I-Afrika Letimele
Kususwa kwebukoloni, tifundvo tembhoja letimbili letehlukene (i-Congo neTanzania), kanye nekuhlola impumelelo netinselelo tenkhululeko.
Speaker notes
Beka umbuto losemtsanyeni waleyunithi: ngemuva kwekutsi imibuso yema-empire aseYurophu isuke, kungani lamanye emave e-Afrika lasandza kutfola inkhululeko azinza kantsi lamanye ehlela enkingeni? Chaza kususwa kwebukoloni (decolonisation) njengenchubo lapho emakoloni atfola khona inkhululeko yepolitiki, ikakhulukati emkhatsini wema-1950 nemkhatsini wema-1970. Veta indlela yekucatsanisa: i-Congo neTanzania tobabili tatfola inkhululeko ekucaleni kwema-1960 kepha talandzela tindlela letehluke kakhulu.
Umoya wenshintjo
Emkhatsini wemashumi lamabili eminyaka, incumbi ye-Afrika yasuka ekubusweni bebukoloni yaya enkhululekweni.
Ngemuva kweMphi Yembhoja Yesibili, emandla aseYurophu abutsakala kantsi imibutfo lelwa nebukoloni yakhula yaba nemandla. I-Ghana yaba likoloni lekucala lese-sub-Saharan kutfola inkhululeko nga-1957 ngaphansi kwaKwame Nkrumah. Ndvunankhulu yaseBrithani Harold Macmillan wabamba lomoya enkhulumeni yakhe ya-1960 lebeyibitwa ngekutsi 'umoya wenshintjo' (wind of change), avuma kutsi bunationalist base-Afrika bebungeke bumelwane.
- 1957: I-Ghana - likoloni lekucala lese-sub-Saharan kutfola inkhululeko.
- 1960: 'uMnyaka we-Afrika' (Year of Africa), lapho emave langu-17 atfola khona inkhululeko.
- Inkhululeko yefika ngekukhulumisana kuletinye tindzawo nangemzabalazo wetikhali kuletinye.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela kuchubeka nenshintjo. Imibono yebunationalist beyingaseyona lensha, kepha timo tangemuva kwemphi - indleko yema-empire, sibonelo se-India (1947), i-United Nations Charter, kanye nesigaba lesetfutfukile lesifundzile sase-Afrika lesasakhula - kwenta inkhululeko ikhoneke. Cela bafundzi kutsi behlukanise emkhatsini wenkhululeko yepolitiki lesemtsetfweni nekutsembela lokujulile kwemnotfo lobekuvame kuchubeka ngemuva kwaloko (indzaba tifundvo tembhoja letibuya kuyo).
Imibono lengemuva kwetive letinsha
Imibono lemine yabumba indlela baholi labebabona ngayo umbuso wase-Afrika lotimele.
Pan-Africanism
Inkholelo yekutsi bantfu base-Afrika babelana ngelikusasa linye futsi kufanele babumbane - lokwavetwa ku-Organisation of African Unity (OAU), leyasungulwa nga-1963.
Bunationalist base-Afrika
Emacembu labanyenti ahlanganisa bantfu bahlangana ngesidzingo sekutibusa nekuphela kwekubuswa bebetive.
Busoshiyali base-Afrika
Kwakha intfutfuko esikweni semiphakatsi nasekutimeleni esikhundleni sekulingisa i-capitalism yaseNtshonalanga.
Imphi Lebandzako
Kuncintiswana emkhatsini we-USA ne-USSR kwadvonsela emave lasakhulako embangweni wemhlaba wonkhe kwabumba, ngaletinye tikhatsi kwaphazamisa, ipolitiki yawo.
Speaker notes
Lemibono lemine iniketa bafundzi litulikiti lekuhlatiya kwetifundvo tembhoja. I-Pan-Africanism nebunationalism kuchaza sisusa senkhululeko; busoshiyali base-Afrika neMphi Lebandzako kuchaza tinngcumo nekucindzeteleka lokwalandzela. Veta: i-Tanzania yisibonelo setfu lesicace kakhulu sebusoshiyali base-Afrika ekwenteni, kantsi i-Congo ikhombisa emandla lachitsako ekungeneleleni kweMphi Lebandzako. [SME] Cinisekisa lizinga leminingwane nge-Pan-Africanism/OAU lelilindzelwe kulandzelana kwelokucuketfwe kwe-CAPS lokukhona.
I-Afrika iba timele
- 1957 I-Ghana iba timele ngaphansi kwaNkrumah
- 1960 I-Belgian Congo iba timele; 'uMnyaka we-Afrika'
- 1961 I-Tanganyika iba timele; Lumumba uyabulawa
- 1963 I-OAU isungulwa e-Addis Ababa
- 1964 I-Tanganyika ne-Zanzibar tibumbana taba yi-Tanzania
- 1965 Mobutu utfumba emandla e-Congo
- 1967 I-Arusha Declaration ibeka busoshiyali baseTanzania
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lomugca wesikhatsi njengelibalazwe lekucondzisa ngaphambi kwekungena kabanti. Veta kutsi i-Congo neTanzania (Tanganyika) tatfola inkhululeko emkhatsini wacishe tinyanga letingu-18 komunye nomunye, ngako-ke umehluko etimphumeleni tato ungeke usolwe nje ngesikhatsi. Cela bafundzi kutsi bacaphe imibuto lemibili: baholi batfolani njengelifa, futsi benta tincumo tini?
Kungani kucatsaniswa i-Congo neTanzania?
Emave lamabili, latfola inkhululeko cishe ngesikhatsi sinye, lafinyelela etindzaweni letehluke kakhulu.
I-CAPS isicela kutsi silinganise impumelelo netinselelo tenkhululeko. Kucatsanisa i-Congo neTanzania kwenta loku kubambeke: lenye yaba luphawu lwekungazinzi nekungenelela kwebetive, lenye yaba luphawu lwekuzinza, bunye kanye nenshintjo lelinemibono lemihle kepha lolulukhuni ngasohlangotsini lwemnotfo.
- Tobabili bekutindzawo letinkhulu letinemacembu lamanyenti etinhlanga netilwimi.
- Tobabili tabhekana nenselelo yekwakha sive kusuka embusweni webukoloni.
- Timphumela tato letehlukene tisivumela kuhlola loko lokwabumba ngempela i-Afrika letimele - lifa, buholi, umcondvo (ideology) kanye nemandla langaphandle.
Speaker notes
Beka kucatsaniswa ngalokucacile njengelikhono lelicomba (essay). Imphendvulo lecinile yeLibanga 12 ayibaleli nje live ngalinye; iyehlukanisa tintfo (lifa lebukoloni, likhwalithi yebuholi, tincumo temcondvo, kucindzeteleka kweMphi Lebandzako) futsi ichaza kutsi kungani indzawo yekucala lefananako ikhicite imiphumela leyehlukene. Khutsata bafundzi kutsi bakhe litafula lekucatsanisa njengoba tishaydi letilandzelako tivuleka.
I-Congo ngaphansi kwekubusa kweBelgium
Likoloni lelikhulu, lelicebile ngetinsendvo, lelagcinwa ngamabomu lingakalungeli kutibusa.
I-Congo yacala yabuswa njengempahla yasesangweni yeNkhosi Leopold II yaseBelgium, base kutsi kusukela nga-1908, yaba yi-Belgian Congo. Kubusa kwebukoloni bekukhipha insendvo ngelunya - licebile ngerabha, ithusi netimbiwa - kepha i-Belgium ayifakanga cishe lutfo ekufundziseni baholi baseCongo. Ngesikhatsi senkhululeko bekukhona baseCongo labambalwa labaphotfula e-university futsi kwakute nome yinye induna yesotja lengum-Afrika.
- Umnotfo bewakhelwe ekutfumeleni timbiwa ngaphandle, ikakhulukati kusuka e-Katanga lecebile ngethusi.
- I-Belgium yacindzetela imisebenti yepolitiki kwaze kwafika iminyaka lembalwa yekugcina ngaphambi kwenkhululeko.
- Inkhululeko ngaJune 1960 yefika ngekushesha, kunekulungiselela lokuncane.
Speaker notes
Chaza 'kukhipha (extractive)' njengendlela leyakhelwe kususa umcebo, hhayi kutfutfukisa likoloni. Iphuzu leliyinhloko lekuhlatiya lifa: i-Congo yangena enkhululekweni inemcebo lomkhulu wetimbiwa kepha cishe kwakute batsintsi labaceceshiwe, tinduna nome bo-mapolitiki labanelwati - indlela leyaholela ekungazinzini. [SME] Sitatimende sekutsi 'baphotfuli labambalwa' liphuzu lelijwayelekile lelicwadzini; cinisekisa linani lelinembile lelingalindzelwa ngumaki (livame kubalwa njengekusukela kwaphelele kuya ku-17).
Inkinga yase-Congo
Emalangeni lambalwa enkhululeko, umbuso lomusha wawela kuvukela, kuhlukana kanye nekungenelela kweMphi Lebandzako.
Ngesikhatsi senkhululeko nga-30 June 1960, Patrice Lumumba waba nguNdvunankhulu, Joseph Kasavubu waba nguMengameli. Cishe ngekushesha lisotja lavukela, i-Belgium yatfumela emasotja, futsi sifundza lesicebile ngetimbiwa se-Katanga samemetela kuhlukana ngaphansi kwaMoise Tshombe. Lumumba wacela lusito ku-United Nations base ku-Soviet Union, lokwetfusa bohulumende baseNtshonalanga.
- I-UN yatfumela libutfo lelikhulu lekugcina kuthula kepha ayizange ilibhidlite lihlukano lwe-Katanga.
- Lumumba wachutjwa esikhundleni, waboshwa wase uyabulawa ngaJanuary 1961, ngekubandzakanya kweBelgium neKatanga.
- Lenkinga yaba yindzawo yeMphi Lebandzako leyabumba i-Congo emashumini eminyaka.
Speaker notes
Lena yinhlitiyo yekuhlatiya yesifundvo se-Congo. Veta emandla lamatsatfu ladzabula umbuso: kwehlukana kwangekhatsi (kuvukela kwelibutfo, kucindzeteleka kwetinhlanga nekwetifundza), tintfo tekonomi (ithusi le-Katanga), kanye nekuncintiswana kweMphi Lebandzako (kwesaba kwaseNtshonalanga kutsi Lumumba angaya eMoscow). Phatsa kubulawa kwaLumumba ngekunakekela nangeliciniso: wabulawa ngekubandzakanya kweBelgium neKatanga, futsi bochwepheshe bemlando labanyenti bakhomba nekubandzakanya kwebuhloli baseNtshonalanga. [SME] Lizinga lekulandzelela kwe-US/CIA ekufeni kwaLumumba liyaphikiswana emlandvweni; kuvete njengalokusolwa kabhô kunekutsi kube liciniso lelicinisekisiwe.
Mobutu, bushingishane nekwehla
Kungazinzi kwavula umnyango webushingishane leminyaka lengu-32.
Nga-1965 umphatsi welibutfo Joseph Mobutu (kamuva Mobutu Sese Seko) watfumba emandla ngekuketula umbuso (coup), asekelwa bohulumende baseNtshonalanga labambeka njengembandzakanyi weMphi Lebandzako. Waniketa live ligama lelisha Zaire nga-1971, wavimbela baphikisi, wabusa kwaze kwaba ngu-1997. Umbuso wakhe waba nedvumela lelibi ngenkhohlakalo nekutinotsisa ngesikhatsi incumbi yebantfu iba luphuya - indlela lengalesinye sikhatsi ibitwe ngekutsi 'kleptocracy' (kubusa kwebasela).
- Mobutu wagcogca emandla embusweni welicembu linye kanye nekukhonjiswa kwakhe njengemuntfu lomkhulu.
- Kusekelwa ngebetive kwamgcina esikhundleni nome umnotfo wawohloka.
- Kuwa kwakhe nga-1997 kwalandzelwa ngulenye imphi kulesifundza.
Speaker notes
Sifundvo se-Congo sikhombisa kutsi kususwa kwebukoloni lokusanhlanhlatsa nekungenelela kwangaphandle kungabucinisa njani kubusa ngenkhani. Cacisa umcondvo weMphi Lebandzako: iNtshonalanga yavuma inkhohlakalo kaMobutu ngobe abemelene ne-communism futsi avikela lithuba lekutfola timbiwa. Lena yimiphumela 'yenselelo' lecace kakhulu yenkhululeko - bukhosi lobusemtsetfweni ngaphandle kwentfutfuko yangempela nome hulumende lophendvulako.
Kusuka e-Tanganyika kuya e-Tanzania
Indlela lenekuthula kakhulu yekuya enkhululekweni, kanye neluhlelo lolwentiwa ngamabomu lwebunye besive.
I-Tanganyika, lebeyingumhlaba lobewukhona wabuswa yiGermany bese yiBrithani, yatfola inkhululeko ngekuthula ngaDecember 1961 ngaphansi kwaJulius Nyerere nelicembu lakhe, i-TANU (the Tanganyika African National Union). Nga-1964 i-Tanganyika yabumbana netichingi te-Zanzibar kwakheka i-United Republic of Tanzania. Nyerere, lowatiwa nge Mwalimu ('thishela'), wakhutsata bunye besive ngetulu kwekwetsembeka etinhlangeni futsi wenta siSwahili sibe lulwimi lwesive lolubumbako.
- Inkhululeko yefika ngekukhulumisana, hhayi ngemphi, kwaniketa sicalo lesizinzile kakhulu.
- Lulwimi lwesive lolwabelwana lwasita ekubumbaneni kwetinhlanga letingetulu kwa-100.
- Nyerere wakha umbuso welicembu linye, kepha lowawugcile ebunyeni netinjongo temphakatsi esikhundleni sekutinotsisa.
Speaker notes
Catsanisa ne-Congo kuwo wonkhe umnyatselo: kudluliselwa kwemandla ngekuthula, licembu linye lebunationalist lelibusako lelinaluhlelo loluhlangene, futsi ikakhulukati umholi lowabeka kwakha sive kwendlula emandla akhe. Chaza kusetjentiswa ngamabomu kwesiSwahili nebunikati besive kute kudzanjiswe kwehlukana kwetinhlanga lokwasita ekubhubhiseni i-Congo. Yetfula ludvumo lwaNyerere lwekwetsembeka njengentfo lebeyibaluleke.
I-Ujamaa ne-Arusha Declaration
Nga-1967 Nyerere wabeka indlela leyehlukile: busoshiyali base-Afrika nekutimela.
Sicindzetelwe kakhulu, siphangwe kakhulu futsi asinakwanga kakhulu. Bubutsakatsaka betfu yiko lokusiholele ekutseni sicindzetelwe, siphangwe futsi singanakwa. Julius Nyerere, i-Arusha Declaration, 1967
I-Arusha Declaration yabophelela i-Tanzania ku-ujamaa (ligama lesiSwahili lelisho 'bumndeni') - busoshiyali lobukhula ekhaya lobwakhelwe ekubambisaneni, ekulinganeni nasekutimeleni esikhundleni sekutsembela emalini yebetive. Umbuso watsatsa timboni netibhange letibalulekile taba tikahulumende, futsi wakhutsata bantfu kutsi bahlale futsi balime ndzawonye emadolobheni ekubambisana e ujamaa.
- Baholi bekulindzeleke kutsi baphile ngendlela lelula futsi bangatinotsisi.
- Kutjalwa kwemali kwacondzaniswa netindzawo tasemakhaya, tikolo netikliniki.
- Inhloso bekuyintfutfuko lebeyilawulwa bantfu baseTanzania ngekwabo.
Speaker notes
I-Ujamaa yisibonelo lesicace kakhulu 'sebusoshiyali base-Afrika' kusuka kutshaydi yemibono, ngako hlanganisa emuva ngalokucacile. Chaza kukhanga kwayo: ngemuva kwekuphanjwa kwebukoloni, kutimela bekuyindlela yekubalekela kutsembela lokusha kwemnotfo. Veta kucindzeteleka kutshaydi lelandzelako - emavelu atsandvwa emhlabeni wonkhe, kepha luhlelo lwe villagisation (kwakhiwa kwemadolobha), ikakhulukati lapho luba ngenkhani ngema-1970, lwaphazamisa kulima futsi alukazange lulethe kukhula lobekulindzelwe.
I-Tanzania: impumelelo netinselelo
Speaker notes
Fanekisa sehlulelo lesilinganisiwe i-CAPS lesivuza. Nyerere ngekwakhe kamuva wavuma kutsi i-ujamaa yayehlulekile ngasohlangotsini lwemnotfo, ngesikhatsi avikela kutfutfuka kwayo kwemphakatsi. Umbono loyinhloko: inkhululeko yaletsa sitfunti, bunye nekutfutfuka kwemphakatsi e-Tanzania, kepha hhayi lushintjo lwemnotfo lebantfu lababelufuna. Yenta bafundzi bacaphele kutsi 'impumelelo' 'nekwehluleka' akusibo bumelwane lobulula - live lingaphumelela kuletinye tilinganiso kantsi litfwele kanzima kuletinye.
Tindlela letimbili leticatsanisiwe
Sikhatsi sinye, lifa lelifananako lekwehlukahlukana kwetinhlanga - timphumela letehluke kakhulu.
Buholi
I-Congo: buholi lobubutsakatsaka, lobephikiswana lobaketulwa ngenkhani. I-Tanzania: umholi lozinzile, lobumbako logcile ekwakheni sive.
Kungenelela kwangaphandle
I-Congo: kungenelela lokukhulu kweBelgium neMphi Lebandzako. I-Tanzania: kudlulisela lokunekuthula kakhulu nendzawo lenkhulu yekutikhetsela indlela yayo.
Umcondvo nemnotfo
I-Congo: kleptocracy nekwehla. I-Tanzania: busoshiyali lobunemibono lemihle, kutfutfuka lokucinile kwemphakatsi kepha kukhula lokubutsakatsaka kwemnotfo.
Sifundvo
Timphumela tabunjwa lifa, tincumo tebuholi, umcondvo neMphi Lebandzako - hhayi inkhululeko yodvwa.
Speaker notes
Letshaydi lilitafula lekucatsanisa lekufanele bafundzi bakwati kulikhicita futsi baphikisane basuka kulo. Batfumele ngale kwekuchaza: nguyiphi intfo leyabaluleke kakhulu? Imphendvulo lenhle ingaphikisa kutsi buholi nekungenelela kwangaphandle bekungugcabho, njengoba omabili emave atfola njengelifa kwehlukahlukana kwetinhlanga lokufananako kepha ehlukana kakhulu. Mema kungavumelani - bochwepheshe bemlando batsatsa letintfo ngendlela leyehlukene.
Impumelelo netinselelo tenkhululeko
Speaker notes
Suka etifundvweni tembhoja letimbili uye kulekhontinenti yonkhe. Khumbuta bafundzi kutsi imincele leyayidwetjwe ngaphandle kwesizatfu ku-Berlin Conference ya-1884-85 yatfolwa njengelifa cishe ingashintjwanga - inselelo yesakhiwo lekute umholi loyakhetsa. Khutsata sehlulelo lesivutsiwe: inkhululeko bekuyimpumelelo yeliciniso lebeyidzingeka, kepha inkhululeko yepolitiki ayizange ilethe ngokutentakalela inkhululeko yemnotfo nome intsandvo yelinyenti lezinzile. Loku kucaphelisisa yiko kanye lokuvutwa yimibuto lesekelwe emitfonjeni ne-essay ye-FET.
Loko lesikufundzile
Inkhululeko bekusicalo, hhayi kuphela - luhlolo lweliciniso bekuloko umbuso lomusha ngamunye lowakwakha ngemuva kwaloko.
Kususwa kwebukoloni kwakhukhula i-Afrika ngema-1950 nema-1960, kuciniswa bunationalism ne-Pan-Africanism. I-Congo ikhombisa kutsi lifa lelibutsakatsaka nekungenelela kweMphi Lebandzako kwakhicita njani inkinga nebushingishane, kanti i-Tanzania ikhombisa kutsi buholi lobubumbako nemibono ye ujamaa kwaletsa njani kuzinza nekutfutfuka kwemphakatsi kepha kukhula lokuncipha kwemnotfo. Ndzawonye tisivumela kutsi sehlulele impumelelo netinselelo te-Afrika letimele ngekulinganisa.
Q. Chaza kutsi iMphi Lebandzako yafaka njani sandla enkingeni yase-Congo ngemuva kwenkhululeko nga-1960. (8 marks)
Q. Ngekusebentisa sibonelo se-Tanzania, khuluma ngempumelelo netinselelo te-ujamaa ne-Arusha Declaration. (10 marks)
Q. 'Timphumela tenkhululeko tabunjwa kakhulu buholi kunanome yini live leyayitfole njengelifa.' Catsanisa i-Congo neTanzania kute uphikisane nome usekele lesitatimende. (12 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebentisa imibuto lemitsatfu kute umbandzakanye tindlela tekuhlola te-CAPS: Q1 inchazelo/imbangela, Q2 kuhlola sifundvo sinye, Q3 kuphikisana kwe-essay lekucatsanisako. Khutsata bafundzi kutsi basebentise bufakazi kusuka etifundvweni tembhoja tobabili ku-Q3 futsi bafinyelele sehlulelo lesicacile, lesivikelekile kunekungakhetsi luhlangotsi. Vala ngekuhlanganisa emuva neNingizimu Afrika: i-Tanzania ne-OAU basekela ngenkhutsalo umzabalazo lomelene ne-apartheid, ngako 'i-Afrika Letimele' yincenye yendzaba yaseNingizimu Afrika.
- Grade
- Grade 12
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Independent Africa
- Resource type
- Presentation