswa isikhathi eside ekwelapheni kwendabuko, nje isetjenziswa ekwelapheni umhlaza kwesikhathi samanje.
- Ilwazi lendabuko lingasiza abososayensi bafumane imithi emitjha.
- Ukwelapha kwesikhathi samanje kunikela imithi yokugoma, ihlinzo neyantibhayothikhi.
- Ukuhlonipha zombili kusiza ukutlhogomela umphakathi woke.
Speaker notes
Phetha isiqophi ngomkhumbi olinganiselweko, onehlonipho okhombisa ipilo yeSewula Afrika yamambala. Lokhu kubalekela umbono ongakalungi wokobana ukwelapha kwesikhathi samanje kumane 'kwabuyisela' ukwelapha kwendabuko. Isibonelo se-periwinkle sikhunjulwa lula, sikhombisa ukuhlangana kwamambala phakathi kwamaphasi womabili. Umthombo: SAHO 'Indigenous medicine and traditional healing'.
Esikufundileko
Ukwelapha kutjhentjhe khulu ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, kodwana isifiso sokwelapha sihlala sifana.
Sabona abelaphi bendabuko neentjalo ezilaphako, iimbhubhane ezibulalako ezifana neengubhu (smallpox) nomkhuhlane we-1918, iimfumbethwana ezikhulu ezifana nemithi yokugoma neyantibhayothikhi, ukuqakatheka kwezempilo yomphakathi, nokutjhentjhwa kwehliziyo kokuthoma kweSewula Afrika. Nje tjengisa lokho okukhumbulako.
Q. Qamula iindlela ezimbili eziqakathekileko zabelaphi bendabuko eSewula Afrika begodu utjho bona nginye yenzani. (4 marks)
Q. Khetha imfumbethwana YINYE eqakathekileko (imithi yokugoma, ithiyori yamagciwane namtjhana iyantibhayothikhi) uhlathulule bona kubayini yasiza abantu. (3 marks)
Q. Kubayini amanzi ahlanzekileko aqakathekile khulu ekugcineni umphakathi woke uphilile? (3 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi otloliweko namtjhana ipendulwano yeklasi. Umbuzo 1 uhlola ukukhumbula (isangoma/inyanga), umbuzo 2 uhlola ukuzwisisa imfumbethwana eqakathekileko, umbuzo 3 uhlanganisa nezempilo yomphakathi. Ukwabelwa kweendaka kulandela isitayela esilula seSigaba Esiphakathi. Phetha ngokukhumbuza abafundi bona kokubili ukwelapha kwendabuko nokwesikhathi samanje kuqakathekile eSewula Afrika namhlanjesi.
- Grade
- Grade 6
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Medicine through time
- Resource type
- Presentation