Imitsi Ngekuhamba Kwesikhatsi
Kutsi bantfu bebabanakekela njani labagulako - kusukela kubelaphi bemdzabu netitjalo tekwelapha kuya kuma-vaccine (umjovo lovikelako), ema-antibiotics kanye nekufakelwa kwenhlitiyo.
Speaker notes
Cala ngekubuta bafundzi kutsi benta njani nabagula lamuhla - baya emtholampilo, banatsa umutsi, batfola umjovo (i-vaccine). Chaza kutsi bantfu basendvulo nabo bebanetindlela tekwelapha, nekutsi imitsi ishintjile kakhulu ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi. Lesi sifundvo sibuka imitsi yemdzabu (lendzala, ledluliselwa) kanye nemitsi yesimanje (lesekelwe kusayensi), nekutsi ingasebentisana njani.
Bantfu bahlala bazama kwelapha
Emakhulwini eminyaka, wonkhe umphakatsi ubukhale tindlela tekulwa nekugula nebuhlungu.
Umutsi lulwati nelikhono lekugcina bantfu baphile kahle nekusita labagulako kutsi babe ncono. Kudzala, ngaphambi kwetibhedlela nemaphilisi, bantfu bebasebentisa titjalo, imithantazo, kuphumula nekubuka ngekunakekela kute batfole kutsi yini lesita umuntfu logulako kutsi abe ncono.
- Belaphi bekucala bafundza ngekubuka kutsi ngutiphi titjalo letenta bantfu bative bancono.
- Lwati beludluliselwa kubatali kuya ebantfwaneni ngemlomo.
- Ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi, kutfolakala lokusha kushintje imitsi kancane kancane.
Speaker notes
Beka indzaba yesifundvo sonkhe: kuchubeka nelushintjo. Bantfu BAHLALA bafuna kwelapha (kuchubeka), kodvwa INDLELA labelapha ngayo ihlala ishintja (lushintjo). Buta bafundzi kutsi babale umutsi wasekhaya lomndeni wabo lowusebentisako - loku kukhombisa kutsi lwati lwemdzabu lusaphila nalamuhla.
Emasangoma netinyanga
INingizimu Afrika inendlela yebudlelwane lobude nebelaphi bemdzabu labasetsembeka kubantfu labanyenti nalamuhla.
Isangoma
Umelaphi wemoya, lekuvame kutsi abe ngumfati, lotfola kutsi kwentekani ngekulalela badzala nangekubuka imphilo yemuntfu yonkhe.
Inyanga
Ngumelaphi ngetitjalo, ligama lakhe lesiZulu lisho 'umuntfu wetihlahla'. Tinyanga tenta umutsi ngetitjalo, timphandze, amagcolo netintfo temvelo.
Kunakekela umuntfu wonkhe
Belaphi babuka umtimba KANYE netinkinga tasekhaya nasemsebentini, ngobe bakholelwa kutsi loku nako kungenta umuntfu agule.
Speaker notes
Phatsa lesihloko ngenhlonipho - tigidzi tebantfu baseNingizimu Afrika basebentisa belaphi bemdzabu, ngako loku kusiko lesiphilako, hhayi umlandvo nje. Chaza kutsi 'kunakekela umuntfu wonkhe' kusho: kubuka umuntfu wonkhe, hhayi nje incenye legulako. Cacisa kutsi emasangoma netinyanga tivame kusebenta ngetindlela letehlukene kodvwa tobabili tifuna kwelapha. Umtfombo: SAHO 'Indigenous medicine and traditional healing'.
Titjalo letilaphako nekucecesha lokunakekelekile
Imitsi yemdzabu yakhelwe etikwelwati lolujulile lwemvelo.
Inyanga yenta umutsi ngetitjalo, timphandze nemagcolo. Lolulwati lunemandla futsi kufanele luphatfwe ngekunakekela - sitjalo lesifanele ngesilinganiso lesifanele singelapha, kodvwa lisilinganiso lelingakalungi lingaba yingoti. Ngiko nje belaphi bacecesha iminyaka leminyenti ngaphambi kwekutsi bavunyelwe kwelapha bantfu.
- Belaphi batsi 'bayabitwa' emsebentini ngubadzala babo.
- Kucecesha kufaka imitsetfo lecinile, kudla lokukhetsekile nekufundza ngetitjalo letinyenti.
- Letinye titjalo lebetisetjentiswa kadzala tisabalulekile emitsini nalamuhla.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela likhono nemtfwalo lokhona - loku kuphikisa umbono wekutsi imitsi yemdzabu 'kungukukholelwa lokungenasisekelo'. Luhlelo loluya esitjeni 13 (i-Madagascar periwinkle lesetjentiswa emitsini yesimanje yemdlavuza) lungalungiselelwa lapha: lwati lwetitjalo lwemdzabu selusite sayensi yesimanje.
Imitsi emiphakatsini yekucala
Emhlabeni wonkhe, bantfu basendvulo bakha lwati kancane kancane ngemtimba nangekwelapha.
Etindzaweni letinjenge-Egypt yasendvulo, belaphi bebalungisa ematsambo laphukile, belapha tilondza futsi babhala phansi imitsi yabo. Emiphakatsini leminyenti bantfu bebahlanganisa imitsi yangempela nemithantazo netikhandzimba, ngobe bebangakati kutsi yini ngempela lebangela kugula.
- Bantfu bebangati kutsi tilokatana leticinyani letibitwa ngemagciwane tibangela tifo letinyenti.
- Labanyenti bebakholelwa kutsi kugula bekusijeziso nome kwavela emoyeni lomubi.
- Nome kunjalo, letinye tindlela tekwelapha tekucala betisebenta ngempela futsi tagcinwa emakhulwini eminyaka.
Speaker notes
Gcina loku kulula nekusicatsanisa esikhundleni sekungena shí kunome ngamuphi umphakatsi munye. Liphuzu lelibalulekile kufundza KUTSI KUNGANI imitsi yekucala beyincane: bantfu bebangati kutsi emagciwane akhona. Loku kubeka lushintjo lolukhulu lolufika ngekutfolakala kwemagciwane nema-vaccine etinhlelweni letilandzelako. [SME] Lungisa sibonelo semphakatsi wasendvulo kute sihambisane netive letishiwo ngco ngesikwa se-CAPS sesikolo sakho.
Bhubhane lengcumbe (smallpox)
Nga-1713 sifo lesibulalako safika eKapa sashintja imphilo yebantfu bebahlala khona.
I-smallpox (ingcumbe) yafika eKapa nga-1713, yalethwa ngumkhumbi wemaDutch lobewendlula. Yasakateka ngekushesha. Emakhoyikhoyi (emaKhoisan) ngiwo laba bahlaselwa kakhulu, ngobe lesifo besisisha kubo futsi imitimba yabo beyinekuvikeleka lokuncane.
- Bhubhane ngesikhatsi sifo sisakateka ngekushesha kubantfu labanyenti.
- Bekungakabikho ma-vaccine, ngako lesifo besingeke simiswe.
- Iminyenti yemiphakatsi yemaKhoyikhoyi yalahlekelwa ngumcumbi webantfu.
Speaker notes
Chaza kulahlekelwa kwebantfu ngekutfobeka kodvwa ngeliciniso: lena bhubhane yabangela kulahlekelwa lokukhulu kwemphilo emaKhoyikhoyini yasita kubhidlita imiphakatsi yawo. Ngenisa ligama lelisha 'bhubhane'. Xhumanisa nekulandzelako: lesi ngesona sifo lema-vaccine labetawukhona kusimisa. Umtfombo: SAHO 'Smallpox Epidemic Strikes at the Cape'.
Imibono lemitsatfu leyashintja imitsi
Eminyakeni lengu-250 leyendlulile, kutfolakala lokuncane lokukhulu kwenta imitsi yaba nemandla lamakhulu.
Ema-vaccine
Nga-1796 Edward Jenner wakhombisa kutsi ligciwane lelincane lingavikela bantfu kuyi-smallpox. Lena bekungumjovo wekucala (vaccine).
Injulalwati yemagciwane
Ngeminyaka yema-1800 bososayensi labafana na-Louis Pasteur bakhombisa kutsi emagciwane laphansana abangela tifo letinyenti - ngako kuhlanteka bekungasindzisa imphilo.
Ema-antibiotics
Nga-1928 Alexander Fleming watfola i-penicillin, umutsi lowentiwa ngesikhunta lobulala emagciwane lalimatako.
Speaker notes
Lamakhadi lamatsatfu ayinhlitiyo 'yekutfolakala lokubalulekile'. Gcizelela liketanga lembangela nemphumela: bantfu nabaphucula lwati lwemagciwane, bacondza kutsi kungani kuhlamba tandla nemanti lahlantekile kubalulekile, nekutsi ema-vaccine nema-antibiotics asebenta njani. Buta bafundzi kutsi ngukuphi kwaloku labakuzuzile (konkhe kokutsatfu!). Emalanga langesibili tinguketani letifanele Libanga 6.
Emanti lahlantekile nemphilo yemphakatsi
Bantfu nabaphucula lwati lwemagciwane, bohulumende bacala kusebenta kumisa tifo tingakacali.
Imphilo yemphakatsi kusho kunakekela imphilo yemphakatsi wonkhe, hhayi nje umuntfu munye logulako. Emadolobha nawaniketa emanti lahlantekile, emisele nekususwa kwetibi, bantfu labancane bagulela tifo letinjenge-cholera ne-typhoid letisakateka ngemanti langcolile.
- Emanti lahlantekile ekunatsa ngulenye yetintfo letinkhulu letisindzisa imphilo emlandvweni.
- Emachibi endle netimbombo tigcina emagciwane akhashane lapho bantfu bahlala khona.
- Tinhlelo tekugoma tivikela bantfwana labanyenti ngasikhatsi sinye.
Speaker notes
Imphilo yemphakatsi ngumbono lobalulekile we-CAPS: lushintjo lweta hhayi nje ngemitsi lehlakaniphile kodvwa ngekuvikela. Yenta kucace - buta kutsi kungentekani nangabe sikolo besingenawo emanti lahlantekile nemadvulodvulo. Xhumanisa nasenjulalwatini yemagciwane (isayidi 7): siyahlanteka ngobe manje siyati kutsi emagciwane asakata sifo.
Umkhuhlane 'we-Black October'
Nga-1918 umkhuhlane losakateka ngekushesha wagcwala kulo lonkhe live laseNingizimu Afrika nemhlaba wonkhe.
Nga-Mandulo naMphala 1918 (September naOctober), i-Spanish Flu yafika eNingizimu Afrika, yacala emachwebeni. Yasakateka ngekushesha kwaze kwaba nga-October 1918 waziwa ngekutsi 'Black October'. Njengoba bekungakabikho ma-antibiotics, bodokotela bebangakhoni kwelapha i-pneumonia (umkhuhlane wemaphaphu) leyabulala tigulane letinyenti.
- Kukholwa kutsi cishe bantfu labangu-300,000 bafa eNingizimu Afrika.
- Tisebenti tetimayini nemiphakatsi lemphofu babphakatsi kwalabahlaselwa kabi.
- Tikolo, titolo netindzawo temphakatsi bekumele tivalwe kute kwehliswe kusakateka.
Speaker notes
Bafundzi bavame kuxhumanisa loku netifo tesikhatsi lesisha, lokubasita bacondze. Chaza kutsi kuvala tikolo netitolo kute kwehliswe sifo lisu lemphilo yemphakatsi lelisasetjentiswa nalamuhla. [SME] Timphumelelo tekufa kumkhuhlane wa-1918 eNingizimu Afrika tiyehluka kakhulu (cishe 250,000-350,000); cinisekisa sibalo lesisebentiswa ngumtfombo waSAHO nesikwa se-CAPS. Imitfombo: SAHO 'The Influenza epidemic' na-'Spanish Flu strikes South Africa'.
Nangabe imitsetfo yemphilo beyingenabo bulungiswa
Ngaletinye tikhatsi kwesaba sifo bekusetjentiswa ngetindlela letingenabo bulungiswa.
Nga-1901, kwatfolakala tigulane te-bubonic plague eKapa. Hulumende wasebentisa kwesaba lesifo njengesizatfu sekukhipha ngenkani bahlali labanyenti labamnyama edolobheni bebayiswa endzaweni leyehlukene. Kukhatsateka ngemphilo bekukhona ngempela, kodvwa indlela bantfu labaphatfwa ngayo beyingenabo bulungiswa futsi ingalingani.
- Wonkhe umuntfu ufanele kutfola kunakekelwa kwemphilo lokunebulungiswa nalokulinganako.
- Kugula ngaletinye tikhatsi bekusolwa bantfu labamphofu esikhundleni setimo tekuphila letimbi.
- Kufundza loku kusisita sibone kutsi kungani kunakekelwa kwemphilo lokunebulungiswa kubalulekile nalamuhla.
Speaker notes
Phatsa loku ngekunakekela nangelizinga lelifanele iminyaka. Liphuzu leLibanga 6 sifundvo semphilo semagugu langebulungiswa, hhayi kufundza lokujulile ngekwehlukaniswa. Lesenteko (kususwa kuya eUitvlugt/Ndabeni) besisinyatselo sekucala saya ekwehlukaniseni ngenkani lokwalandzela. Gcina litsi liciniso nelinetsemba: lamuhla sifisa kunakekelwa kwemphilo lokuphatsa wonkhe umuntfu ngekulingana. [SME] Sicela buyeketa emagama kute kuhambisane neminyaka nangeliciniso. Umtfombo: SAHO 'Three cases of bubonic plague are reported in Cape Town'.
Kufakelwa kwenhlitiyo kwekucala emhlabeni
Nga-3 Ingongoni (December) 1967 licembu laseNingizimu Afrika lenta lokungazange kwentiwe ngunobe ngubani.
E-Groote Schuur Hospital eKapa, Dr Christiaan Barnard nelicembu lakhe benta kufakelwa kwenhlitiyo yemuntfu kwekucala emhlabeni. Baniketa inhlitiyo lensha kusigulane lesigula kakhulu, Louis Washkansky. Bekusikhatsi lesikhulu lesenta bodokotela emhlabeni wonkhe bakholelwa kutsi kufakelwa kwetitfo kungenteka.
- Lokuhlinzwa kwatsatsa cishe emahora layimfica futsi kwasebentisa emakhono elicembu lelikhulu.
- Hamilton Naki, umsiti lotifundzele yena ngekwakhe, wasita ekutfutfukiseni emakhono ekuhlinza labekungemuva kwaloku.
- Sigulane saphila emalanga langu-18 ngaphambi kwekushona nge-pneumonia - kodvwa imitsi beyisishintjile phakadze.
Speaker notes
Impumelelo lekhonako yaseNingizimu Afrika nelitfuba lekugubha indzaba yasekhaya. Ngalokubalulekile, biza Hamilton Naki: umNingizimu Afrika lomnyama lekhono lakhe lekuhlinza belingahlonishwa ngalokwanele emakhulwini eminyaka ngenca ye-apartheid - kwengetwa lokunebulungiswa nekweciniso. Gcina liciniso lekutsi Washkansky wafa ngemuva kwemalanga langu-18: kukhombisa kutsi timpumelelo tekucala tisukusicalo, nekutsi kufakelwa lokulandzelako kwaba nemphumelelo lomkhulu. Imitfombo: SAHO dated events on Barnard and Naki.
Imitsi ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi
- Long ago Belaphi bemdzabu basebentisa titjalo nekunakekela umuntfu wonkhe
- 1713 Bhubhane ye-smallpox ihlasela eKapa
- 1796 Umjovo wekucala (Jenner, smallpox)
- 1901 Kwesaba i-plague kusetjentiswa kususa bantfu eKapa
- 1918 I-Spanish Flu 'Black October' eNingizimu Afrika
- 1928 I-Penicillin yatfolakala (i-antibiotic yekucala)
- 1967 Kufakelwa kwenhlitiyo kwekucala emhlabeni, eKapa
Speaker notes
Sebentisa loku kuhlanganisa kulandzelana nendzaba yelushintjo ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi. Buta bafundzi babone iphetheni: tinkinga tekucala (letinjenge-smallpox) betingeke timiswe, kodvwa kutfolakala lokulandzelako (ema-vaccine, ema-antibiotics, kuhlinza) kwaniketa bantfu emandla lamanyenti etikwetifo. Kwelapha kwemdzabu kuhamba eceleni kwaloluhla lonkhe, hhayi nje ekucaleni.
Imitsi yemdzabu neyesimanje ndzawonye
ENingizimu Afrika lamuhla, tobabili tinhlobo temitsi tisabalulekile.
BemaNingizimu Afrika labanyenti bavakashela tobabili umtholampilo nemelaphi wemdzabu. Bososayensi baze batfola kutsi letinye titjalo letisetjentiswa belaphi bemdzabu tisebenta ngempela - ngekwesibonelo, i-Madagascar periwinkle, lesetjentiswa kadzala emitsini yemdzabu, manje isetjentiswa ekwelaphini kwemdlavuza kwesimanje.
- Lwati lwemdzabu lungasita bososayensi batfole imitsi lemisha.
- Imitsi yesimanje iniketa ema-vaccine, kuhlinza nema-antibiotics.
- Kuhlonipha kokubili kusita kunakekela umphakatsi wonkhe.
Speaker notes
Cedza indzaba ngendlela lelinganako nelenhlonipho lekhombisa imphilo yangempela yaseNingizimu Afrika. Loku kugwema umbono longemanga wekutsi imitsi yesimanje 'yavele yavala' imitsi yemdzabu. Sibonelo se-periwinkle luchumano lolukhumbulekako, lweciniso emkhatsini wemhlaba lomibili. Umtfombo: SAHO 'Indigenous medicine and traditional healing'.
Lesikufundzile
Imitsi ishintjile kakhulu ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi, kodvwa sifiso sekwelapha sihlale sifana.
Sibone belaphi bemdzabu netitjalo letilaphako, tibhubhane letibulalako letinjenge-smallpox nemkhuhlane wa-1918, kutfolakala lokukhulu njengema-vaccine nema-antibiotics, kubaluleka kwemphilo yemphakatsi, kanye nekufakelwa kwenhlitiyo kwekucala kwaseNingizimu Afrika. Manje khombisa lokukhumbulako.
Q. Bala tinhlobo letimbili letinkhulu tebelaphi bemdzabu eNingizimu Afrika futsi utsi ngamunye wenta ini. (4 marks)
Q. Khetsa KOKUNYE lokutfolakele lokubalulekile (ema-vaccine, injulalwati yemagciwane nome ema-antibiotics) uchaze kutsi kungani kwasita bantfu. (3 marks)
Q. Kungani emanti lahlantekile abalulekile kakhulu ekugcineni umphakatsi wonkhe uphilile? (3 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lemibuto lemitsatfu njengemsebenti lobhaliwe nome ingcoco yeliklasi. Umbuto 1 uhlola kukhumbula (sangoma/inyanga), Umbuto 2 uhlola kucondza kokutfolakele lokubalulekile, Umbuto 3 uxhumene nemphilo yemphakatsi. Kwabiwa kwemamaki kulandzela indlela lelula yeSigaba Semkhatsi. Vala ngekukhumbuta bafundzi kutsi tobabili imitsi yemdzabu neyesimanje ibalulekile eNingizimu Afrika nalamuhla.
- Grade
- Grade 6
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Medicine through time
- Resource type
- Presentation