I-Afrika Ezijameleko
Ukususwa kobukoloni, iimfundo zeembonelo eembili ezihlukeneko (iCongo neTanzania), nokulinganisa impumelelo neentjhijilo zokuzijamela.
Speaker notes
Beka umbuzo oyihloko wesifundwesi: ngemva kokuthi imibuso yamakhosi yeYurophu isuke, kubayini eminye imibuso ye-Afrika esand' ukuzijamela yazinza kanti eminye yawela ehlekeleleni? Chaza i-decolonisation (ukususwa kobukoloni) njengendlela lapho amakoloni azuza khona ukuzijamela kwezepolitiki, ikakhulukazi phakathi kweminyaka yabo-1950 nabo-1970. Yembula indlela yokumadanisa: iCongo neTanzania zombili zazijamela ekuthomeni kweminyaka yabo-1960 kodwana zalandela iindlela ezihluke khulu.
Ummoya wetjhuguluko
Phakathi kweemnyaka emalambe amabili, i-Afrika enengi yasuka ekubusweni ngamakoloni yaya ekuzijameleni.
Ngemva kwePi yePhasi yesiBili, imibuso yeYurophu yaba budisi begodu imikhankaso elwa nobukoloni yaqina. I-Ghana yaba likoloni lokuthoma le-Afrika esemngceleni weSahara ukuzuza ukuzijamela ngo-1957 ngaphasi kwaKwame Nkrumah. UNdunakulu weBrithani uHarold Macmillan wafanekisela lokho enkulumeni yakhe ka-1960 ethiwa 'ummoya wetjhuguluko', avuma bona ubuzwe be-Afrika bebungeke bujanyiswe.
- 1957: iGhana - ikoloni lokuthoma le-Afrika esemngceleni weSahara ukuzuza ukuzijamela.
- 1960: 'uMnyaka we-Afrika', lapho imibuso eli-17 yazijamela khona.
- Ukuzijamela kweminye imindawo kweza ngokubonisana kanti kwenye kweza ngomzabalazo wesikhali.
Speaker notes
Gandelela ukuraga nokutjhuguluka. Imibono yobuzwe beyingesiyitjha, kodwana iimbonelo zangemva kwePi - iindleko zombuso wamakhosi, isibonelo se-India (1947), i-United Nations Charter, kunye nesigaba se-elite ye-Afrika efundileko esikhulako - zenza ukuzijamela kwaba yinto engenzeka. Bawa abafundi bona bahlukanise phakathi kokuzijamela okusemthethweni kwezepolitiki nokweyama kwezomnotho okujulileko okuvamise ukuragela phambili ngemva kwalokho (ihloko iimfundo zeembonelo eziyibuyelako).
Imibono engemva kwemibuso emitjha
Iimbono ezine zomcabango zabumba indlela abarholi abacabanga ngayo umbuso we-Afrika ozijameleko.
I-Pan-Africanism
Ikholelo yokuthi ama-Afrika anelifa elifanako begodu kufuze abumbane - okwavezwa ku-Organisation of African Unity (OAU), eyasungulwa ngo-1963.
Ubuzwe be-Afrika
Amaqembu wabantu abanengi ahlanganisa abantu ngearha yokufuna ukuzibusa nokuphela kokubuswa ngabezizwe.
Ubusotjhalali be-Afrika
Ukwakha ituthuko ngokusekelwe emasikweni omphakathi nokuzeyama kunokulingisa ubukapitali beNtjhonalanga.
IPi eBandako (Cold War)
Ukuncintisana phakathi kwe-USA ne-USSR kwadonsela imibuso emitjha emncintiswaneni wephasi loke, kwabumba, kwesinye isikhathi kwaphazamisa, ipolitiki yayo.
Speaker notes
Imibono le emine inikela abafundi ithulusi lokuhlaziya iimfundo zeembonelo. I-Pan-Africanism nobuzwe zihlathulula isikhuthazo sokuzijamela; ubusotjhalali be-Afrika neePi eBandako zihlathulula iinqunto neengcindezi ezalandelako. Yembula: iTanzania siyona sibonelo esikhanyako sobusotjhalali be-Afrika endleleni yokuwenza, kanti iCongo ikhombisa amandla acithako wokungenelela kwePi eBandako. [SME] Qinisekisa izinga leemininingwana nge-Pan-Africanism/OAU elilindelekako lilandelelano lokuqukethweko kwe-CAPS yangaleso sikhathi.
I-Afrika iba ezijameleko
- 1957 IGhana iba ezijameleko ngaphasi kwaNkrumah
- 1960 IBelgian Congo izijamele; 'uMnyaka we-Afrika'
- 1961 ITanganyika izijamele; uLumumba uyabulawa
- 1963 I-OAU isungulwa e-Addis Ababa
- 1964 ITanganyika neZanzibar zibumbana zaba yiTanzania
- 1965 UMobutu uthatha amandla ngamandla eCongo
- 1967 I-Arusha Declaration ibeka ubusotjhalali beTanzania
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa ilandelelwano lemihla njengebalazwe lokuhlolisisa ngaphambi kokuzikweng'ela phakathi. Veza bona iCongo neTanzania (iTanganyika) zazijamela phakathi kweenyanga ezimalambe eli-18 zodwa, ngalokho umahluko emiphumeleni yazo ngeze wabekwa ngokusolwa ngesikhathi kwaphela. Bawa abafundi bona babambe imibuzo emibili engqondweni: khuyini abarholi abayithola njengelifa, begodu babeka iinqunto ezinjani?
Kubayini simadanisa iCongo neTanzania?
Imibuso emibili, ezijamele phantse ngesikhathi sinye, kodwana efika eendaweni ezihluke khulu.
I-CAPS isibawa bona silinganise impumelelo neentjhijilo zokuzijamela. Ukumadanisa iCongo neTanzania kwenza lokho kucace: omunye waba libizo lokungazinzi nokungenelela kwabezizwe, omunye waba libizo lokuzinza, ubunye netjhuguluko elinerhawuko kodwana elibudisi kwezomnotho.
- Zombili beziyimimango emikhulu enamaqembu wemihlobo neelimi ezinengi.
- Zombili zaqalana nentjhijilo yokwakha isizwe kusukela embusweni wobukoloni.
- Imiphumela yazo ehlukeneko isivumela bona sihlole ukuthi khuyini eyabumba i-Afrika ezijameleko - ilifa, uburholi, imbono nemibuso yangaphandle.
Speaker notes
Beka umadaniso ngokukhanyako njengekghono lokutlola i-eseyi. Ipendulo eqinileko yeBanga 12 ayikhulumi ngenarha ngayinye kwaphela; ihlukanisa iimbangela (ilifa lobukoloni, izinga loburholi, iinqunto zombono, ingcindezi yePi eBandako) begodu ihlathulula bona kubayini isiqalo sinye siveze imiphumela ehlukeneko. Khuthaza abafundi bona bakhe itafula lokumadanisa njengokuvela kweengcephu ezilandelako.
ICongo ngaphasi kwembuso weBelgium
Ikoloni elikhulu, elinehlobondlela, elabhalelwa ngamabomu ukulungiselelwa ukuzibusa.
ICongo lokuthoma yabuswa njengempahla yomuntu mathupha yeKosi Leopold II yeBelgium bese kusukela ngo-1908 yabuswa njengeBelgian Congo. Umbuso wobukoloni bewumumbako ngesihluku - lonehlobondlela lerabha, ikoporo neminerali - kodwana iBelgium ayizange itjale litho ekufundiseni abarholi baseCongo. Ekuzijameleni bekunabantu abambalwa kwaphela baseCongo abaneemfundo ephakameko, kungekho niyibe munye lophethe ibutho lomtjhoswa.
- Umnotho bewakhelwe ekuthengiseleni iminerali ngaphandle, ikakhulukazi eKatanga enehlobo lekoporo.
- IBelgium yacindezela imisebenzi yezepolitiki bekwafika iimnyaka embalwa ngaphambi kokuzijamela.
- Ukuzijamela ngoJuni 1960 kweza ngokurhaba, kunelungiselelo elincani.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula 'mumbako' njengehlelo elakhelwe ukususa ubunjinga, ingasi ukuthuthukisa ikoloni. Iphuzu eliyihloko lokuhlaziya lilifa: iCongo yangena ekuzijameleni inobunjinga obukhulu beeminerali kodwana kunbaphathi, iimntjhoswa nabosopolitiki abanelwazi abambalwa khulu - okuyindlela eyakha ukungazinzi. [SME] Ibango lokuthi 'abafundi abambalwa' liphuzu elivamileko lencwadi; qinisekisa isibalo esiqinileko umhloli abesizolindele (esidume njengaphakathi kwelitjhumi nambili kunye neli-17).
IHlekelele yeCongo
Emalangeni ambalwa ngemva kokuzijamela umbuso omutjha wawela emvukeleni, ekuzihlukaniseni nekungenelelweni kwePi eBandako.
Ekuzijameleni ngomhla wama-30 kuJuni 1960, u-Patrice Lumumba waba nguNdunakulu bese uJoseph Kasavubu waba nguMongameli. Msinyana ibutho lavukela, iBelgium yathumela amabutho, begodu iphrovinsi enehlobondlela ye-Katanga yazihlukanisa ngaphasi kwaMoise Tshombe. ULumumba wabawa isizo ku-United Nations bese eSoviet Union, okwathusa imibuso yeNtjhonalanga.
- I-UN yabeka ibutho elikhulu lokugcina ukuthula kodwana ayizange iyicwenge ukuzihlukanisa kweKatanga.
- ULumumba wasuswa emsebenzini, wabotjhwa wabulawa ngoJanabari 1961, ngokuthintwa yiBelgium neKatanga.
- Ihlekelele yaba yindawo yokuvutha kwePi eBandako eyabumba iCongo iimnyaka eminengi.
Speaker notes
Le yihliziyo yokuhlaziya yembonelo yeCongo. Veza amandla amathathu adabula umbuso: ukuzihlukanisa kwangaphakathi (umvukelo webutho, ukuphikisana kwemihlobo neengcenye), inzuzo yomnotho (ikoporo yeKatanga), nokuncintisana kwePi eBandako (ukwesaba kweNtjhonalanga bona uLumumba uzokuya eMoscow). Phatha ukubulawa kwaLumumba ngonanzelelo neqiniso: wabulawa ngokuthinteka kweBelgium neKatanga, begodu abomlando abanengi bakhomba ekuthintekeni kweenhloli zeNtjhonalanga. [SME] Ubukhulu bomlandu we-US/CIA ekubulaweni kwaLumumba buyaphikiswana emlandwini; buveze njengokusolwa kanamandla ingasi njengeqiniso elifikelelweko.
UMobutu, umbuso wobupmenyameny nokwehla
Ukungazinzi kwavula umnyango wombuso wobupmenyameny weemnyaka ema-32.
Ngo-1965 umlawuli webutho u-Joseph Mobutu (kamva u-Mobutu Sese Seko) wathatha amandla ngokuketula umbuso, asekelwe yimibuso yeNtjhonalanga eyayimqakathekisa njengomngani wePi eBandako. Wanikela inarha ibizo elitjha lokuthi Zaire ngo-1971, wavimbela abaphikisi, wabusa bekwafika ngo-1997. Umbuso wakhe waba dumileko ngokonakala nokuzinothisa kanti inengi labantu balahleka kuzaza - indlela ekwesinye isikhathi ebizwa 'kleptocracy' (ubusela bombuso).
- UMobutu wagcugcuzelela amandla embusweni weqembu linye nakubantu abamthandako ngokweqileko.
- Isekelo langaphandle lamgcina esikhundleni naphezu kokuwa komnotho.
- Ukuwa kwakhe ngo-1997 kwalandelwa yipi engeziweko esifundeni.
Speaker notes
Imbonelo yeCongo ikhombisa ukuthi ukususwa kobukoloni okuphithizelako nokungenelela kwangaphandle kunga umumisa umbuso wobuzwelele. Yenza umnqopho wePi eBandako ucace: iNtjhonalanga yabekezelela ukonakala kwaMobutu ngombana bekamelene nobukhomanisi begodu avikela ukufinyelela eeminerali. Lo ngumphumela wentjhijilo okhanyako khulu wokuzijamela - ubukhosi obusemthethweni ngaphandle kwetuthuko yeqiniso namkha umbuso ozibophayo.
Kusuka eTanganyika kuya eTanzania
Indlela enokuthula eya ekuzijameleni, kunye nephrojekthi enomnqopho yobunye besizwe.
ITanganyika, ebeyimango ebeyibuswa yiJarimani bese kwaba yiBrithani, yazuza ukuzijamela ngokuthula ngoDisemba 1961 ngaphasi kwaka-Julius Nyerere neqembu lakhe, i-TANU (i-Tanganyika African National Union). Ngo-1964 iTanganyika yabumbana neziqhingi ze-Zanzibar ukwakha i-United Republic of Tanzania. UNyerere, owaziwa nge-Mwalimu ('utitjhere'), waphakamisa ubunye besizwe ngaphezu kokuthembeka kwemihlobo begodu wenza isiSwahili ilimi lesizwe elibumbanisako.
- Ukuzijamela kweza ngokubonisana, ingasi ngepi, kunikela isiqalo esizinzileko khudlwana.
- Ilimi lesizwe elabelwanako labopha ndawonye amaqembu wemihlobo angaphezu kwe-100.
- UNyerere wakha umbuso weqembu linye, kodwana omunye ogandelela ubunye neenqophongo zomphakathi ingasi ukuzinothisa.
Speaker notes
Madanisa neCongo enyathelweni ngalinye: ukudluliselwa kwamandla ngokuthula, iqembu linye lobuzwe eliqinileko elinehlelo elihlangeneko, ngaphezu kwakho koke umrholi owabeka ukwakha isizwe phezu kwamandla mathupha. Hlathulula ukusetjenziswa ngamabomu kwesiSwahili nobunikazi besizwe ukudambisa ukwahlukaniswa kwemihlobo okwasiza ukubulala iCongo. Yethula idumela lakaNyerere lokuthembeka mathupha njengento eyaba nomthelela.
I-Ujamaa ne-Arusha Declaration
Ngo-1967 uNyerere wabeka indlela ehlukileko: ubusotjhalali be-Afrika nokuzeyama.
Sicindezelwe khulu, sixhatjhelwe khulu begodu asinakenwa khulu. Bubuthakathaka bethu obuholele ekucindezelweni, ekuxhatjhelweni nekunganakekelweni kwethu. Julius Nyerere, i-Arusha Declaration, 1967
I-Arusha Declaration yazibophelela iTanzania ku-ujamaa (ibizo lesiSwahili elitjho 'ubumndeni') - ubusotjhalali obakhiwe ekhaya obakhelwe ekusebenzisaneni, ekulinganeni nasekuzeyameni kunokweyama emalini yangaphandle. Umbuso wathatha imindeni yamabhizinisi neembulungelo zemali, begodu wakhuthaza abantu bona bahlale balime ndawonye emizini ye-ujamaa yokusebenzisana.
- Abarholi bebalindeleke bona baphile ngokuthobeka bangazinothisi.
- Ukutjalwa kwemali bekuqondiswa eendaweni zeenarheni, eenkolweni neemtholampilo.
- Umnqopho bekulituthuko elilawulwa ma-Tanzania wona ngokwawo.
Speaker notes
I-ujamaa siyona sibonelo esikhanyako 'sobusotjhalali be-Afrika' esisuka esiqephini seembono, ngalokho xhumanisa emuva ngokukhanyako. Hlathulula ukukhanga kwayo: ngemva kokuxhatjhwa kobukoloni, ukuzeyama bekuyindlela yokubalekela ukweyama okutjha kwezomnotho. Yembula ukuphikisana esiqephini esilandelako - iinqophongo bezithandwa kilo loke iphasi, kodwana ihlelo lokwenza imizi, ikakhulukazi lokha nalaba yingcindezelo ngeminyaka yabo-1970, laphazamisa ukulima begodu alizange linikele ituthuko ebeyilindelekile.
ITanzania: impumelelo neentjhijilo
Speaker notes
Bonisa isahlulelo esilinganiselweko i-CAPS esivuzako. UNyerere ngokwakhe kamva wavuma bona i-ujamaa yayibhalelwe kwezomnotho, ngaphezu kokuvikela iinzuzo zayo zomphakathi. Iphuzu eliyihloko: ukuzijamela kwaletha isithunzi, ubunye netuthuko yomphakathi eTanzania, kodwana ingasi itjhuguluko lomnotho abantu ebebalithemba. Enza abafundi baphawule bona 'impumelelo' 'nokubhalelwa' akusiko ukuphikisana okulula - inarha ingaphumelela ngezinye iindlela ibe iqalane neentjhijilo kwezinye.
Iindlela ezimbili zimadaniswa
Isikhathi sinye, ilifa elifanako lokuhlukahluka kwemihlobo - imiphumela ehluke khulu.
Uburholi
ICongo: uburholi obubuthakathaka, obuphikiswanako obaketulwa ngamandla. ITanzania: umrholi ozinzileko, obumbanisako ogandelela ukwakha isizwe.
Ukungenelela kwangaphandle
ICongo: ukungenelela okukhulu kweBelgium nekwePi eBandako. ITanzania: ukudluliselwa okunokuthula khudlwana nendawo ekhulu yokukhetha indlela yayo.
Imbono nomnotho
ICongo: ubusela bombuso nokwehla. ITanzania: ubusotjhalali obunerhawuko, iinzuzo eziqinileko zomphakathi kodwana ukukhula komnotho okubuthakathaka.
Isifundo
Imiphumela yabunjwa lilifa, iinqunto zoburholi, imbono nePi eBandako - ingasi kukuzijamela kwaphela.
Speaker notes
Isiqetjhwesi sitafula lokumadanisa abafundi ekufuze bakwazi ukusikhupha godu bese baphikisana ngaso. Basunduzele ngaphezu kwehlathululo: ngiyiphi indaba eyaba yihloko khulu? Ipendulo ehle ingaphikisa bona uburholi nokungenelela kwangaphandle kwaba yikho okwaqunta, njengombana amazwe womabili aphiwe ubunkinga bemihlobo obufanako kodwana ahluka kanamandla. Mema ukuphikisana - abomlando babeka ubudisi bezi zinto ngokuhlukileko.
Impumelelo neentjhijilo zokuzijamela
Speaker notes
Sonda ngaphandle usuka eemfundweni zeembonelo eembili uye ekhontinentini. Khumbuza abafundi bona imingcele engakalungiswa eyadwetjwa ku-Berlin Conference yango-1884-85 yathathwa njengelifa phantse ingakatjhuguluki - intjhijilo yesakhiwo umrholi angakayikhethi. Khuthaza isahlulelo esivuthiweko: ukuzijamela bekusiphumelelo esiqinileko nesidingekako, kodwana ikululeko yezepolitiki ayizange ilethe ngokuzenzakalelako ikululeko yezomnotho namkha intando yenengi ezinzileko. Umahluko lo ukuyona kanye into imibuzo ye-FET esekelwe emithombeni neye-eseyi eyivuzako.
Esikufundileko
Ukuzijamela bekusiqalo, ingasi isiphetho - isilingo seqiniso bekuyinto umbuso omutjha ngamunye ozokwakha ngemva kwalokho.
Ukususwa kobukoloni kwaphahla i-Afrika ngeminyaka yabo-1950 nabo-1960, kuqhutjhwa bubuzwe ne-Pan-Africanism. I-Congo ikhombisa ukuthi ilifa elibuthakathaka nokungenelela kwePi eBandako kwaveza ihlekelele nombuso wobupmnyameny, kanti i-Tanzania ikhombisa ukuthi uburholi obubumbanisako neenqophongo ze-ujamaa zaletha ukuzinza netuthuko yomphakathi kodwana zakhawulela ukukhula komnotho. Ndawonye zisivumela bona sahlulele impumelelo neentjhijilo ze-Afrika ezijameleko ngokulinganiselwa.
Q. Hlathulula ukuthi iPi eBandako yanikela njani umthelela ehlekeleleni yeCongo ngemva kokuzijamela ngo-1960. (8 marks)
Q. Usebenzisa isibonelo seTanzania, cocisisa impumelelo neentjhijilo ze-ujamaa ne-Arusha Declaration. (10 marks)
Q. 'Imiphumela yokuzijamela yabunjwa khulu buburholi kunanoma yini inarha eyayifumene njengelifa.' Madanisa iCongo neTanzania ukuphikisela namkha ukuphikisa isitatimende lesi. (12 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu ukubhinca iindlela zokuhlola ze-CAPS: uQ1 uhlathululo/imbangela, uQ2 ukulinganisa kwembonelo yinye, uQ3 impikiswano ye-eseyi yokumadanisa. Khuthaza abafundi bona basebenzise ubufakazi buvela eemfundweni zeembonelo zombili kuQ3 begodu bafike esahlulelweni esikhanyako, esivikelekileko kunokuhlala phezu kolutjhingo. Vala ngokuxhumanisa emuva eSewula Afrika: iTanzania ne-OAU zasekela ngamandla umzabalazo olwa nobandlululo, ngalokho 'i-Afrika ezijameleko' iyingcenye yendaba yeSewula Afrika ngokwayo.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Independent Africa
- Resource type
- Presentation