Amayeza Ngokuhamba Kwexesha
Indlela abantu abaye banonophela ngayo abagulayo - ukusuka kubaphilisi bemveli kunye nezityalo eziphilisayo ukuya kuma-vaccine (izitofu zokugonya), ama-antibiotic kunye notshintsho lweentliziyo.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubuza abafundi ukuba benza ntoni xa begula namhlanje - baya ekliniki, basele iyeza, bafumane isitofu sokugonya. Chaza ukuba abantu bamandulo nabo babenazo iindlela zokuphilisa, nokuba amayeza atshintshe kakhulu ngokuhamba kwexesha. Esi sifundo sijonga amayeza emveli (amadala, adluliselwa kwizizukulwana) kunye nawanamhlanje (asekelwe kwinzululwazi), nendlela anokusebenzisana ngayo.
Abantu bebesoloko bezama ukuphilisa
Iminyaka engamawaka, uluntu ngalunye luye lwafuna iindlela zokulwa nezifo kunye neentlungu.
Amayeza lulwazi nesakhono sokugcina abantu besempilweni nokunceda abagulayo baphile. Kudala kungekabikho zibhedlele neepilisi, abantu babesebenzisa izityalo, imithandazo, ukuphumla nokujonga ngenkathalo ukuze bafumanise ukuba yintoni encedayo umntu ogulayo ukuba aphile.
- Abaphilisi bamandulo bafunda ngokujonga ukuba zeziphi izityalo ezenza abantu bazive bengcono.
- Ulwazi lwaludluliselwa kubazali ukuya kubantwana ngomlomo.
- Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iinkqubo ezintsha zatshintsha amayeza kwakhona nakhona.
Speaker notes
Misela umxholo weyunithi iphela: ukuqhubeka notshintsho. Abantu bebeSOLOKO befuna ukuphilisa (ukuqhubeka), kodwa INDLELA abaphilisa ngayo iyaqhubeka itshintsha (utshintsho). Cela abafundi bakhankanye iyeza lasekhaya elisetyenziswa ngusapho lwabo - oku kubonisa ukuba ulwazi lwemveli lusaphila nanamhlanje.
Iisangoma neenyanga
UMzantsi Afrika unesithethe eside sabaphilisi bemveli abasathenjwa ngabantu abaninzi nanamhlanje.
Isangoma
Ngumphilisi wokomoya, ngokuqhelekileyo ngumfazi, oye afumanise ukuba yintoni engalunganga ngokuphulaphula izinyanya nangokujonga ubomi bomntu bonke.
Inyanga
Ngumthi wokwenza amayeza ngezityalo. Igama lesiZulu lithi 'umntu wemithi'. Iinyanga zenza amayeza ngezityalo, iingcambu, amaxolo nezinye izinto zendalo.
Unonophelo olupheleleyo
Abaphilisi bajonga umzimba KWAKHUNYE neenkxalabo zasekhaya nasemsebenzini, kuba bakholelwa ukuba nazo zingamgulisa umntu.
Speaker notes
Phatha lo mxholo ngentlonipho - izigidi zabaseMzantsi Afrika zisebenzisa abaphilisi bemveli, ngoko ke le yinkcubeko ephilayo, hayi imbali nje kuphela. Chaza igama 'holistic': ukujonga umntu wonke, hayi kuphela indawo egulayo. Qaphela ukuba iisangoma neenyanga zisebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kodwa zombini zijolise ekuphiliseni. Umthombo: SAHO 'Indigenous medicine and traditional healing'.
Izityalo eziphilisayo noqeqesho olunobunono
Amayeza emveli akhelwe phezu kolwazi olunzulu lwehlabathi lendalo.
Inyanga yenza umuthi (iyeza) ngamayeza, iingcambu namaxolo. Olu lwazi lunamandla kwaye kufuneka luphathwe ngobunono - isityalo esifanelekileyo ngesixa esifanelekileyo sinokuphilisa, kodwa isixa esingalunganga singaba yingozi. Yiloo nto abaphilisi beqeqeshwa iminyaka emininzi phambi kokuba bavunyelwe ukunyanga abantu.
- Abaphilisi bathi 'babizwa' emsebenzini zizinyanya zabo.
- Uqeqesho luquka imithetho eqinileyo, ukutya okukhethekileyo nokufunda ngezityalo ezininzi.
- Ezinye izityalo ezazisetyenziswa kudala zisabalulekile emayezeni nanamhlanje.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa isakhono noxanduva olubandakanyekayo - oku kuchasa umbono wokuba amayeza emveli 'ayinkolelo-mbumbulu nje'. Unxibelelwano neslayidi 13 (i-Madagascar periwinkle esetyenziswa kumayeza omhlaza anamhlanje) inokwaziswa apha: ulwazi lwezityalo zemveli luncedile inzululwazi yanamhlanje.
Amayeza kwiintlangano zamandulo
Kwihlabathi liphela, abantu bamandulo baye bakha kancinci ulwazi ngomzimba nangokuphilisa.
Kwiindawo ezifana neYiputa yamandulo (ancient Egypt), abaphilisi babebeka amathambo aphukileyo, benyange amanxeba, babhala phantsi amayeza abo. Kwiintlangano ezininzi abantu babexuba amayeza okwenene nemithandazo namakhubalo, kuba babengekazazi ukuba yintoni ngokwenene ebangela izifo.
- Abantu babengazi ukuba iintsholongwane ezincinci ezibangela izifo ezininzi.
- Abaninzi babekholelwa ukuba isifo sisohlwayo okanye sivela emoyeni ombi.
- Nangoko, amanye amayeza amandulo ayesebenza ngokwenene, agcinwa kangangeenkulungwane.
Speaker notes
Yenza oku kube lula kwaye kufaniswe endaweni yokungena nzulu kwimpucuko enye. Isifundo esibalulekileyo kukuba KUTHENI amayeza amandulo ayenomda: abantu babengazi ukuba iintsholongwane zikhona. Oku kumisela utshintsho olukhulu oluza nokufunyanwa kweentsholongwane nezitofu zokugonya kwiislayidi ezilandelayo. [SME] Lungisa umzekelo wentlangano yamandulo ukuze uhambelane neempucuko ezikhankanywe kwiCAPS yesikolo sakho.
Ubhubhane wengqakaqha (smallpox)
Ngo-1713 isifo esibulalayo safika eKapa satshintsha ubomi babantu ababehlala apho.
Ingqakaqha (smallpox) yafika eKapa ngo-1713, iziswa yinqanawa yamaDatshi eyayidlula. Yasasazeka ngokukhawuleza. AbaKhoikhoi (amaKhoisan) bachaphazeleka kakhulu kunabo bonke, kuba esi sifo sasisitsha kubo, imizimba yabo yayinokhuseleko oluncinci kuso.
- Ubhubhane yingxaki apho isifo sasasazeka ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwabantu abaninzi.
- Kwakungekho zitofu zokugonya okwangoku, ngoko isifo sasingenakunqandwa.
- Uluntu oluninzi lwabaKhoikhoi lwaphulukana nabantu abaninzi kakhulu.
Speaker notes
Chaza indleko yobomi babantu ngobubele kodwa ngokunyaniseka: lo bhubhane wabangela ukulahleka okukhulu kobomi phakathi kwabaKhoikhoi kwaye wanceda ekwaphuleni uluntu lwabo. Yazisa igama 'ubhubhane' (epidemic). Nxibelelanisa phambili: olu hlobo lwesifo yiyo kanye ekwathi izitofu zokugonya kamva zakwazi ukusinqanda. Umthombo: SAHO 'Smallpox Epidemic Strikes at the Cape'.
Iimbono ezintathu ezatshintsha amayeza
Kwiminyaka eyi-250 edlulileyo, ii-imbono ezimbalwa ezinkulu zenza amayeza abe namandla ngakumbi.
Izitofu zokugonya (Vaccines)
Ngo-1796 uEdward Jenner wabonisa ukuba intsholongwane ethambileyo inokukhusela abantu kwingqakaqha. Esi yayisisitofu sokugonya sokuqala.
Ithiyori yeentsholongwane (Germ theory)
Ngeminyaka yee-1800 izazinzululwazi ezifana noLouis Pasteur zangqina ukuba iintsholongwane ezincinci zibangela izifo ezininzi - ngoko ke ucoceko lwalunokusindisa ubomi.
Ama-antibiotic
Ngo-1928 uAlexander Fleming wafumana ipenicillin, iyeza elenziwa ngesikhunta elibulala iibhaktiriya ezingcolileyo.
Speaker notes
Ezi khadi zintathu zisembindini 'weenkqubo eziphambili ezafunyanwayo'. Gxininisa ikhonkco lonobangela nesiphumo: xa abantu beqonda iintsholongwane, baqonda ukuba kutheni ukuhlamba izandla namanzi acocekileyo kubalulekile, nokuba kutheni izitofu zokugonya nama-antibiotic esebenza. Cela abafundi ukuba ngezinzuzo ziphi kwezi abaye baxhamla kuzo (zontathu!). Iminyaka yamaxesha otshintsho aphantse kufanelekileyo iBanga 6.
Amanzi acocekileyo nempilo yoluntu
Kwakuba abantu beqonda iintsholongwane, oorhulumente baqala ukusebenza ukunqanda izifo phambi kokuba ziqale.
Impilo yoluntu (public health) ithetha ukunonophela impilo yoluntu lonke, hayi umntu omnye ogulayo kuphela. Xa iidolophu zibonelela nga manzi acocekileyo, iingqumbo neenkonzo zokususa inkunkuma, abantu abambalwa kakhulu babebanjwa zizifo ezifana necholera netyphoid ezazisasazeka ngamanzi angcolileyo.
- Amanzi okusela acocekileyo yenye yezona zinto zisindisa ubomi kwimbali.
- Iindlu zangasese neendlela zelindle zigcina iintsholongwane zikude nalapho abantu behlala khona.
- Iinkqubo zokugonya zikhusela abantwana abaninzi ngaxeshanye.
Speaker notes
Impilo yoluntu ngumbono obalulekileyo weCAPS: utshintsho aluzanga ngamayeza akrelekrele kuphela kodwa nangokuthintela. Yenza kubonakale - buza ukuba kungenzeka ntoni ukuba isikolo besingenamanzi acocekileyo neendlu zangasese. Nxibelelanisa nethiyori yeentsholongwane (islayidi 7): siyacoca kuba ngoku siyazi ukuba iintsholongwane zisasazeka izifo.
Umkhuhlane 'weBlack October'
Ngo-1918 umkhuhlane osasazeka ngokukhawuleza watshayela kuMzantsi Afrika nakwihlabathi.
Ngo Septemba noOktobha 1918, iSpanish Flu yafika kuMzantsi Afrika, iqala ukuvela emazibukweni. Yasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba uOktobha 1918 waziwa ngokuba 'Black October'. Ngenxa yokuba kwakungekho ma-antibiotic okwangoku, oogqirha babengakwazi ukunyanga umkhuhlane wesifuba (pneumonia) owabulala izigulane ezininzi.
- Kucingelwa ukuba abantu abamalunga ne-300,000 basweleka eMzantsi Afrika.
- Abasebenzi basezimayini noluntu oluhluphekileyo baba phakathi kwabachaphazeleka kakhulu.
- Izikolo, iivenkile neendawo zoluntu kwafuneka zivalwe ukucothisa unwenwo.
Speaker notes
Abafundi badla ngokunxibelelanisa oku nezibhubhane zamva nje, into enceda baziqonde. Chaza ukuba ukuvala izikolo neevenkile ukucothisa isifo sisixhobo sempilo yoluntu esisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje. [SME] Uqikelelo lwenani labafileyo ngenxa yomkhuhlane wowe-1918 eMzantsi Afrika luyahluka kakhulu (malunga ne-250,000-350,000); qinisekisa inani elichanekileyo elisetyenziswa ngumthombo weSAHO nemathiriyeli yeCAPS yakho. Imithombo: SAHO 'The Influenza epidemic' kunye 'Spanish Flu strikes South Africa'.
Xa imithetho yempilo yayingekho nobulungisa
Ngamanye amaxesha uloyiko lwesifo lwalusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezingekho nobulungisa.
Ngo-1901, iimeko zomkhuhlane webhubhonic plague zafunyanwa eKapa. Urhulumente wasebenzisa uloyiko lwalo mkhuhlane njengesizathu sokugxotha abahlali abaninzi abantsundu esixekweni ababase kwindawo eyahlukileyo. Iinkxalabo zempilo zaziyinyani, kodwa indlela abantu abaphathwa ngayo yayingekho nobulungisa ingalinganiyo.
- Wonke umntu ufanele afumane unonophelo lwempilo olunobulungisa nolulinganayo.
- Isifo ngamanye amaxesha sasityholwa abona bantu bahluphekileyo endaweni yeemeko zokuhlala ezimbi.
- Ukufunda oku kusinceda sibone ukuba kutheni unonophelo lwempilo olunobulungisa lubalulekile namhlanje.
Speaker notes
Phatha oku ngobunono nangokwamaxesha afanelekileyo. Isifundo seBanga 6 sesokuxabiso ngobulungisa, hayi uphononongo olunzulu localucalulo. Esi siganeko (ukususwa kwabantu ukuya eUitvlugt/Ndabeni) yayilinyathelo lokuqala eliya kwahlukaniso olunyanzelisiweyo kamva. Gcina imomo ineenyaniso nethemba: namhlanje sijolise kunonophelo lwempilo oluphatha wonke umntu ngokulinganayo. [SME] Nceda uphonononge amagama ngokwexesha lokufaneleka nokuchaneka. Umthombo: SAHO 'Three cases of bubonic plague are reported in Cape Town'.
Utshintsho lwentliziyo lokuqala ehlabathini
Ngomhla wesi-3 kaDisemba 1967 iqela laseMzantsi Afrika lenza into eyayingazange yenziwe ngaphambili.
KwiGroote Schuur Hospital eKapa, uGqirha Christiaan Barnard neqela lakhe benza utshintsho lwentliziyo yomntu lokuqala ehlabathini. Banika intliziyo entsha kwisigulane esasigula kakhulu, uLouis Washkansky. Yayilixesha elikhulu elenza oogqirha kwihlabathi liphela bakholelwe ukuba utshintsho lwezitho lunokwenzeka.
- Utyando lwathatha malunga neeyure ezilithoba lwaza lwasebenzisa izakhono zeqela elikhulu.
- UHamilton Naki, umncedisi owazifundisayo, wanceda ekuphuhliseni izakhono zotyando ezazingasemva kwalo.
- Isigulane saphila iintsuku eziyi-18 phambi kokuba sife ngumkhuhlane wesifuba - kodwa amayeza atshintsha ngonaphakade.
Speaker notes
Yimpumelelo ekhukhumezayo yaseMzantsi Afrika kunye nethuba lokubhiyozela ibali lasekhaya. Okubalulekileyo, khankanya uHamilton Naki: umntu ontsundu waseMzantsi Afrika obunono bakhe botyando babungananzelelwanga iminyaka emininzi ngenxa yocalucalulo - ukongezelela okunobulungisa nokunyanisekileyo. Gcina inyaniso yokuba uWashkansky wasweleka emva kweentsuku eziyi-18: kubonisa ukuba iimpumelelo zokuqala ziyintlaba-mkhosi nje, nokuba utshintsho lwezitho lwamva laba yimpumelelo enkulu ngakumbi. Imithombo: iziganeko zeSAHO ngoBarnard noNaki.
Amayeza ngokuhamba kwexesha
- Long ago Abaphilisi bemveli basebenzisa izityalo nononophelo olupheleleyo
- 1713 Ubhubhane wengqakaqha ubetha eKapa
- 1796 Isitofu sokugonya sokuqala (Jenner, ingqakaqha)
- 1901 Uloyiko lomkhuhlane lusetyenziselwa ukususa abantu eKapa
- 1918 ISpanish Flu 'Black October' eMzantsi Afrika
- 1928 IPenicillin iyafunyanwa (i-antibiotic yokuqala)
- 1967 Utshintsho lwentliziyo lokuqala ehlabathini, eKapa
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa oku ukuqinisa ulandelelwano nomxholo wotshintsho ngokuhamba kwexesha. Cela abafundi baphawule ipeturn: iingxaki zamandulo (njengengqakaqha) zazingenakunqandwa, kodwa iinkqubo zamva (izitofu zokugonya, ama-antibiotic, utyando) zanika abantu amandla amaninzi phezu kwesifo. Ukuphilisa kwemveli kuhamba kunye nomgca wexesha wonke, hayi ekuqaleni kuphela.
Amayeza emveli nawanamhlanje ndawonye
EMzantsi Afrika namhlanje, zombini iindidi zamayeza zisabalulekile.
Abaninzi baseMzantsi Afrika batyelela zombini ikliniki nomphilisi wemveli. Izazinzululwazi ziye zafumanisa ukuba ezinye izityalo ezisetyenziswa ngabaphilisi bemveli zisebenza ngokwenene - umzekelo, i Madagascar periwinkle, ekudala isetyenziswa emayezeni emveli, ngoku isetyenziswa kunyango lomhlaza wanamhlanje.
- Ulwazi lwemveli lunokunceda izazinzululwazi zifumane amayeza amatsha.
- Amayeza anamhlanje abonelela ngezitofu zokugonya, utyando nama-antibiotic.
- Ukuhlonipha zombini kunceda ekunonopheleni uluntu lonke.
Speaker notes
Qukumbela umxholo ngendlela elinganayo nenentlonipho ebonakalisa ubomi benene baseMzantsi Afrika. Oku kuphepha umbono ongeyonyani wokuba amayeza anamhlanje 'athatha indawo' yamayeza emveli. Umzekelo we-periwinkle likhonkco elikhumbulekayo, eliyinyaniso phakathi kwala mahlabathi mabini. Umthombo: SAHO 'Indigenous medicine and traditional healing'.
Esikufundileyo
Amayeza atshintshe kakhulu ngokuhamba kwexesha, kodwa umnqweno wokuphilisa uhlala ufana rhoqo.
Sibone abaphilisi bemveli nezityalo eziphilisayo, izibhubhane ezibulalayo (epidemics) ezifana nengqakaqha nomkhuhlane wowe-1918, iinkqubo ezinkulu ezafunyanwayo (discoveries) ezifana nezitofu zokugonya nama-antibiotic, ukubaluleka kwempilo yoluntu, kunye notshintsho lwentliziyo lokuqala lwaseMzantsi Afrika. Ngoku bonisa oko ukukhumbulayo.
Q. Khankanya iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zabaphilisi bemveli eMzantsi Afrika uze uchaze ukuba ngamnye wenza ntoni. (4 marks)
Q. Khetha inkqubo ENYE ephambili eyafunyanwayo (izitofu zokugonya, ithiyori yeentsholongwane okanye ama-antibiotic) uze uchaze ukuba yancede njani abantu. (3 marks)
Q. Kutheni amanzi acocekileyo ebalulekile kangaka ekugcineni uluntu lonke lusempilweni? (3 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa le mibuzo mithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliweyo okanye ingxoxo yeklasi. Umbuzo 1 uvavanya ukukhumbula (isangoma/inyanga), umbuzo 2 uvavanya ukuqonda inkqubo ephambili eyafunyanwayo, umbuzo 3 unxibelelanisa nempilo yoluntu. Ukwabelwa kwamanqaku kulandela isimbo esilula seSigaba esiPhakathi. Qukumbela ngokukhumbuza abafundi ukuba amayeza emveli nawanamhlanje abalulekile eMzantsi Afrika namhlanje.
- Grade
- Grade 6
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Medicine through time
- Resource type
- Presentation