I-Afrika Ezimele
Ukuqedwa kobukoloni (decolonisation), izifundo ezimbili ezingafani zezehlakalo (i-Congo ne-Tanzania), kanye nokukala ukuphumelela nezinselele zenkululeko.
Speaker notes
Yakha umbuzo omkhulu waleyunithi: emva kokuhoxa kwemibuso yase-Yurophu, kungani ezinye izwe ezisanda kuzimela zaba nokuzinza kanti ezinye zawela enkingeni? Chaza i-decolonisation (ukuqedwa kobukoloni) njengenqubo lapho amakoloni azuza khona inkululeko yezombusazwe, kakhulu phakathi kwesigamu seminyaka yawo-1950 nesigamu seminyaka yawo-1970. Bonisa kusengaphambili indlela yokuqhathanisa: i-Congo ne-Tanzania zombili zazuza inkululeko ekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-1960 kodwa zalandela izindlela ezehluke kakhulu.
Umoya woshintsho
Emashumini eminyaka amabili nje, iningi le-Afrika lasuka ekubusweni ngobukoloni laya enkululekweni.
Emva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, amandla ase-Yurophu abuthakathaka kanti imibutho elwa nobukoloni yaqina. I-Ghana yaba ikoloni yokuqala eningizimu ye-Sahara ukuthola inkululeko ngo-1957 ngaphansi kukaKwame Nkrumah. UNdunankulu waseBrithani uHarold Macmillan wabamba lo moya enkulumeni yakhe ka-1960 ethi 'wind of change' ('umoya woshintsho'), evuma ukuthi ubuzwe base-Afrika ngeke buvinjelwe.
- 1957: I-Ghana - ikoloni yokuqala eningizimu ye-Sahara ukuthola inkululeko.
- 1960: 'uNyaka we-Afrika' (Year of Africa), lapho amazwe ayi-17 azimela khona.
- Inkululeko yeza ngokuxoxisana kwezinye izindawo nangempi yezikhali kwezinye.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela ukuqhubeka noshintsho. Imibono yobuzwe yayingeyintsha, kodwa izimo zangemva kwempi - izindleko zombuso wamakoloni, isibonelo saseNdiya (1947), uMqulu Wezizwe Ezihlangene (UN Charter), kanye nabaholi base-Afrika abafundile abakhulayo - kwenza inkululeko yaba ngefinyeleleka. Cela abafundi ukwehlukanisa phakathi kwenkululeko esemthethweni yezombusazwe kanye nokuncika kwezomnotho okujulile okuvame ukuqhubeka emva kwalokho (indikimba izifundo zezehlakalo eziyibuyela kuyo).
Imibono engemuva kwezizwe ezintsha
Imizila emine yemicabango yayakha indlela abaholi ababona ngayo izwe lase-Afrika elizimele.
I-Pan-Africanism
Inkolelo yokuthi abantu base-Afrika babelana ngekusasa elifanayo futhi kufanele bahlangane - okwavezwa enhlanganweni i-Organisation of African Unity (OAU), eyasungulwa ngo-1963.
Ubuzwe base-Afrika
Amaqembu esixuku ayehlanganisa abantu ngesidingo sokuzibusa nokuqedwa kokubuswa ngabezizwe.
Ubusoshiyali base-Afrika
Ukwakha intuthuko ngokusekelwe emasikweni omphakathi nasekuzimeleni kunokulingisa ubungxiwankulu (capitalism) baseNtshonalanga.
Impi Ebandayo (Cold War)
Ukuncintisana phakathi kwe-USA ne-USSR kwadonsela izwe ezintsha empini yomhlaba kwaphinde kwakha, ngezinye izikhathi kwaphazamisa, ezombusazwe zazo.
Speaker notes
Le mibono emine inikeza abafundi amathuluzi okuhlaziya izifundo zezehlakalo. I-Pan-Africanism nobuzwe zichaza isishoshovu senkululeko; ubusoshiyali base-Afrika kanye ne-Cold War zichaza izinqumo nengcindezi ezalandela. Bonisa kusengaphambili: i-Tanzania iyisibonelo esicacile sobusoshiyali base-Afrika esisebenzayo, kanti i-Congo ikhombisa amandla acekelayo phansi wokungenelela kwe-Cold War. [SME] Qinisekisa izinga lemininingwane nge-Pan-Africanism/OAU elilindelekayo kulandelanisa okuqukethwe kwe-CAPS yamanje.
I-Afrika iba nenkululeko
- 1957 I-Ghana iba nenkululeko ngaphansi kukaNkrumah
- 1960 I-Belgian Congo iyazimela; 'uNyaka we-Afrika'
- 1961 I-Tanganyika iyazimela; uLumumba uyabulawa
- 1963 I-OAU isungulwa e-Addis Ababa
- 1964 I-Tanganyika ne-Zanzibar bahlangana babe yi-Tanzania
- 1965 UMobutu uthatha amandla e-Congo
- 1967 ISimemezelo sase-Arusha sibeka ubusoshiyali base-Tanzania
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lolu hlu lwezikhathi njengebalazwe lokuqondisa ngaphambi kokungena ngokujulile. Veza ukuthi i-Congo ne-Tanzania (Tanganyika) zazimela zingaphakathi kwezinyanga ezingaba yi-18 komunye nomunye, ngakho umehluko emiphumeleni yazo ngeke usolwe nje ngesikhathi kuphela. Cela abafundi babambe imibuzo emibili engqondweni: yini abaholi abayithola njengefa, futhi baqoka miphi izinqumo?
Kungani siqhathanisa i-Congo ne-Tanzania?
Amazwe amabili, azimela cishe ngesikhathi esisodwa, afinyelela ezindaweni ezehluke kakhulu.
I-CAPS isicela ukuba sikale ukuphumelela nezinselele zenkululeko. Ukuqhathanisa i-Congo ne-Tanzania kwenza lokhu kubonakale: elinye laba yisibonelo sokungazinzi nokungenelela kwabezizwe, elinye laba yisibonelo sokuzinza, ubunye, kanye noguquko oluphusile kodwa olunobunzima kwezomnotho.
- Womabili ayeyizindawo ezinkulu ezinamaqembu amaningi ezizwe nezilimi.
- Womabili abhekana nenselele yokwakha isizwe kusuka ezweni lamakoloni.
- Imiphumela yawo eyehlukene isivumela ukuhlola ukuthi yini ngempela eyakha i-Afrika ezimele - ifa, ubuholi, imibono, namandla angaphandle.
Speaker notes
Beka ukuqhathanisa ngokusobala njengekhono lokubhala i-esiyi. Impendulo eqinile yeBanga 12 ayilandeli nje izwe ngalinye; iyehlukanisa izinto ezishintshayo (ifa lamakoloni, izinga lobuholi, ukukhethwa kwemibono, ingcindezi ye-Cold War) bese ichaza kungani indawo eyodwa yokuqala yakhiqiza imiphumela eyehlukene. Khuthaza abafundi ukwakha ithebula lokuqhathanisa njengoba amaslayidi alandelayo eveza.
I-Congo ngaphansi kombuso waseBelgium
Ikoloni elikhulu, elicebe ngezimbiwa, elagcinwa ngabomu lingalungiselelwe ukuzibusa.
I-Congo yaqala yabuswa njengempahla kaKing Leopold II waseBelgium bese, kusukela ngo-1908, njenge-Belgian Congo. Umbuso wamakoloni wawuhwaphuluza kabuhlungu - ucebe ngerabha, ithusi nezimbiwa - kodwa iBelgium yayingatshali cishe lutho ekufundiseni abaholi baseCongo. Ngesikhathi senkululeko kwakukhona nje inani elincane labafundi basemanyuvesi baseCongo futhi kungekho zikhulu zempi zase-Afrika.
- Umnotho wakhelwe ekuthumeleni izimbiwa ngaphandle, ikakhulukazi eKatanga ecebe ngethusi.
- IBelgium yacindezela imisebenzi yezombusazwe kwaze kwaba yiminyaka embalwa yokugcina ngaphambi kwenkululeko.
- Inkululeko ngoJuni 1960 yafika ngokuzumayo, ngokulungiselela okuncane.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'ukuhwaphuluza' (extractive) njengohlelo olwakhelwe ukususa umcebo, hhayi ukuthuthukisa ikoloni. Iphuzu eliyinhloko lokuhlaziya yifa: i-Congo yangena enkululekweni inomcebo omkhulu wezimbiwa kodwa cishe ingenabaphathi abaqeqeshiwe, izikhulu zempi noma osopolitiki abanolwazi - okuyisiqalo sokungazinzi. [SME] Isitatimende sokuthi kwakukhona nje 'inani elincane labafundi' siwuphuzu oluvamile lezincwadi; qinisekisa inombolo enembayo umbheki ayelilindele (ivame ukubhalwa njengecishe abayishumi nambili kuya kweyishumi nesikhombisa).
Inkinga yase-Congo
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje emva kwenkululeko izwe elisha lawela ekuhlubukeni, ekuzehlukaniseni, nasekungenelele kwe-Cold War.
Ngenkululeko mhla ka-30 Juni 1960, u-Patrice Lumumba waba nguNdunankulu kanti uJoseph Kasavubu waba nguMongameli. Cishe masinyane ibutho lahlubuka, iBelgium yathumela amasosha, futhi isifunda esicebe ngezimbiwa i-Katanga samemezela ukuzehlukanisa ngaphansi kukaMoise Tshombe. ULumumba wacela usizo eZizweni Ezihlangene bese ku-Soviet Union, okwethusa ohulumeni baseNtshonalanga.
- I-UN yathumela ibutho elikhulu lokugcina ukuthula kodwa yayingeke isicekele phansi ukuzehlukanisa kwe-Katanga.
- ULumumba waxoshwa, waboshwa wabulawa ngoJanuwari 1961, ngokubandakanyeka kweBelgium ne-Katanga.
- Inkinga yaba yindawo eshisayo ye-Cold War eyakha i-Congo amashumi eminyaka.
Speaker notes
Lokhu kuyinhliziyo yokuhlaziya yesehlakalo se-Congo. Veza amandla amathathu adabula izwe: ukwehlukana kwangaphakathi (ukuhlubuka kwebutho, ingcindezi yezizwe nezifunda), imali ezomnotho (ithusi le-Katanga), kanye nokuncintisana kwe-Cold War (ukwesaba kweNtshonalanga ukuthi uLumumba wayezophendukela e-Moscow). Phatha ukubulawa kukaLumumba ngokunakekela nangokwethembeka: wabulawa ngokubandakanyeka kweBelgium ne-Katanga, kanti izazi-mlando eziningi zibuye zikhombe ekubandakanyekeni kwezobunhloli baseNtshonalanga. [SME] Izinga lokubandakanyeka kwe-US/CIA ekufeni kukaLumumba liyaphikiswana emlandweni; livezke njengalokho okusolwa kakhulu kunokuba iqiniso eliqinisekisiwe.
UMobutu, ubushiqela nokwehla
Ukungazinzi kwavula umnyango wobushiqela beminyaka engama-32.
Ngo-1965 umkhuzi webutho u-Joseph Mobutu (kamuva owaziwa ngoMobutu Sese Seko) wathatha amandla ngokuketula umbuso, esekwa ngohulumeni baseNtshonalanga ababembona njengomngane we-Cold War. Waqamba izwe kabusha ngokuthi yi-Zaire ngo-1971, wavimba abaphikisi, wabusa kwaze kwaba ngu-1997. Umbuso wakhe waziwa ngenkohlakalo nangokuzicebisa yena ngenkathi iningi labantu lelikhula libe lihlwempu - iphethini ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi 'kleptocracy' (ukubusa ngobusela).
- UMobutu wagxilisa amandla embusweni weqembu elilodwa kanye nasekuthandeni umuntu ngamandla.
- Ukusekelwa ngabezizwe kwamgcina esesikhundleni naphezu kokuwohloka komnotho.
- Ukuwa kwakhe ngo-1997 kwalandelwa impi eqhubekayo kulesi sifunda.
Speaker notes
Isehlakalo se-Congo sibonisa ukuthi ukuqedwa kobukoloni okuyisiphithiphithi kanye nokungenelela kwangaphandle kungabhaxabezela kanjani umbuso wobushiqela. Yenza ingqondo ye-Cold War isobala: iNtshonalanga yabekezelela inkohlakalo kaMobutu ngoba wayelwa nobukhomanisi futhi evikela ukufinyelela ezimbiweni. Lona yisiphetho esicace kakhulu 'senselele' senkululeko - ubukhosi obusemthethweni ngaphandle kwentuthuko yangempela noma uhulumeni ophendulayo.
Kusukela e-Tanganyika kuya e-Tanzania
Indlela enokuthula ngokwengeziwe eya enkululekweni, kanye nephrojekthi ehleliwe yobunye besizwe.
I-Tanganyika, indawo eyake yaphathwa yiGermany bese iphathwa yiBrithani, yazuza inkululeko ngokuthula ngoDisemba 1961 ngaphansi kuka-Julius Nyerere neqembu lakhe, i-TANU (i-Tanganyika African National Union). Ngo-1964 i-Tanganyika yahlangana neziqhingi ze-Zanzibar yakha i-United Republic of Tanzania. UNyerere, owaziwa ngo Mwalimu ('uthisha'), wagqugquzela ubunye besizwe ngaphezu kokuzethemba kwezizwe futhi wenza isiSwahili sibe ulimi lwesizwe oluhlanganisayo.
- Inkululeko yeza ngokuxoxisana, hhayi ngempi, okwanikeza isiqalo esizinze kakhudlwana.
- Ulimi lwesizwe olwabelwana kwasiza ukuhlanganisa amaqembu ezizwe angaphezu kuka-100.
- UNyerere wakha umbuso weqembu elilodwa, kodwa ogxile ebunyeni nasezinjongweni zezenhlalo kunokuzicebisa.
Speaker notes
Qhathanisa ne-Congo esinyathelweni ngasinye: ukudluliselwa kwamandla ngokuthula, iqembu elilodwa lobuzwe elinohlelo oluhambisanayo, kanye nangaphezu kwakho konke umholi obeka phambili ukwakha isizwe kunamandla omuntu. Chaza ukusetshenziswa ngabomu kwesiSwahili nobuzwe ukudambisa ukwehlukana kwezizwe okwasiza ukucekela phansi i-Congo. Yethula udumo lukaNyerere lobuqotho njengento ebalulekile.
I-Ujamaa neSimemezelo sase-Arusha
Ngo-1967 uNyerere wabeka indlela ehlukile: ubusoshiyali base-Afrika nokuzimela.
Sicindezelwe kakhulu, sixhashazwe kakhulu futhi sishaywe indiva kakhulu. Ubuthakathaka bethu yikho okuholele ekucindezelweni, ekuxhashazweni nasekushaywweni kwethu indiva. Julius Nyerere, iSimemezelo sase-Arusha, 1967
I-Arusha Declaration (iSimemezelo sase-Arusha) yabophezela i-Tanzania ku-ujamaa (igama lesiSwahili elisho 'ubumndeni') - ubusoshiyali obakhelwe ekhaya obakhelwe ekubambisaneni, ekulinganeni nasekuzimeleni kunokuncika emalini yangaphandle. Umbuso wathatha izimboni namabhange abalulekile, futhi wakhuthaza abantu ukuba baphile futhi balime ndawonye emizini yokubambisana i-ujamaa.
- Abaholi babelindeleke ukuba baphile ngokuthobeka bangazicebisi.
- Utshalomali lwaqondiswa ezindaweni zasemakhaya, ezikoleni nasemitholampilo.
- Umgomo kwakuyintuthuko abantu baseTanzania abayilawula bona ngokwabo.
Speaker notes
I-ujamaa iyisibonelo esicace kakhulu 'sobusoshiyali base-Afrika' esisuka kuslayidi wemibono, ngakho xhuma emuva ngokusobala. Chaza ukuheha: emva kokuxhashazwa kwamakoloni, ukuzimela kwakuyindlela yokugwema ukuncika okusha kwezomnotho. Bonisa kusengaphambili ukungqubuzana kuslayidi olulandelayo - izilinganiso zaziqoshelwa emhlabeni wonke, kodwa uhlelo lokwakha imizana (villagisation), ikakhulukazi lapho luba nempoqo ngeminyaka yawo-1970, luphazamisa ukulima futhi alulethanga ukukhula obekulindelekile.
I-Tanzania: ukuphumelela nezinselele
Speaker notes
Bonisa isahlulelo esilinganisiwe i-CAPS esiwuklomelisayo. UNyerere ngokwakhe kamuva wavuma ukuthi i-ujamaa yehluleka kwezomnotho, ngenkathi evikela izinzuzo zayo zezenhlalo. Iqiniso eliyinhloko: inkululeko yaletha isithunzi, ubunye nentuthuko yezenhlalo e-Tanzania, kodwa hhayi uguquko lwezomnotho abantu ababeluthemba. Cela abafundi ukuba baphawule ukuthi 'ukuphumelela' 'nokwehluleka' akuzona izinto eziphikisanayo nje - izwe lingaphumelela kwezinye izilinganiso lube lisokola kwezinye.
Izindlela ezimbili ziqhathaniswa
Inkathi efanayo, ifa elifanayo lokwehluka kwezizwe - imiphumela ehluke kakhulu.
Ubuholi
I-Congo: ubuholi obubuthakathaka, obuphikiswanayo obaketulwa ngamandla. I-Tanzania: umholi ozinzile, ohlanganisayo ogxile ekwakheni isizwe.
Ukungenelela kwangaphandle
I-Congo: ukungenelela okunzima kweBelgium nokwe-Cold War. I-Tanzania: ukudluliselwa kwamandla ngokuthula nethuba elikhulu lokukhetha indlela yayo.
Imibono nomnotho
I-Congo: ukubusa ngobusela nokwehla. I-Tanzania: ubusoshiyali obuphusile, izinzuzo eziqinile zezenhlalo kodwa ukukhula okubuthakathaka kwezomnotho.
Isifundo
Imiphumela yakhiwa ifa, izinqumo zobuholi, imibono kanye ne-Cold War - hhayi inkululeko yodwa.
Speaker notes
Lolu slayidi luyithebula lokuqhathanisa abafundi okufanele bakwazi ukulukhipha kabusha futhi baphikise ngalo. Baqhubekise ngaphesheya kwencazelo: yiziphi izici ezibaluleke kakhulu? Impendulo enhle ingaphikisa ukuthi ubuholi nokungenelela kwangaphandle kwaba yizona zisemqoka, njengoba amazwe womabili athola ukuxubana kwezizwe okufanayo kodwa ehluka kakhulu. Mema ukungavumelani - izazi-mlando zizikala ngokwehlukene lezi zici.
Ukuphumelela nezinselele zenkululeko
Speaker notes
Sondeza ngaphesheya kwezifundo ezimbili zezehlakalo uye ezwekazini. Khumbuza abafundi ukuthi imingcele engabhekile eyadwetshwa enGqungqutheleni yaseBerlin ka-1884-85 yatholwa njengefa ingashintshile - inselele eyakhelwe engekho namholi owayikhethile. Khuthaza isahlulelo esivuthiwe: inkululeko yayiyimpumelelo yangempela nedingekile, kodwa inkululeko yezombusazwe ayizange izilethe ngokuzenzekelayo inkululeko yezomnotho noma intando yeningi ezinzile. Le nuance yiyona kanye eyklomeliswa yimibuzo ye-FET esekelwe emithonjeni neye-esiyi.
Esikufundile
Inkululeko yayiyisiqalo, hhayi isiphetho - ukuhlolwa kwangempela kwakuyilokho izwe elisha ngalinye elakwakha okulandelayo.
Ukuqedwa kobukoloni kwahlanza i-Afrika ngeminyaka yawo-1950 nawo-1960, kuqhutshwa ubuzwe kanye ne-Pan-Africanism. I-Congo ikhombisa ukuthi ifa elibuthakathaka nokungenelela kwe-Cold War kwakhiqiza kanjani inkinga nobushiqela, ngenkathi i-Tanzania ikhombisa ukuthi ubuholi obuhlanganisayo kanye nezilinganiso ze-ujamaa zaletha kanjani ukuzinza nentuthuko yezenhlalo kodwa ukukhula okulinganiselwe kwezomnotho. Ndawonye zisivumela ukwahlulela ukuphumelela nezinselele ze-Afrika ezimele ngokulinganisela.
Q. Chaza ukuthi i-Cold War yanikela kanjani enkingeni yase-Congo emva kwenkululeko ngo-1960. (8 marks)
Q. Usebenzisa isibonelo se-Tanzania, xoxa ngokuphumelela nezinselele ze-ujamaa neSimemezelo sase-Arusha. (10 marks)
Q. 'Imiphumela yenkululeko yakhiwa kakhulu ubuholi kunanoma yini izwe elayithola njengefa.' Qhathanisa i-Congo ne-Tanzania ukuze uphikisele noma uphikise lesi sitatimende. (12 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu ukumboza izindlela zokuhlola ze-CAPS: uQ1 incazelo/imbangela, uQ2 ukuhlola isehlakalo esisodwa, uQ3 impikiswano ye-esiyi yokuqhathanisa. Khuthaza abafundi ukusebenzisa ubufakazi kuzo zombili izifundo zezehlakalo kuQ3 futhi bafinyelele esahlulelweni esicacile, esivikelekayo kunokuhlala phezu kocingo. Phetha ngokuxhuma emuva eNingizimu Afrika: i-Tanzania ne-OAU zazisekela ngokugcwele umzabalazo wokulwa nobandlululo, ngakho 'i-Afrika Ezimele' iyingxenye yendaba yaseNingizimu Afrika uqobo.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Independent Africa
- Resource type
- Presentation