Afrika ye e Ikemetsego
Go fedisa bokoloni, dinyakisiso tse pedi tsa mehlala tse di fapanago (Congo le Tanzania), le go kala dikatlego le ditlhohlo tsa boipuso.
Speaker notes
Hlama potsiso ye kgolo ya thuto ye: ka morago ga ge mebuso ye megolo ya bokoloni ya Yuropa e ikgogile, ke ka lebaka la eng dinaga tse dingwe tsa Afrika tse di sa tswago go ikemela di ile tsa tia mola tse dingwe di wela ka gare ga mathata? Hlalosa go fedisa bokoloni (decolonisation) bjalo ka tshepediso yeo dinaga tsa bokoloni di ilego tsa hwetsa boipuso bja dipolotiki ka yona, kudukudu magareng ga bogare bja bo-1950 le bogare bja bo-1970. Supa mokgwa wa papetso: Congo le Tanzania ka bobedi di ile tsa ikemela mathomong a bo-1960 eupsa tsa latela ditsela tse di fapanego kudu.
Phefo ya phetogo
Ka mengwaga ye e ka bago ye masome a mabedi, bontsi bja Afrika bo ile bja tloga pusong ya bokoloni go ya boipusong.
Ka morago ga Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefase, maatla a Yuropa a ile a fokola gomme mekgatlo ya go ganetsa bokoloni ya tia. Ghana e bile naga ya mathomo ka fase ga Sahara go hwetsa boipuso ka 1957 ka fase ga Kwame Nkrumah. Tona-kgolo ya Boritane Harold Macmillan o hlagisitse maikutlo ao polelong ya gagwe ya 1960 ya 'phefo ya phetogo (wind of change)', a dumela gore bosetshaba bja Afrika bo be bo ka se ke bja ganetswa.
- 1957: Ghana - kholoni ya mathomo ka fase ga Sahara go hwetsa boipuso.
- 1960: 'Ngwaga wa Afrika (Year of Africa)', ge dinaga tse 17 di ile tsa ikemela.
- Boipuso bo tlile ka dipoledisano mafelong a mangwe gomme ka ntwa ya dibetsa mafelong a mangwe.
Speaker notes
Gatelela go tswelapele le phetogo. Dikgopolo tsa bosetshaba di be di se difsa, eupsa maemo a ka morago ga ntwa - ditshenyagalelo tsa mebuso ye megolo, mohlala wa India (1947), Charter ya Ditshabakopano (United Nations), le sehlopha se se rotogago sa baithuti ba Afrika - a dirile gore boipuso bo kgonege. Kgopela baithuti go hlaola magareng ga boipuso bja dipolotiki bja semmuso le go ithekga ka ekonomi mo go tseneletsego mo gantsi go tswetsego pele ka morago (sehlogo seo dinyakisiso tsa mehlala di boelago go sona).
Dikgopolo tse di lego ka morago ga ditshaba tse difsa
Mekgwa ye mene ya kgopolo e bopile kamoo baetapele ba bego ba naganela mmuso wa Afrika wo o ikemetsego.
Pan-Africanism (Botee bja Maafrika)
Tumelo ya gore Maafrika a abelana bokamoso bjo bo swanago gomme a swanetse go kopana - go bontshitswe ka Mokgatlo wa Botee bja Afrika (Organisation of African Unity, OAU), wo o thomilwego ka 1963.
Bosetshaba bja Afrika (African nationalism)
Diphathi tsa bontsi di ile tsa kgoboketsa batho go dikologa nyakiso ya boipuso le go fela ga bogodi bja basele.
Bososhiale bja Afrika (African socialism)
Go aga tlhabollo godimo ga mekgwa ya setshaba le go itshepha go e na le go ekisa bokapitale bja Bodikela.
Ntwa e Tonya (The Cold War)
Phadisano magareng ga USA le USSR e ile ya goga dinaga tse difsa ka gare ga phadisano ya lefase ka bophara gomme ya bopa, mme ka dinako tse dingwe ya sitisa, dipolotiki tsa tsona.
Speaker notes
Dikgopolo tse nne tse di fa baithuti sediriswa sa tshekatsheko bakeng sa dinyakisiso tsa mehlala. Pan-Africanism le bosetshaba di hlalosa tshisinyo ya boipuso; bososhiale bja Afrika le Ntwa e Tonya di hlalosa dikgetho le dikgatelelo tse di latetsego. Supa: Tanzania ke mohlala wa rena wo o kwesisegago kudu wa bososhiale bja Afrika mosomong, mola Congo e bontsha maatla a tshenyo a go tsenatsena ga Ntwa e Tonya. [SME] Netefatsa tekanyo ya dintlha ka Pan-Africanism/OAU tse di letetswego ke tatelano ya diteng ya CAPS ya bjale.
Afrika e a ikemela
- 1957 Ghana e ikemela ka fase ga Nkrumah
- 1960 Congo ya Belgium e a ikemela; 'Ngwaga wa Afrika'
- 1961 Tanganyika e a ikemela; Lumumba o a bolawa
- 1963 OAU e thongwa kua Addis Ababa
- 1964 Tanganyika le Zanzibar di kopana bjalo ka Tanzania
- 1965 Mobutu o thopa maatla kua Congo
- 1967 Boitsebiso bja Arusha (Arusha Declaration) bo bea bososhiale bja Tanzania
Speaker notes
Somisa tatelano ye ya dinako bjalo ka mmapa wa tlhahli pele o ka tsenelela ka botebo. Supa gore Congo le Tanzania (Tanganyika) di ile tsa ikemela ka gare ga dikgwedi tse ka bago 18 tsa go latelana, ka gona diphapano tsa dipoelo tsa tsona di ka se bewe molato ka nako fela. Kgopela baithuti go swara dipotsiso tse pedi ka monaganong: baetapele ba ile ba hwetsa eng bjalo ka bohwa, gomme ba dirile dikgetho dife?
Ke ka lebaka la eng re bapetsa Congo le Tanzania?
Dinaga tse pedi, tse di ikemetsego mo e nyakilego go ba nakong e tee, tse di fihlilego mafelelong a fapanego kudu.
CAPS e re kgopela go kala dikatlego le ditlhohlo tsa boipuso. Go bapetsa Congo le Tanzania go dira se se kwagalago: e nngwe e bile leswao la go se tsepame le go tsenatsena ga basele, e nngwe la go tsepama, botee le mpshafatso yeo e nago le sebono se sebotse eupsa e le boima ka tsela ya ekonomi.
- Ka bobedi e be e le dinaga tse dikgolo tsa merafo le dihlopha tsa maleme tse dintsi.
- Ka bobedi di lebane le tlhohlo ya go aga setshaba go tswa mmusong wa bokoloni.
- Dipoelo tsa tsona tse di fapanego di re dumelela go leka gore ke eng ge e le gabotse se se bopilego Afrika ye e ikemetsego - bohwa, boetapele, dikgopolo (ideology) le maatla a ka ntle.
Speaker notes
Beakanya papetso ka mo go kwagalago bjalo ka bokgoni bja go ngwala boitlhamelo (essay). Karabo ye e maatla ya Kreiti ya 12 ga e anege naga ye nngwe le ye nngwe fela; e aroganya diphetogi (variables) (bohwa bja bokoloni, boleng bja boetapele, dikgetho tsa dikgopolo, kgatelelo ya Ntwa e Tonya) gomme e hlalosa gore ke ka lebaka la eng mathomo a swanago a tsweleditse dipoelo tse di fapanego. Hlohleletsa baithuti go aga lenaneo la papetso ge dislaete tse di latelago di tswelela.
Congo ka fase ga puso ya Belgium
Kholoni ye kgolo, ye e humilego ka methopo yeo ka boomo e bego e sa lokisetswa boipuso.
Congo e thomile ya buswa bjalo ka thoto ya motho ka noshi ya Kgosi Leopold II wa Belgium gomme go tloga ka 1908, bjalo ka Congo ya Belgium. Puso ya bokoloni e be e ntsha lehumo ka sehlogo - e humile ka rabara, koporo le diminerale - eupsa Belgium ga se ya ka ya tsenya selo mo go hlahleng baetapele ba Congo. Nakong ya boipuso go be go na le baithuti ba mmalwa fela ba diyunibesithi ba Congo gomme go se na balaodi ba sesole ba Afrika.
- Ekonomi e be e agilwe godimo ga go rekisa diminerale ka ntle, kudukudu go tswa Katanga ye e humilego ka koporo.
- Belgium e ile ya gatelela mesomo ya dipolotiki go fihlela mengwaga ye mmalwa ya mafelelo pele ga boipuso.
- Boipuso ka June 1960 bo tlile ka tshoganetso, ka tokisetso ye nnyane.
Speaker notes
Hlalosa 'go ntsha lehumo (extractive)' bjalo ka tshepediso yeo e diretswego go tlosa lehumo, e sego go hlabolla kholoni. Ntlha ye bohlokwa ya tshekatsheko ke bohwa: Congo e tsene boipusong ka lehumo le legolo la diminerale eupsa e se na balaodi ba hlahilwego, balaodi ba sesole goba boradipolotiki ba nago le maitemogelo - taba ye e lebisago go se tsepame. [SME] Polelo ya 'baithuti ba mmalwa' ke ntlha ye e tlwaelegilego ya dipuku tsa thuto; netefatsa palo ye e nepagetsego yeo moleki a bego a tla e letela (gantsi e boletswe e le magareng ga lesome-pedi go fihla lesome-supa).
Mathata a Congo
Ka gare ga matsatsi a boipuso mmuso wo mofsa o ile wa wela ka gare ga borwaladi, kgaogano le tsenatseno ya Ntwa e Tonya.
Nakong ya boipuso ka la 30 June 1960, Patrice Lumumba e ile ya ba Tona-kgolo gomme Joseph Kasavubu e ba Mopresidente. Mo e nyakilego go ba gateefela sesole se ile sa rwalela, Belgium ya romela masole, gomme profense ya Katanga ye e humilego ka diminerale ya ikgethollela go kgaogana ka fase ga Moise Tshombe. Lumumba o ile a kgopela thuso go Ditshabakopano (United Nations) gomme ka morago go Soviet Union, e lego se se ilego sa tshosa mebuso ya Bodikela.
- Ditshabakopano di ile tsa romela lesole le legolo la go boloka khutso eupsa di be di ka se pshatlaganye kgaogano ya Katanga.
- Lumumba o ile a rakwa mosomong, a swarwa gomme a bolawa ka January 1961, ka go tsenela ga Belgium le Katanga.
- Mathata a ile a fetoga lefelo la go tuka la Ntwa e Tonya leo le bopilego Congo ka mengwaga ye mentsi.
Speaker notes
Ye ke pelo ya tshekatsheko ya mohlala wa Congo. Ntsha maatla a mararo ao a bego a gagola mmuso: karogano ya ka gare (borwaladi bja sesole, kgatelelo ya merafo le ya selete), dikgahlego tsa ekonomi (koporo ya Katanga), le phadisano ya Ntwa e Tonya (poifo ya Bodikela ya gore Lumumba o tla retologela Moscow). Swara polao ya Lumumba ka tlhokomelo le potego: o bolailwe ka go tsenela ga Belgium le Katanga, gomme bo-rahistori ba bantsi le bona ba supa go go tsenela ga bohlodi bja Bodikela (Western intelligence). [SME] Bogolo bja maikarabelo a US/CIA polaong ya Lumumba bo a ngangiswanwa go ya ka histori; e hlagise bjalo ka seo se belaelwago kudu go e na le taba ye e phethilwego.
Mobutu, bohatelli le go putlama
Go se tsepame go ile gwa bulela bohatelli bja mengwaga ye 32 lebati.
Ka 1965 molaodi wa sesole Joseph Mobutu (ka morago Mobutu Sese Seko) o ile a thopa maatla ka phetogo ya mmuso ka kgapeletso (coup), a thekgwa ke mebuso ya Bodikela yeo e bego e mo lebelela bjalo ka molekane wa Ntwa e Tonya. O ile a fetola leina la naga go Zaire ka 1971, a thibela bahlakodisi, gomme a busa go fihla ka 1997. Mmuso wa gagwe o ile wa tuma ka bomenetsa le go ihumisa mola bontsi bja setshaba bo diila kudu - mokgwa woo ka dinako tse dingwe o bitswago 'kleptocracy' (puso ya mahodu).
- Mobutu o ile a kgoboketsa maatla mmusong wa phathi e tee le tumelo ya go rapela motho.
- Thekgo ya basele e ile ya mo boloka mosomong go sa setswe go putlama ga ekonomi.
- Go wa ga gagwe ka 1997 go ile gwa latelwa ke ntwa ye nngwe seleteng.
Speaker notes
Mohlala wa Congo o bontsha kamoo go fedisa bokoloni mo go hlakahlakanego le go tsenatsena ga ka ntle go ka tiisago puso ya bohatelli. Dira gore go nagana ga Ntwa e Tonya go kwagale: Bodikela bo ile bja kgotlelela bomenetsa bja Mobutu ka gobane e be e le mohloi wa bokomanisi gomme a sireletsa phihlelelo ya diminerale. Ye ke poelo ye e kwagalago kudu ya 'tlhohlo' ya boipuso - boipuso bja semmuso ntle le tlhabollo ya kgonthe goba mmuso wo o ikarabelago.
Go tloga Tanganyika go ya Tanzania
Tsela ya khutso kudu ya boipuso, le morero wa ka boomo wa botee bja setshaba.
Tanganyika, e lego naga ye e bego e laolwa ke Jeremane gomme ka morago ya laolwa ke Boritane, e ile ya hwetsa boipuso ka khutso ka December 1961 ka fase ga Julius Nyerere le phathi ya gagwe, TANU (the Tanganyika African National Union). Ka 1964 Tanganyika e ile ya kopana le dihlakahlaka tsa Zanzibar go bopa Rephabliki ye e Kopanego ya Tanzania. Nyerere, yo a tsebjwago bjalo ka Mwalimu ('morutisi'), o ile a godisa botee bja setshaba godimo ga potego ya merafo gomme a dira gore Seswahili e be leleme le le kopanyago la setshaba.
- Boipuso bo tlile ka dipoledisano, e sego ka ntwa, gwa fana ka mathomo a tsepamego kudu.
- Leleme le le abelanwago la setshaba le ile la thusa go kopanya dihlopha tsa merafo tsa go feta 100.
- Nyerere o agile mmuso wa phathi e tee, eupsa wo o ithekgilego godimo ga botee le maikemisetso a leago go e na le go ihumisa.
Speaker notes
Bapetsa le Congo mo kgatong ye nngwe le ye nngwe: phetisetso ya maatla ka khutso, phathi e tee ya bosetshaba ye e laolago ye e nago le lenaneo le le kwagalago, gomme kudukudu moetapele yo a beilego go aga setshaba pele ga maatla a gagwe ka noshi. Hlalosa tshomiso ya ka boomo ya Seswahili le boitsebiso bja setshaba go fokotsa karogano ya merafo yeo e thusitsego go senya Congo. Tsebisa botumo bja Nyerere bja potego ya motho bjalo ka phetogi (variable) ye e bego e le bohlokwa.
Ujamaa le Boitsebiso bja Arusha
Ka 1967 Nyerere o ile a bea tsela ye e kgethegilego: bososhiale bja Afrika le go itshepha.
Re gateletswe kudu, re hlokofaditswe kudu ebile re nyaditswe kudu. Ke bofokodi bja rena bjo bo lebisitsego gore re gatelelwe, re hlokofatswe le go nyadiwa. Julius Nyerere, Boitsebiso bja Arusha (Arusha Declaration), 1967
Boitsebiso bja Arusha (Arusha Declaration) bo ile bja gafela Tanzania go ujamaa (lentsu la Seswahili le le rago 'bolapa') - bososhiale bja gae bjo bo agilwego godimo ga tirisano, tekatekano le go itshepha go e na le go ithekga ka tshelete ya basele. Mmuso o ile wa dira gore diintasteri tsa bohlokwa le dipanka e be tsa setshaba, gomme wa hlohleletsa batho go phela le go lema mmogo metseng ya tirisano ya ujamaa.
- Baetapele ba be ba letetswe go phela ka boikokobetso gomme ba se ke ba ihumisa.
- Peeletso e ile ya lebiswa mafelong a magaeng, dikolo le dikliniki.
- Maikemisetso e be e le tlhabollo yeo batho ba Tanzania ba bego ba e laola ka bobona.
Speaker notes
Ujamaa ke mohlala wo o kwagalago kudu wa 'bososhiale bja Afrika' go tswa slaeteng ya dikgopolo, ka gona kgokaganya morago ka mo go kwagalago. Hlalosa seo se kgahlisago: ka morago ga tlhokofatso ya bokoloni, go itshepha e be e le tsela ya go phema go ithekga go go mofsa ka ekonomi. Supa kgatelelo slaeteng ye e latelago - dikokwane di be di kgahlisa lefase ka bophara, eupsa lenaneo la go dira metse (villagisation), kudukudu ge le fetoga la kgapeletso ka bo-1970, le ile la sitisa temo gomme la se ke la fana ka kgolo yeo e bego e letetswe.
Tanzania: dikatlego le ditlhohlo
Speaker notes
Bontsha kahlolo ye e leka-lekanego yeo CAPS e e putsago. Nyerere ka noshi ka morago o ile a dumela gore ujamaa e paletswe ka ekonomi, mola a sireletsa dikatlego tsa yona tsa leago. Temogo ye bohlokwa: boipuso bo tlisitse seriti, botee le tswelopele ya leago kua Tanzania, eupsa e sego phetogo ya ekonomi yeo batho ba bego ba e letetse. Dira gore baithuti ba lemoge gore 'katlego' le 'go palelwa' ga se dilo tse di ganetsanago fela - naga e ka atlega mo dikelong tse dingwe gomme ya thatafalelwa ke tse dingwe.
Ditsela tse pedi tse di bapetswago
Nako e tee, bohwa bjo bo swanago bja pharologano ya merafo - dipoelo tse di fapanego kudu.
Boetapele
Congo: boetapele bjo bo tepilego, bjo bo ganetswago bjo bo phethotswego ka maatla. Tanzania: moetapele yo a tsepamego, yo a kopanyago yo a ithekgilego godimo ga go aga setshaba.
Go tsenatsena ga ka ntle
Congo: tsenatseno ye boima ya Belgium le ya Ntwa e Tonya. Tanzania: phetisetso ya khutso kudu le sebaka se segolo sa go ikgethela tsela ya yona.
Dikgopolo (ideology) le ekonomi
Congo: puso ya mahodu (kleptocracy) le go putlama. Tanzania: bososhiale bja sebono se sebotse, dikatlego tse maatla tsa leago eupsa kgolo ye fokolago ya ekonomi.
Thuto
Dipoelo di bopilwe ke bohwa, dikgetho tsa boetapele, dikgopolo (ideology) le Ntwa e Tonya - e sego ke boipuso bjo nnosi.
Speaker notes
Slaete ye ke lenaneo la papetso leo baithuti ba swanetsego go kgona go le tsweletsa gape le go ngangisana go tswa go lona. Ba kgotlelele go feta tlhaloso: ke ntlha efe ye e bego e le bohlokwa kudu? Karabo ye botse e ka ngangisana gore boetapele le go tsenatsena ga ka ntle di be di le bohlokwa kudu, ka ge dinaga ka bobedi di hweditse bohwa bjo bo swanago bja go raragana ga merafo eupsa tsa fapana kudu. Laletsa go se dumelelane - bo-rahistori ba beela dintlha tse bokete ka go fapana.
Dikatlego le ditlhohlo tsa boipuso
Speaker notes
Tloga dinyakisisong tse pedi tsa mehlala o ye go kontinente ka bophara. Gopotsa baithuti gore mellwane ya go se lekanyetswe yeo e thadilwego Kopanong ya Berlin ya 1884-85 e ile ya hwetswa bjalo ka bohwa e sa fetoge mo e nyakilego go feta ka moka - tlhohlo ya sebopego yeo go se nago moetapele yo a e kgethilego. Hlohleletsa kahlolo ye e godilego: boipuso e be e le phihlelelo ya kgonthe le ye e nyakegago, eupsa tokologo ya dipolotiki ga se ya tlisa tokologo ya ekonomi goba temokrasi ye e tsepamego ka go itiragalela. Pharologano ye ke seo tota dipotsiso tsa FET tsa go theilwe godimo ga methopo le tsa boitlhamelo di se putsago.
Seo re ithutilego sona
Boipuso e be e le mathomo, e sego bofelo - teko ya kgonthe e be e le seo mmuso o mongwe le o mongwe wo mofsa o se agilego ka morago.
Go fedisa bokoloni go ile gwa apara Afrika ka bo-1950 le bo-1960, go sustswe ke bosetshaba le Pan-Africanism. Congo e bontsha kamoo bohwa bjo bo fokolago le go tsenatsena ga Ntwa e Tonya di tsweleditsego mathata le bohatelli, mola Tanzania e bontsha kamoo boetapele bjo bo kopanyago le dikokwane tsa ujamaa di tlisitsego go tsepama le tswelopele ya leago eupsa kgolo ye lekanyeditswego ya ekonomi. Mmogo di re dumelela go ahlola dikatlego le ditlhohlo tsa Afrika ye e ikemetsego ka tekatekano.
Q. Hlalosa kamoo Ntwa e Tonya e bego ya tsenela mathateng a Congo ka morago ga boipuso ka 1960. (8 marks)
Q. Ka go somisa mohlala wa Tanzania, ahlaahla dikatlego le ditlhohlo tsa ujamaa le Boitsebiso bja Arusha (Arusha Declaration). (10 marks)
Q. 'Dipoelo tsa boipuso di bopilwe kudu ke boetapele go feta selo le ge e le sefe seo naga e se hweditsego bjalo ka bohwa.' Bapetsa Congo le Tanzania go ganetsa goba go thekga polelo ye. (12 marks)
Speaker notes
Somisa dipotsiso tse tharo go akaretsa mekgwa ya tlhahlobo ya CAPS: Q1 tlhaloso/sebaki, Q2 tekolo ya mohlala o tee, Q3 ngangisano ya boitlhamelo ya papetso. Hlohleletsa baithuti go somisa bohlatse go tswa dinyakisisong tse pedi tsa mehlala go Q3 le go fihlelela kahlolo ye e kwagalago, ye e sireleditswego go e na le go dula fensing. Phetha ka go kgokaganya morago le Afrika Borwa: Tanzania le OAU di thekgile ntwa ya go lwantsha kgethologanyo ka mafolofolo, ka gona 'Afrika ye e Ikemetsego' ke karolo ya kanegelo ya Afrika Borwa ka noshi.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Independent Africa
- Resource type
- Presentation