I-Afrika Ezimeleyo
Ukupheliswa kobukoloniyali, izifundo zemizekelo emibini eyahlukeneyo (i-Congo ne-Tanzania), kunye nokukala impumelelo nemingeni yenkululeko.
Speaker notes
Beka umbuzo ongundoqo weli candelo: emva kokuba iindlela zolawulo zamazwe aseYurophu zirhoxile, kutheni amanye amazwe ase-Afrika awayesandul' ukuzimela azinzile lo gama amanye atshona engxakini? Chaza i-decolonisation (ukupheliswa kobukoloniyali) njengenkqubo apho amazwe angamakoloni afumana khona inkululeko yezopolitiko, ubukhulu becala phakathi kweminyaka yee-1950 nee-1970 ephakathi. Bonisa kwangaphambili indlela yokuthelekisa: i-Congo ne-Tanzania zombini zafumana inkululeko ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1960 kodwa zalandela iindlela ezahluke kakhulu.
Umoya wenguqu
Kwiminyaka emalunga namashumi amabini, uninzi lwe-Afrika lwasuka kulawulo lwamakoloni lwaya enkululekweni.
Emva kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini, amagunya aseYurophu ayebuthathaka kwaye iintshukumo ezichasene nobukoloniyali zakhula zomelela. I-Ghana yaba likoloni lokuqala kummandla ongezantsi kweSahara ukuzuza inkululeko ngo-1957 phantsi kuka-Kwame Nkrumah. INkulumbuso yaseBritane uHarold Macmillan wabamba loo moya kwintetho yakhe 'yomoya wenguqu' (wind of change) ka-1960, evuma ukuba ubuzwe base-Afrika abunakuchaswa.
- 1957: I-Ghana - ikoloni lokuqala kummandla ongezantsi kweSahara ukuzuza inkululeko.
- 1960: 'uNyaka we-Afrika', xa amazwe angama-17 azuza inkululeko.
- Inkululeko yeza ngokuthethathethwana kwezinye iindawo nangomzabalazo oxhobileyo kwezinye.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa ukuqhubeka nenguqu. Iingcamango zobuzwe zazingezizo ezintsha, kodwa iimeko zemva kwemfazwe - iindleko zolawulo lwamakoloni, umzekelo waseIndiya (1947), uMqulu weZizwe eziManyeneyo (UN Charter), kunye nabemi base-Afrika abafundileyo abakhulayo - zenza inkululeko yaba nokwenzeka. Cela abafundi bahlule phakathi kwenkululeko esemthethweni yezopolitiko kunye noxhomekeko lomnotho olunzulu olwaludla lubethelela emva koko (umxholo izifundo zemizekelo eziphinda zibuyele kuwo).
Iingcamango ezingasemva kwezizwe ezintsha
Iimbono ezine zengcinga zabumba indlela iinkokeli ezacinga ngayo ngelizwe elizimeleyo lase-Afrika.
UBunye base-Afrika (Pan-Africanism)
Inkolelo yokuba abantu base-Afrika babelana ngekamva elinye kwaye kufuneka bamanyane - eyaboniswa kuMbutho woManyano lwe-Afrika (OAU), owasekwa ngo-1963.
Ubuzwe base-Afrika
Amaqela ezopolitiko obuninzi ahlanganisa abantu bemanyene kwisimemezelo sokuzilawula nokupheliswa kolawulo lwabasemzini.
Ubusoshiyali base-Afrika
Ukwakha uphuhliso ngokusekelwe kwizithethe zoluntu nokuzimela endaweni yokuxelisa ubungxowankulu baseNtshona.
IMfazwe Ebandayo (Cold War)
Ukhuphiswano phakathi kwe-USA ne-USSR lwatsala amazwe amatsha kukhuphiswano lwehlabathi, lwaza lwabumba, ngamanye amaxesha lwaphazamisa, ezopolitiko zawo.
Speaker notes
Ezi ngcamango zine zinika abafundi izixhobo zohlalutyo zezifundo zemizekelo. I-Pan-Africanism nobuzwe zicacisa inkuthazo yenkululeko; ubusoshiyali base-Afrika neMfazwe Ebandayo zicacisa izigqibo noxinzelelo ezalandelayo. Bonisa kwangaphambili: i-Tanzania ngumzekelo wethu ocace kakhulu wobusoshiyali base-Afrika ekwenzeni, ngelixa i-Congo ibonisa amandla atshabalalisayo okungenelela kweMfazwe Ebandayo. [SME] Qinisekisa inqanaba leenkcukacha nge-Pan-Africanism/OAU elilindelekileyo kulandelelwano lwemixholo ye-CAPS yangoku.
I-Afrika izuza inkululeko
- 1957 I-Ghana izuza inkululeko phantsi kuka-Nkrumah
- 1960 I-Belgian Congo izimele; 'uNyaka we-Afrika'
- 1961 I-Tanganyika izimele; uLumumba uyabulawa
- 1963 I-OAU isekwa e-Addis Ababa
- 1964 I-Tanganyika ne-Zanzibar zimanyana zaba yi-Tanzania
- 1965 UMobutu uthimba amandla e-Congo
- 1967 ISibhengezo se-Arusha sichaza ubusoshiyali base-Tanzania
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa oku kulandelelwano lwexesha njengemephu yokwalatha phambi kokungena nzulu. Bonisa ukuba i-Congo ne-Tanzania (i-Tanganyika) zazimela phakathi kweenyanga ezimalunga ne-18 omnye komnye, ngoko ke iyahluko kwiziphumo zawo aziqhutywanga ngokulula lixesha. Cela abafundi babambe imibuzo emibini engqondweni: iinkokeli zafumana ntoni njengelifa, kwaye zenza ziphi izigqibo?
Kutheni sithelekisa i-Congo ne-Tanzania?
Amazwe amabini, azimela phantse ngexesha elinye, afika kwiindawo ezahluke kakhulu.
I-CAPS isicela ukuba sikale iimpumelelo nemingeni yenkululeko. Ukuthelekisa i-Congo ne-Tanzania kwenza oku kubonakale: elinye laba ligama elimele ukungazinzi nokungenelela kwabasemzini, elinye limele ukuzinza, ubunye kunye nohlaziyo oluneengcamango ezinhle kodwa olunzima ngokwezoqoqosho.
- Omabini ayengamazwe amakhulu anamaqela amaninzi eentlanga neelwimi.
- Omabini ajongana nomngeni wokwakha isizwe kwilizwe lamakoloni.
- Iziphumo zawo ezahlukeneyo zisivumela ukuba sivavanye into eyabumba ngokwenene i-Afrika ezimeleyo - ilifa, ubunkokeli, ingcamango namagunya angaphandle.
Speaker notes
Misela ukuthelekisa ngokucacileyo njengesakhono se-esseyi. Impendulo eyomeleleyo yeBanga 12 ayibalisi nje ngelizwe ngalinye; iyahlula iimeko ezahlukayo (ilifa lamakoloni, umgangatho wobunkokeli, izigqibo zengcamango, uxinzelelo lweMfazwe Ebandayo) ize icacise ukuba kutheni indawo yokuqala efanayo yavelisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba bakhe itheyibhile yokuthelekisa njengoko izilayidi ezilandelayo zivela.
I-Congo phantsi kolawulo lwaseBhelija
Ikoloni enkulu, enobutyebi bemithombo, eyagcinwa ngabom ingalungiselelwanga ukuzilawula.
I-Congo yaqala yalawulwa njengempahla yobuqu yoKumkani u-Leopold II waseBhelija, waza emva koko, ukusukela ngo-1908, yalawulwa njenge-Belgian Congo. Ulawulo lwamakoloni lwaluxhaphaza ngenkohlakalo - lutyebile ngerabha, ubhedu neeminerali - kodwa i-Bhelija ayizange ityale nto phantse ekuqeqesheni iinkokeli zase-Congo. Ngexesha lenkululeko kwakukho abafundi abambalwa kuphela base-Congo abaphumelele iyunivesithi, kwaye kungekho magosa omkhosi ase-Afrika.
- Uqoqosho lwakhelwe ekuthumeleni iminerali phesheya, ingakumbi kummandla we-Katanga otyebe ngobhedu.
- I-Bhelija yacinezela umsebenzi wezopolitiko de kwayiminyaka embalwa yokugqibela phambi kwenkululeko.
- Inkululeko ngoJuni 1960 yeza ngequbuliso, kunelungiselelo elincinci.
Speaker notes
Chaza igama elithi 'extractive' (elixhaphazayo) njengenkqubo eyilelwe ukususa ubutyebi, ingekhona ukuphuhlisa ikoloni. Inqaku eliphambili lohlalutyo lilifa: i-Congo yangena enkululekweni inobutyebi obukhulu beminerali kodwa iphantse ingabi nabalawuli baqeqeshiweyo, amagosa okanye osopolitiko abanamava - into ekhokelela ekungazinzini. [SME] Ibango 'labafundi abambalwa abaphumeleleyo' linqaku eliqhelekileyo lwencwadi yesikolo; qinisekisa inani elichanekileyo elinokulindelwa ngumphengululi (elidla ngokukhankanywa njengabalunga-shumi ukuya kwabalishumi elinesixhenxe).
INgxakeko yase-Congo
Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva kwenkululeko ilizwe elitsha lawela kuvukelo, ekuzahluleni nakungenelela lweMfazwe Ebandayo.
Ngexesha lenkululeko ngomhla wama-30 kuJuni 1960, u-Patrice Lumumba waba yiNkulumbuso yaza uJoseph Kasavubu waba nguMongameli. Kamsinya nje umkhosi wavukela, i-Bhelija yathumela imikhosi, kwaye ummandla we-Katanga otyebe ngeminerali wavakalisa ukuzahlula phantsi kuka-Moise Tshombe. U-Lumumba wacela uncedo kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo emva koko kwiSoviet Union, into eyothusa oorhulumente baseNtshona.
- IZizwe eziManyeneyo (UN) zathumela umkhosi omkhulu woxolo kodwa azizange zisuse ukuzahlula kwe-Katanga.
- U-Lumumba wagxothwa, wabanjwa waza wabulawa ngoJanuwari 1961, ngoncedo lwabaseBhelija nabase-Katanga.
- Le ngxakeko yaba yindawo eshushu yeMfazwe Ebandayo eyabumba i-Congo kumashumi eminyaka.
Speaker notes
Le yintliziyo yohlalutyo yesifundo se-Congo. Khupha imikhosi emithathu edabula ilizwe: ukwahlukana kwangaphakathi (uvukelo lomkhosi, uxinzelelo lweentlanga nolwemimandla), izinto zoqoqosho (ubhedu be-Katanga), kunye nokhuphiswano lweMfazwe Ebandayo (uloyiko lweNtshona lokuba u-Lumumba angajika aye eMoscow). Phatha ukubulawa kuka-Lumumba ngenkathalo nangenyaniso: wabulawa ngentsebenziswano yabaseBhelija nabase-Katanga, kwaye iimbali-mbali ezininzi zikwakhomba nokubandakanyeka kobuntlola baseNtshona. [SME] Ubungakanani boxanduva lwe-US/CIA ekufeni kuka-Lumumba buyaphikiswana ngokwembali; bubonise njengobutyholwa ngamandla endaweni yenyaniso eqinisekisiweyo.
UMobutu, ubuzwilakhe nokuhla
Ukungazinzi kwavula ithuba lobuzwilakhe beminyaka engama-32.
Ngo-1965 umphathi-mkhosi u-Joseph Mobutu (kamva u-Mobutu Sese Seko) wathimba amandla ngobhukuqo-mbuso, exhaswa ngoorhulumente baseNtshona ababemxabisa njengeliqabane leMfazwe Ebandayo. Waguqula igama lelizwe laba yi-Zaire ngo-1971, wavala abachasi, waza walawula ukuya ku-1997. Ulawulo lwakhe lwaba dumile ngobuqhophololo nokuzityebisa lo gama uninzi lwabantu lwaba lihlwempu ngakumbi - ipateni ngamanye amaxesha ebizwa ngokuba yi-'kleptocracy' (ulawulo lwabaphangi).
- UMobutu wahlanganisela amandla kwilizwe leqela elinye kunye nonqulo lomntu omnye.
- Inkxaso yabasemzini yamgcina esesihlalweni nangona uqoqosho lwaludilikile.
- Ukuwa kwakhe ngo-1997 kwalandelwa yimfazwe eyongezelelekileyo kummandla.
Speaker notes
Isifundo se-Congo sibonisa indlela ukupheliswa kobukoloniyali okusisiphithiphithi nokungenelela kwabangaphandle okunokuzinzisa ngayo ulawulo lozwilakhe. Yenza ingqiqo yeMfazwe Ebandayo icace: iNtshona yanyamezela ubuqhophololo buka-Mobutu ngenxa yokuba wayechasene nobukomanisi kwaye wayekhusela ukufikelela kwiminerali. Esi sesona siphumo 'somngeni' sicace kakhulu senkululeko - ulongamo olusemthethweni ngaphandle kophuhliso lokwenene okanye urhulumente ophendulayo.
Ukusuka e-Tanganyika ukuya e-Tanzania
Indlela enoxolo ngakumbi eya enkululekweni, kunye neprojekthi eyenziwe ngabom yobunye besizwe.
I-Tanganyika, eyayikade ilawulwa yiJamani emva koko yiBritane, yazuza inkululeko ngoxolo ngoDisemba 1961 phantsi kuka-Julius Nyerere neqela lakhe, i-TANU (i-Tanganyika African National Union). Ngo-1964 i-Tanganyika yamanyana neziqithi ze-Zanzibar yaza yasungula i-United Republic of Tanzania. U-Nyerere, owayesaziwa njengo-Mwalimu ('utitshala'), wakhuthaza ubunye besizwe ngaphezu kokunyaniseka kwentlanga waza wenza isiSwahili lwaba lulwimi olumanyanisayo lwesizwe.
- Inkululeko yeza ngokuthethathethwana, hayi ngemfazwe, nto leyo eyanika isiqalo esizinzileyo ngakumbi.
- Ulwimi olunye lwesizwe lwanceda ukudibanisa amaqela eentlanga angaphezu kwe-100.
- U-Nyerere wakha ilizwe leqela elinye, kodwa elo lalijolise ebunyeni nakwiinjongo zentlalo endaweni yokuzityebisa.
Speaker notes
Thelekisa ne-Congo kwinyathelo ngalinye: ukudluliselwa kwamandla ngoxolo, iqela elinye elilawulayo lobuzwe elinenkqubo ehambelanayo, kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke inkokeli eyabeka phambili ukwakha isizwe ngaphezu kwamandla obuqu. Chaza ukusetyenziswa ngabom kwesiSwahili nobuzwe ukudambisa ukwahlukana kweentlanga okwanceda ekutshabalaliseni i-Congo. Yazisa udumo luka-Nyerere lokunyaniseka kobuqu njengento eyayibaluleke kwiziphumo.
I-Ujamaa neSibhengezo se-Arusha
Ngo-1967 u-Nyerere wachaza indlela eyahlukileyo: ubusoshiyali base-Afrika nokuzimela.
Sicinezelwe kakhulu, saxhatshazwa kakhulu kwaye sacezelwa kakhulu. Bubuthathaka bethu obukhokelele ekucinezelweni, ekuxhatshazweni nasekucezelweni kwethu. Julius Nyerere, iSibhengezo se-Arusha (Arusha Declaration), 1967
I-Sibhengezo se-Arusha (Arusha Declaration) sazibophelela i-Tanzania kwi-ujamaa (igama lesiSwahili elithetha 'ubuntu bosapho') - ubusoshiyali obuzalelwe ekhaya obwakhelwe entsebenziswaneni, ekulinganeni nasekuzimeleni endaweni yokuxhomekeka kwimali yabasemzini. Urhulumente wathabatha amashishini neebhanki eziphambili zaba zezikarhulumente, waza wakhuthaza abantu ukuba bahlale balime kunye kwiilali zentsebenziswano ze-ujamaa.
- Iinkokeli zazilindeleke ukuba ziphile ngokuthobekileyo zingazityebisi.
- Utyalo-mali lwalujoliswe kwiindawo zasemaphandleni, izikolo neekliniki.
- Injongo yayikukuphuhliswa okulawulwa ngabemi base-Tanzania ngokwabo.
Speaker notes
I-ujamaa ngumzekelo ocace kakhulu 'wobusoshiyali base-Afrika' kwisilayidi seengcamango, ngoko ke nxulumanisa ngokucacileyo. Chaza umtsalane: emva koxhaphazo lwamakoloni, ukuzimela yayiyindlela yokuphepha uxhomekeko olutsha loqoqosho. Bonisa kwangaphambili uxinzelelo kwisilayidi esilandelayo - iindyebo zazithandwa kwihlabathi liphela, kodwa inkqubo yokufuduselwa ezilalini, ingakumbi xa yaba nyanzelisa ngeminyaka yee-1970, yaphazamisa ukulima kwaye ayizange ilethe ukukhula obekulindelwe.
I-Tanzania: iimpumelelo nemingeni
Speaker notes
Bonisa isigwebo esilinganiselweyo esivuzwa yi-CAPS. U-Nyerere ngokwakhe kamva wavuma ukuba i-ujamaa yayisilele ngokwezoqoqosho, ngelixa esithethelela inzuzo yayo yezentlalo. Ingqiqo ephambili: inkululeko yaletha isidima, ubunye nenkqubela yentlalo e-Tanzania, kodwa hayi utshintsho loqoqosho abantu ababeluthembile. Yenza abafundi baqaphele ukuba 'impumelelo' 'nokusilela' azizizo iimeko ezichaseneyo ngokulula - ilizwe linokuphumelela kwezinye iimeko lize lisokole kwezinye.
Iindlela ezimbini zithelekiswa
Ixesha elinye, ilifa elifanayo lokwahluka kweentlanga - iziphumo ezahluke kakhulu.
Ubunkokeli
I-Congo: ubunkokeli obubuthathaka, obuphikisanwayo obabhukuqwa ngobundlobongela. I-Tanzania: inkokeli ezinzileyo, emanyanisayo egxile ekwakheni isizwe.
Ukungenelela kwabangaphandle
I-Congo: ukungenelela okukhulu kwaseBhelija nokweMfazwe Ebandayo. I-Tanzania: ukudluliselwa kolawulo ngoxolo ngakumbi nethuba elikhulu lokuzikhethela indlela yayo.
Ingcamango noqoqosho
I-Congo: ulawulo lwabaphangi (kleptocracy) nokuhla. I-Tanzania: ubusoshiyali obuneengcamango ezinhle, inkqubela enkulu yentlalo kodwa ukukhula koqoqosho okubuthathaka.
Isifundo
Iziphumo zabunjwa lilifa, izigqibo zobunkokeli, ingcamango kunye neMfazwe Ebandayo - kungekhona yinkululeko kuphela.
Speaker notes
Esi silayidi yitheyibhile yokuthelekisa abafundi ekufuneka bakwazi ukuyivelisa kwakhona baxoxe ngayo. Batyhale ngaphaya kwenkcazo: yeyiphi into eyabaluleka ngaphezulu? Impendulo elungileyo inokuphikisa ukuba ubunkokeli nokungenelela kwabangaphandle yayigqibayo, kuba omabini amazwe afumana njengelifa ubunzima obufanayo beentlanga kodwa ahluka kakhulu. Mema ukungavumelani - iimbali-mbali zibeka ubunzima obahlukileyo kwezi zinto.
Iimpumelelo nemingeni yenkululeko
Speaker notes
Suka kwizifundo zemizekelo emibini uye kwilizwekazi liphela. Khumbuza abafundi ukuba imida engumsantsa eyazotywa kwiNkomfa yaseBerlin ka-1884-85 yafunyanwa njengelifa iphantse ingatshintshi - umngeni owakhiweyo ekungekho nkokeli yawukhethayo. Khuthaza isigwebo esivuthiweyo: inkululeko yayiyimpumelelo yokwenene neyimfuneko, kodwa inkululeko yezopolitiko ayizange ilethe ngokuzenzekelayo inkululeko yoqoqosho okanye idemokhrasi ezinzileyo. Le nkcazo-nkenceza yiyo kanye evuzwa yimibuzo esekwe kwimithombo neye-esseyi ye-FET.
Esikufundileyo
Inkululeko yayisisiqalo, ingesiso isiphelo - uvavanyo lokwenene yayikuko oko lonke ilizwe elitsha elakwakhayo emva koko.
Ukupheliswa kobukoloniyali kwatshayela i-Afrika ngeminyaka yee-1950 nee-1960, kuqhutywa bubuzwe ne-Pan-Africanism. I-Congo ibonisa indlela ilifa elibuthathaka nokungenelela kweMfazwe Ebandayo eyavelisa ngayo ingxakeko nobuzwilakhe, lo gama i-Tanzania ibonisa indlela ubunkokeli obumanyanisayo neengcamango ze-ujamaa ezaletha ngayo ukuzinza nenkqubela yentlalo kodwa zanqanda ukukhula koqoqosho. Kunye zisivumela ukuba sigwebe iimpumelelo nemingeni ye-Afrika ezimeleyo ngokulinganayo.
Q. Chaza indlela iMfazwe Ebandayo eyanegalelo ngayo kwingxakeko yase-Congo emva kwenkululeko ngo-1960. (8 marks)
Q. Usebenzisa umzekelo we-Tanzania, xoxa ngeempumelelo nemingeni ye-ujamaa neSibhengezo se-Arusha. (10 marks)
Q. 'Iziphumo zenkululeko zabunjwa ngobunkokeli ngaphezu kwayo nantoni na ilizwe elayifumana njengelifa.' Thelekisa i-Congo ne-Tanzania ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa esi sitatimende. (12 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu ukugubungela iindlela zovavanyo ze-CAPS: uMbuzo 1 inkcazo/unobangela, uMbuzo 2 uvavanyo lomzekelo omnye, uMbuzo 3 ingxoxo ye-esseyi yokuthelekisa. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba basebenzise ubungqina obuvela kuzo zombini izifundo zemizekelo kuMbuzo 3 baze bafike kwisigwebo esicacileyo, esithethelelweyo endaweni yokungathathi cala. Vala ngokunxulumanisa noMzantsi Afrika: i-Tanzania ne-OAU zaxhasa ngenkuthalo umzabalazo wokuchasa ucalucalulo, ngoko ke 'i-Afrika Ezimeleyo' iyinxalenye yebali loMzantsi Afrika ngokwakhe.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Independent Africa
- Resource type
- Presentation