UBukhomanisi eRussia, 1900-1940
Ukuthi umbuso omkhulu wabalimi obuswa uMbusi (Tsar) waguquka kanjani waba ngumbuso wokuqala emhlabeni wobukhomanisi - futhi ngezindleko ezinjani zempilo yabantu.
Speaker notes
Beka umbuzo omkhulu weyunithi: kwenzeka kanjani futhi kungani iRussia yasuka embusweni ozibusa wobukhosi (tsarist autocracy) yaba umbuso woqembu olulodwa lobukhomanisi ngeminyaka emibili nje engamashumi? Bhekisisa izigaba ezintathu abafundi abazozihlaziya - ukuwa kombuso wamaTsar, ukuthathwa kwamandla ngamaBolshevik nokuwaqinisa, kanye noguquko lukaStalin lwe-USSR. Khumbuza abafundi ukuthi bakale kokubili izithembiso zenguquko nezindleko zayo.
IRussia yamaTsar cishe ngo-1900
Umbuso ozibusayo lapho iqoqo elincane le-elite lalinamandla phezu kwabantu abampofu, ababeyibaningi bengabalimi.
IRussia yayibuswa ngumbusi ozibusayo (autocrat), uMbusi Nicholas II wozalo lwakwaRomanov, owayethi unamandla aphelele avela kuNkulunkulu futhi engaphenduli kunoma yiphi iphalamende. Umphakathi wawungalingani kakhulu: iqoqo elincane lezikhulu nesigaba esikhulayo esiphakathi sasingaphezulu kwezigidi zabantu abalimi abampofu kanye nesigaba esisha sabasebenzi basemadolobheni.
- Cishe u-80% wesibalo sabantu babengabalimi, abaningi ababesempofini enzulu naphezu kokukhululwa kwezigqila zomhlaba (serfs) ngo-1861.
- Ukwakhiwa kwezimboni ngesivinini kwadala amadolobha aminyene kanye nezimo ezinzima zasezimbonini.
- Amaphoyisa ayimfihlo (i-Okhrana) kanye nokuvinjelwa kwamaphephandaba kwathulisa abaphikisi bezombusazwe.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela ukungqubuzana kwezakhiwo okwenza iRussia ingazinzi: umbuso ozibusayo ongenayo indlela esemthethweni yokukhononda, isibalo esikhulu sabalimi abampofu abomele umhlaba, kanye nesigaba esincane kodwa esinamandla sabasebenzi bezimboni. Yilezi zingcindezi izishoshovu ezaziyosizisebenzisa kamuva. Ethula igama elithi autocracy (ukuzibusa) uliqhathanise nombuso onomthethosisekelo.
Imibono yenguquko
Ukuphikisana noMbusi kwakususelwa kwizimfundiso ezehlukene, ikakhulukazi ubuMarx (Marxism).
UbuMarx (Marxism)
UKarl Marx wayethi umlando uqhutshwa ukulwa kwezigaba (class struggle) nokuthi abasebenzi (i-proletariat) babeyoketula isigaba sabongxiwankulu (capitalists).
AmaBolshevik
Iqembu eliqatha eliholwa uLenin elalifuna iqembu elihlelekile ngokuqinile ukuze lithathe amandla ngenxa yabasebenzi.
AmaMenshevik
Iqembu lamaMarx elilinganiselayo elalikholwa ukuthi iRussia kufanele iqale idlule ebongxiwankulwini, kuneqembu elibanzi.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi iRussian Social Democratic Labour Party yahlukana ngo-1903 yaba amaBolshevik (aholwa uLenin) namaMenshevik. Gcina umehluko ulula kodwa unembile: bobabili babengamaMarx, kodwa babengavumelani ngesakhiwo seqembu nokuthi inguquko ingafika ngokushesha kangakanani. Lokhu kuhlukana kubalulekile ngoba yiwo amaBolshevik agcina ethathe amandla ngo-1917.
INguquko ka-1905
Ukuhlulwa empini nokubulawa kwababhikishi abanokuthula kwazamazamisa igunya loMbusi.
Ukuhlulwa okuhlazisayo eMpini yamaRussia namaJapane (1904-1905) kwakhulisa ukunganeliseki. NgeSonto Legazi (22 Januwari 1905) amasosha adubula abamashi abanokuthula ababecela kuMbusi eSt Petersburg, abulala abaningi. Iziteleka, imvukelo, kanye nemikhandlu yokuqala yabasebenzi, noma ama-soviet, kwasakazeka kuwo wonke umbuso.
- Ukuze asinde, uNicholas II wakhipha i-October Manifesto ethembisa iphalamende (i-Duma) namalungelo abantu.
- Kwathi lapho ukuthula sekubuyile, wabuye wawahoxisa lawa mavumelwano wagcina amandla angempela.
- Unyaka we-1905 uvame ukubizwa 'ngokuzilolonga' kwezinguquko zango-1917.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa unyaka we-1905 ukukhombisa iphethini: inhlekelele (impi) kanye nembangela esheshayo (iSonto Legazi) kanye nobunzima bezomnotho kudala isiyaluyalu sabantu abaningi. Gcizelela ukuthi uMbusi wasinda kuphela ngokwenza izithembiso angazange azigcine, okwaphinda kwamehlisa isithunzi. Ama-soviet avela lapha okokuqala futhi azophinda avele ngo-1917, ngakho wagqamise.
IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala nengcindezi eRussia
Impi yonke yaveza ubuthakathaka bombuso wamaTsar yawuhlulisela emkhawulweni wokuwohloka.
IRussia yangena eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala (World War I) ngo-1914. Amabutho ayehlomiswe kabi alahlekelwa abaningi, kanti ukushoda kokudla nophethiroli kwabamba amadolobha. UNicholas II wathatha ubuholi ngokwakhe empini, eshiya uhulumeni ezandleni zaNdlovukazi Alexandra ongathandwayo kanye nomeluleki onegama elibi uRasputin.
- Izigidi zamasosha zabulawa, zalimala noma zathunjwa.
- Ukwehla kwamandla emali nokushoda kwezinto kwadala indlala nemigqa emide yesinkwa ePetrograd.
- Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1917 ukwethembeka kuMbusi kwase kuwohlokile phakathi kwabasebenzi, amasosha, ngisho nama-elite.
Speaker notes
Beka iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala njengembangela eyaguqula izinkinga ezinde zaba ukuwohloka okuphelele. Umbono osemqoka kubafundi be-FET yimbangela (causation): impi ayizange iyidale izinkinga zeRussia kodwa yazandisa kakhulu yayikhipha uMbusi ekusekelweni okwakusele. Qaphela ukulahleka kokwethembeka kwebutho - ngaphandle kwamasosha, umbuso wawungakwazi ukuzivikela.
Ukuwa koMbusi
NgoMashi 1917 (uFebruwari ngekhalenda endala yamaRussia) iziteleka nemvukelo kwasusa ubukhosi.
Imibhikisho yesinkwa neziteleka ePetrograd kwakhula kwaba imibhikisho emikhulu. Lapho amasosha enqaba ukudubula izixuku futhi ajoyina zona, umbuso walahlekelwa ukulawula. NgoMashi 15, 1917 (2 Mashi, ikhalenda endala) uNicholas II wesula esikhundleni (abdicated), waqeda umbuso wakwaRomanov owawuneminyaka engaphezu kuka-300.
- UHulumeni Wesikhashana (Provisional Government) wosopolitiki abanamalungelo abantu nabalinganiselayo wathatha izintambo.
- Ngesikhathi esifanayo iSoviet yasePetrograd yabasebenzi namasosha yayinamandla angempela.
- Lokhu kugxumana kwaziwa ngokuthi Amandla Amabili (Dual Power) - iziphathimandla ezimbili ezincintisana ukubusa.
Speaker notes
Cacisa ukudideka kwekhalenda ekuqaleni: iRussia yayisebenzisa ikhalenda le-Julian, ngakho iNguquko 'kaFebruwari' yenzeka ngoMashi ngekhalenda yethu, kanti iNguquko 'ka-Oktoba' yenzeka ngoNovemba. Gcizelela ukuthi uFebruwari kwakuwukuvukelwa okuzenzakalelayo kwabantu, hhayi itulo lamaBolshevik. Ethula Amandla Amabili (Dual Power) ngokucophelela - kuchaza ukuthi kungani uHulumeni Wesikhashana wawubuthaka futhi uphila isikhathi esifushane.
ULenin namaBolshevik
ULenin wabuya ekudingisweni enohlelo olubukhali, olulula olwakhuluma nabantu abakhathele impi futhi belambile.
Peace, Land, and Bread. Isiqubulo samaBolshevik, 1917
Ebuya ngo-Ephreli 1917, uVladimir Lenin wenqaba noma yikuphi ukubambisana noHulumeni Wesikhashana. Ku-April Theses yakhe wafuna ukuphela kwempi masinyane, umhlaba wabalimi, kanye 'nokuthi Wonke amandla awele kuma-Soviet'. Njengoba uHulumeni Wesikhashana waqhubeka nempi, ukusekelwa kwamaBolshevik kwakhula.
- Isinqumo sikaHulumeni Wesikhashana sokuqhubeka neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala sasingathandwa nhlobo.
- ULenin wethembisa lokho abantu ababekufuna kakhulu: ukuthula, umhlaba nokudla.
- AmaBolshevik anqoba amavoti amaningi kuma-soviet asePetrograd naseMoscow ngasekwindla ka-1917.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi kungani amaBolshevik aphumelela lapho uHulumeni Wesikhashana wehluleka khona: anikeza izixazululo ezicacile, ezithandwayo empini, endlaleni yomhlaba nasekushodeni kokudla, ngenkathi uHulumeni Wesikhashana eqhubeka nempi engenakunqotshwa. Isiqubulo esithi 'Peace, Land, Bread' siyisibonelo esihle sokuxhumana kwezombusazwe - buza abafundi ukuthi kungani igama ngalinye lalibalulekile eqenjini elithize.
AmaBolshevik athatha amandla
NgoNovemba 1917 (u-Oktoba ngekhalenda endala) amaBolshevik aketula uHulumeni Wesikhashana.
Kuhlelwe ikakhulukazi uLeon Trotsky ngeMilitary Revolutionary Committee yeSoviet yasePetrograd, abasebenzi abahlomile, amasosha namatilosi (ama-Red Guards) bathatha izindawo ezibalulekile ePetrograd bahlasela iWinter PalacengoNovemba 7, 1917 (25 Oktoba, ikhalenda endala). UHulumeni Wesikhashana wawa kancane kuphela ukumelana.
- AmaBolshevik akhipha imithetho yokuthula neyomhlaba cishe ngokushesha.
- Lokhu kwakuwukuthathwa kwamandla okuhleleke kahle, hhayi ukuvukela kwabantu abaningi njengokukaFebruwari.
- IRussia yaba umbuso wokuqala emhlabeni obuswa egameni lobukhomanisi.
Speaker notes
Dweba umehluko obalulekile: uFebruwari kwakuwukuwohloka okubanzi, okuzenzakalelayo kobukhosi; u-Oktoba kwakuwukuthathwa kwamandla okuhleliwe, okuhleleke ngokuqinile yiqembu elilodwa loqembu oluncane oluqophile. Nika uTrotsky udumo ngeqhaza lakhe lokuhlela. Qaphela ukuthi ukuthatha amandla ePetrograd kwakuyinto eyodwa - ukubamba amandla kulo lonke izwe elikhulu, elihlukene, kwakuzoletha impi yombango enonya, esithombeni esilandelayo.
IMpi Yombango neWar Communism
AmaBolshevik anqoba impi yombango ecekelayo phansi kodwa ngezindleko ezinkulu zempilo yabantu.
Abaphikisi bamaBolshevik - amaWhite, umfelandawonye oxebukile wabakhosi, amaliberali kanye nezishoshovu ezincintisanayo, esekelwa amandla amazwe angaphandle - balwa namaBolshevik amaRed. UTrotsky wakha wahola i-Red Army. Ukuze ayihlomise, uhulumeni wabeka i-War Communism, ethatha okusanhlamvu kubalimi elawula umnotho, ngenkathi amaphoyisa ayimfihlo (i-Cheka) ecindezela abaphikisi ngo-'Red Terror'.
- OwayenguMbusi nomndeni wakhe babulawa ngo-1918.
- Impi, indlala nezifo kwabulala izigidi phakathi kuka-1918 no-1921.
- AmaRed anqoba ngo-1921, esizwa ubunye, ukulawula indawo emaphakathi nezitimela, kanye nokungaboni ngasolinye kwamaWhite.
Speaker notes
Phatha lesi sikhathi esinodlame ngokuzibophezela: yiba nolwazi lweqiniso ngobukhulu bokuhlupheka ngaphandle kokugxila emininingwaneni engadingekile. Chaza ukuthi kungani amaRed anqoba - indawo emaphakathi, ukulawula izitimela nezimboni, ubuholi obubodwa ngaphansi kukaTrotsky, kanye nokungaboni ngasolinye kwamaWhite. Ethula i-War Communism ne-Cheka, ngoba intukuthelo yabalimi ngokuthathwa kokusanhlamvu iholela ngqo ku-NEP esithombeni esilandelayo.
I-NEP nokuzalwa kwe-USSR
ULenin wahlehlela emnothweni oxubile ukuze alulame, kanye nomfelandawonye omusha wakhiwa.
Ngemva kwendlala nemvukelo (kuhlanganisa imvukelo yase-Kronstadt ka-1921), uLenin wethula i-New Economic Policy (NEP) ngo-1921. Yayivumela ukuhweba okuncane okuzimele futhi yavumela abalimi ukuthi bathengise okusanhlamvu okusalayo, ngenkathi umbuso ugcina ukulawula izimboni ezinkulu. Ngo-1922 kwasungulwa ngokusemthethweni i-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
- I-NEP yayiwukuvumelana okusebenzayo ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha umnotho owawuhlakazekile.
- Amanye amakhomanisi ayengayithandi njengokuhlehla ebusoshiyali.
- ULenin washona ngoJanuwari 1924, engashiyanga umuntu ozothatha izintambo ngokusobala.
Speaker notes
Chaza i-NEP njengokuhlehla okuyisu: uLenin wamukela ubongxiwankulu obulinganiselwe ukuze asindise inguquko ngemva kwezinhlekelele ze-War Communism. Qaphela impikiswano lokhu okwakuvula phakathi eqenjini mayelana nokuthi kuvunyelwane kangakanani - impikiswano uStalin noTrotsky ababezolwa ngayo kamuva. Ukushona kukaLenin ngaphandle komuntu oshiwo ozothatha izintambo kumisela ukulwela amandla esithombeni esilandelayo.
Ukukhula kukaStalin emandleni
Umphathi weqembu othule wadlula ngobuqili abancintisana naye waba umholi oyedwa.
UJoseph Stalin, njengoNobhala Jikelele weqembu, wayelawula ukuqokwa kwabantu wakha inethiwekhi yezikhulu ezethembekile. Edlalisa abancintisani ngomunye nomunye, wanqoba uLeon Trotsky owaziwa kakhulu, owaxoshwa eqenjini kwathi kamuva wadingiswa wabulawa. Cishe ngo-1928 uStalin wayesengumholi ongenakuphikwa we-USSR.
- UStalin wagcizelela 'iSoshiyali Ezweni Elilodwa (Socialism in One Country)'; uTrotsky wayefuna inguquko yomhlaba wonke.
- Ukulawula kukaStalin umshini weqembu kwakuyithuba lakhe elibalulekile.
- Wabe eseqala uhlelo olunzima lokuguqula umnotho weSoviet.
Speaker notes
Lungisa umbono ovamile ongalungile: uStalin wanqoba hhayi ngoba ayengumcabangi omuhle kakhulu - uTrotsky wayehlonishwa kakhulu - kodwa ngoba wayelawula umshini wokuphatha weqembu nokuqokwa kwabantu. Chaza 'iSocialism in One Country' iqhathaniswe 'nenguquko engapheli (permanent revolution)' ngokulula. Misela ukushintsha kusuka kwezombusazwe kuya kwezomnotho: uStalin manje uguqula umphakathi weSoviet ngenkani.
I-Collectivisation nokwakhiwa kwezimboni
UStalin waqhuba ukusebenzisa izinto zesimanje ngokushesha ngamaFive-Year Plans nokulima ngokuhlangana ngenkani.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa isakhiwo somugqa omabili ukuvumela abafundi baqhathanise izingalo ezimbili zenguquko yomnotho kaStalin. Yiba neqiniso ngokuncintisana okuyisisekelo sokuhlaziya kwe-CAPS: i-USSR yakha izimboni ngesivinini esimangalisayo, okwathi kamuva kwasiza ukusinda kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, kodwa lokhu kwafezwa ngenkani, ukuhlupheka okukhulu nendlala. Indlala e-Ukraine nakwezinye izifunda ngo-1932-1933 (i-Holodomor) izokwenziwa ngokulandelayo; iphathe ngokucophelela.
Indlala, uvalo nokuhlanzwa (purges)
Ukubusa kukaStalin kwahlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwesimanje ngokushesha kanye nokucindezelwa kwabantu abaningi nokufa.
Indlala ka-1932-1933, eyayimbi kakhulu e-Ukraine (evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Holodomor), yabulala izigidi. Ngesikhathi se-Great Purge (1936-1938), uStalin waphendukela iqembu lakhe, ibutho nomphakathi: 'ukuqulwa kwamacala okubukisa (show trials)' kwalahla amaBolshevik amadala, kwathi inqwaba yabantu yabulawa noma yathunyelwa emakamu okusebenza ngenkani, i-Gulag.
- Uvalo nokuceba kwasetshenziswa ukulawula abantu.
- Inkolo yobuntu (cult of personality) yabeka uStalin njengomholi ohlakaniphe konke.
- Ngo-1940 i-USSR yayisithuthuke kakhulu ezimbonini kodwa iwumbuso ozibusayo ocindezela kakhulu.
Speaker notes
Lesi yisithombe esibucayi kunazo zonke - siphathe ngeqiniso elizothile nangenhlonipho kwabahluphekayo, ugweme imininingwane ebonakalayo. Yethula indlala nokuhlanzwa ngeqiniso njengezindleko zempilo yabantu zezindlela zikaStalin. Khuthaza abafundi be-FET ukubamba amaqiniso amabili ndawonye ekuhlaziyeni: inzuzo yangempela yezimboni neyemfundo, kanye nokucindezelwa kwabantu abaningi nokufa. Qaphela ukuthi izazi-mlando ziyaphikisana ngezinombolo nangezinga lenhloso ngemuva kwendlala.
IRussia ne-USSR, 1900-1940
- 1905 INguquko ka-1905: iSonto Legazi ne-October Manifesto
- 1914 IRussia ingena eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala
- Mar 1917 INguquko kaFebruwari: uMbusi Nicholas II uyesula
- Nov 1917 INguquko ka-Oktoba: amaBolshevik athatha amandla
- 1918-21 IMpi Yombango ne-War Communism
- 1922-24 I-USSR yasungulwa; uLenin ushona (1924)
- 1928 UStalin uyabusa; iFive-Year Plan yokuqala iyaqala
- 1932-33 Indlala (Holodomor)
- 1936-38 I-Great Purge
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lesi sithombe ukuhlanganisa uhlelo lwezikhathi lwayo yonke iyunithi ngaphambi kwemibuzo yokubuyekeza. Cela abafundi bakhombe amaphuzu okuphenduka futhi bahlele izehlakalo zibe izigaba ezintathu: ukuwa kombuso wamaTsar, ukuthathwa kwamandla ngamaBolshevik nokuwaqinisa, kanye noguquko lukaStalin. Qinisa iphuzu lekhalenda ye-Julian kuya ku-Gregorian kaFebruwari no-Oktoba.
Esikufundile
Eminyakeni engamashumi amane iRussia yasuka embusweni ozibusayo wamaTsar yaba isikhulu sobukhomanisi - iguqulwa ngezindleko ezinkulu zempilo yabantu.
Uhlelo lwamaTsar lwawohloka ngenxa yomthwalo wokungalingani, ukuzibusa nengcindezi yeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. AmaBolshevik athatha abamba amandla, kwathi ngaphansi kukaStalin i-USSR yakhiwa izimboni ngokushesha nge-collectivisation namaFive-Year Plans - impumelelo enesithunzi esimnyama sendlala, uvalo nombuso ozibusayo.
Q. Chaza ukuthi kungani umbuso wamaTsar wawohloka ngo-1917. Bhekisela ezimbangeleni zesikhathi eside kanye nomthelela weMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. (8 marks)
Q. AmaBolshevik akwazi kanjani ukuthatha nokugcina amandla phakathi kuka-1917 no-1921? (6 marks)
Q. 'UStalin waguqula i-USSR, kodwa ngezindleko eziphakeme kakhulu zempilo yabantu.' Uyavuma? Sekela impendulo yakho ngobufakazi. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngokubuyela embuzweni omkhulu weyunithi nasendikimbeni yoguquko ngezindleko. Imibuzo emithathu ikhuphuka ngezidingo zengqondo ukuze ihambisane nezindinganiso ze-CAPS FET: incazelo yembangela, ukuhlaziywa kokuqiniswa kwamandla, kanye nokwahlulela okunjenge-esseyi okudinga umgudu wempikiswano osekelwe. Khuthaza abafundi ukusebenzisa ubufakazi obuqondile nokukala kokubili impumelelo nezindleko.
- Grade
- Grade 11
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Communism in Russia 1900-1940
- Resource type
- Presentation