UbuKhomanisi eRashiya, 1900-1940
Indlela umbuso omkhulu wabalimi obubuswa nguTsar owaba ngayo umbuso wokuthoma wobuKhomanisi ephasini - begodu ngeendleko ezinjani ebantwini.
Speaker notes
Beka umbuzo oyihloko wesahluko: kubayini begodu njani iRashiya yasuka embusweni wobushiqela bakaTsar yaya embusweni wobuKhomanisi weqembu linye eminyakeni engamatjhumi amabili kwaphela? Yembula iingaba ezintathu abafundi abazozihlaziya - ukuwa kobuTsar, ukuthathwa nokuqiniswa kwamandla maBolshevik, kanye netjhugululo kaStalin ye-USSR. Khumbuza abafundi bona balinganise kokubili iinthembiso zomvukela kanye neendleko zawo.
IRashiya kaTsar malungana no-1900
Umbuso wobushiqela lapho isigaba esincani sabaphakemeko sasiphethe amandla ngaphezu kwabantu abadududu, ngokunengi abangabalimi.
IRashiya beyibuswa litshiqela (autocrat), uTsar Nicholas II wesizukulwana samaRomanov, owazibona anamandla apheleleko avela kuZimu ongaphenduli kiliphi iphalamende. Umphakathi bewungalingani khulu: isigaba esincani sezikhulu kanye nesigaba esiphakathi esikhulako sasingaphezu kweengidi zabantu abalimi abatlhagileko kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi esitjha semadorobheni.
- Malungana nama-80% wabantu bebabalimi, abanengi babo basese batlhaga khulu naphezu kokukhululwa kwamakhoboka ngo-1861.
- Ukwakhiwa kweemboni okurhabako kwadala amadorobho aminyeneko kanye nobujamo obubudisi bemafemini.
- Amaphoyisa asifihlo (Okhrana) kanye nokuvinjelwa kwelwazi kwathulisa abaphikisi bezepolotiki.
Speaker notes
Gandelela ukutjhwabalala okwenza iRashiya ingazinzi: umbuso wobushiqela ongenandlela esemthethweni yokuveza ukungeneliseki, isihlwele esikhulu sabalimi abatlhagileko abalambele umhlabathi, kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi bemboni esincani kodwana esinelaka. Le mikghwa ngiyo esebenziswa ngabavukeli ngokukhamba kwesikhathi. Yethula igama elithi autocracy (ubushiqela) uliqathanise nombuso womthethosisekelo.
Imibono yomvukela
Ukuphikisa uTsar kwathatha eemibonweni ephikisanako, khulukhulu ubuMarx.
UbuMarx
UKarl Marx watjho bona umlando uqhutjhwa mumzabalazo weengaba begodu bona abasebenzi (abaproletariat) bebazokuwisa isigaba samakhapitali.
AmaBolshevik
Ihlangothi lamarhamaru elalilawulwa nguLenin elalifuna iqembu elihlelwe ngokuqinileko bona lithathele abasebenzi amandla.
AmaMenshevik
Ihlangothi lamaMarx elalilinganiselako elalikholwa bona iRashiya kufuze idlule ekhapitalizimi qangi, ngeqembu elibanzi.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula bona iRussian Social Democratic Labour Party yahlukana ngo-1903 yaba maBolshevik (alawulwa nguLenin) namaMenshevik. Gcina umahluko ulula kodwana uqondile: bobabili bebabuMarx, kodwana bebangavumelani ngokwakhiwa kweqembu nangokurhaba komvukela. Ukuhlukana lokhu kuqakathekile ngombana ngamaBolshevik agcina athethe amandla ngo-1917.
Umvukela we-1905
Ukuhlulwa epini nokubulawa kwabatjhili abanokuthula kwatjhukumisa amandla kaTsar.
Ukuhlulwa okuhlazisako ePini yeRashiya neJapan (1904-1905) kwandisa ukungeneliseki. NgeSonto Legazi (22 January 1905) amasotja adubula abatjhili abanokuthula ebebancenga uTsar eSt Petersburg, abulala abanengi. Amagcabho, ukuvukela kwamasotja kanye namakhansele wabasebenzi wokuthoma, amasoviet, kwarhatjheka kilo loke elombuso.
- Bona asinde, uNicholas II wakhupha i-October Manifesto ethembisa iphalamende (iDuma) kanye namalungelo wesakhamuzi.
- Kwathi nakubuya ukuthula, wabuyisela emuva iimvumelwano lezi wagcina amandla wamambala.
- U-1905 uvamise ukubizwa ngokuthi 'ukuzilolonga' kwemivukela ka-1917.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa u-1905 ukutjengisa ipeteni: ubudisi (ipi) kanye nesibangeli (iSonto Legazi) kanye nobudisi bezomnotho kudala isiphithiphithi esikhulu. Gandelela bona uTsar wasinda kwaphela ngokwenza iinthembiso angazange azigcine, okwamlulaza khudlwana. Ama-soviet aqala lapha kokuthoma begodu azoqala godu ngo-1917, ngalokho awagqamise.
IPi yePhasi yokuThoma nomthwalo eRashiya
Ipi epheleleko yembula ubuthakathaka bombuso kaTsar begodu yawuphosela ephuzwini lokuphuka.
IRashiya yangena ePini yePhasi yokuThoma ngo-1914. Amabutho angahlomiswanga kuhle ahlangabezana nokulimala okukhulu, kukulapho ukutlhayela kokudla namafutha kwabamba amadorobho. UNicholas II wathatha ubukhokheli ephini ngokwakhe, watjhiya urhulumende ezandleni zeNdlovukazi Alexandra engathandwako kanye nomeluleki ohlazekileko uRasputin.
- Iingidi zamasotja zabulawa, zalimala namkha zathunjwa.
- Ukwenyuka kwamanani nokutlhayela kwadala indlala nemilayini emide yesinkwa ePetrograd.
- Ekuthomeni kwaka-1917 ukuthembeka kuTsar bekusele kudilikile phakathi kwabasebenzi, amasotja ngitjho nabaphakemeko.
Speaker notes
Beka iPi yePhasi yokuThoma njengembangela eyaphendula imiraro eyayikhona yaba kukudilika okupheleleko. Umbono oyihloko kubafundi be-FET kubangela: ipi ayidalanga imiraro yeRashiya kodwana yayandisa khulu yaphuca uTsar isekelo lakhe elaliseleko. Qaphela ukulahleka kokuthembeka kwamabutho - ngaphandle kwamasotja, umbuso bewungeze wazivikela.
Ukuwa kukaTsar
NgoMatjhi 1917 (uFebruwari ngekhalenda elidala leRashiya) amagcabho nokuvukela kwamasotja kwaqothula ubukhosi.
Umtjhagalo wesinkwa namagcabho ePetrograd kwakhula kwaba mitjhagalo emikhulu. Nakuthi amasotja ala ukudubula isihlwele afaka isandla naso, umbuso walahlekelwa mulawulo. Nge-15 March 1917 (2 March, ngekhalenda elidala) uNicholas II wabeka phasi isihlalo sobukhosi, kwaphela ubukhosi bamaRomanov beminyaka engaphezu kwama-300.
- URhulumende weSikhatjhana wabosopolotiki ababelibharale nabalinganiselako wathatha ilawulo.
- Ngesikhathi esifanako iSoviet yePetrograd yabasebenzi namasotja beyinethonya lamambala.
- Ukudibana lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi aMandla amaBili - iziphathimandla ezimbili ezaziqophisana ekubuseni.
Speaker notes
Cacisa ukudideka kwekhalenda ngaphambili: iRashiya beyisebenzisa ikhalenda leJulian, ngalokho umvukela ka'Februwari' wenzeka ngoMatjhi ngekhalenda lethu, umvukela wa'Oktoba' wenzeka ngoSinyikhaba. Gandelela bona uFebruwari bewuyikuvukela okuvela ngokwako, okwabantu, ingasi iqhinga lamaBolshevik. Yethula aMandla amaBili ngokutjhejisisa - kuhlathulula bona kubayini uRhulumende weSikhatjhana bewubuthakathaka begodu wangahlali isikhathi eside.
ULenin namaBolshevik
ULenin wabuya ekudingisweni anehlelo elibukhali nelilula elalikhuluma nabantu abadiniweko yipi nabalambileko.
Ukuthula, uMhlabathi, neSinkwa. Isiqubulo samaBolshevik, 1917
Nakabuya ngo-April 1917, uVladimir Lenin wala nasiphi isibopho noRhulumende weSikhatjhana. Ku-April Theses yakhe wabawa bona ipi iphele khonokho, umhlabathi unikelwe abalimi, kanye 'nokobana woke amandla akhambe kuma-Soviet'. Njengombana uRhulumende weSikhatjhana bewuragela phambili nokulwa ipi, isekelo lamaBolshevik lakhula.
- Isiqunto sikaRhulumende weSikhatjhana sokuragela phambili nePi yePhasi yokuThoma besinganeliswa khulu.
- ULenin wathembisa lokho abantu abakufuna khulu: ukuthula, umhlabathi nokudla.
- AmaBolshevik awina ubunengi kuma-soviet wePetrograd neMoscow ekwindla laka-1917.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula bona kubayini amaBolshevik aphumelela lapho uRhulumende weSikhatjhana wehluleka khona: anikela iinqedo ezicacileko nezithandwako zepi, indlala yomhlabathi nokutlhayela kokudla, kukulapho uRhulumende weSikhatjhana bewuragela phambili nokulwa ipi enganawuwina. Isiqubulo esithi 'Ukuthula, uMhlabathi, iSinkwa' sisibonelo esihle sokukhuluma kwezepolotiki - buza abafundi bona kubayini ligama linye ngalinye belimqoka esiqhemeni esithileko.
AmaBolshevik athatha amandla
NgoSinyikhaba 1917 (u-Oktoba ngekhalenda elidala) amaBolshevik awisa uRhulumende weSikhatjhana.
Kuhlelwe khulukhulu nguLeon Trotsky ngeKomidi yezokuVukela yezeSotja yeSoviet yePetrograd, abasebenzi abahlomileko, amasotja namatjhorho (amaRed Guard) athatha iindawo eziqakathekileko ePetrograd begodu ahlasela iWinter Palace nge-7 November 1917 (25 October, ngekhalenda elidala). URhulumende weSikhatjhana wawa ngokuvimbela okuncani.
- AmaBolshevik akhupha imithetho yokuthula neyomhlabathi msinyana.
- Lokhu bekukuthathwa kwamandla okuhleliweko, ingasi ukuvukela okukhulu kwabantu njengoFebruwari.
- IRashiya yaba mbuso wokuthoma ephasini obuswa ngegama lobuKhomanisi.
Speaker notes
Dweba umahluko oqakathekileko: uFebruwari bekukudilika okubanzi, okuvela ngokwako kobukhosi; u-Oktoba bekukuthathwa kwamandla okuhleliweko, okuqinileko liqembu elincani elinesiyalo. Nikela uTrotsky idumela ngendima yakhe yokuhlela. Qaphela bona ukuthatha amandla ePetrograd bekuyinto yinye - ukubamba amandla enarheni ekulu, ehlukeneko bekuzokubangela ipi yamakhaya enolaka, isahluko esilandelako.
IPi yamaKhaya ne-War Communism
AmaBolshevik awina ipi yamakhaya etjhabalalisako kodwana ngeendleko ezikulu ebantwini.
Abaphikisi bamaBolshevik - amaWhite (abaMhlophe), ubudlelwana obungazinzanga bebusiseli bobukhosi, abambharale namaSoshiyali aphikisanako, asekelwe manarha wangaphandle - balwa namaBolshevik amaRed (abaBomvu). UTrotsky wakha wakhokhela iRed Army. Ukuyipha impahla, umbuso wabeka iWar Communism, wathumba amabele kubalimi walawula umnotho, kukulapho amaphoyisa asifihlo (iCheka) acobelela abaphikisi nge'Red Terror'.
- UTsar wangaphambili nomndeni wakhe babulawa ngo-1918.
- Ipi, indlala nomkhuhlane kwabulala iingidi phakathi kwaka-1918 no-1921.
- AmaRed awina ngo-1921, asizwa bubunye, ukulawula iphakathi neentimela, kanye nokuhlukana kwamaWhite.
Speaker notes
Phatha isikhathi esinolaka lesi ngokuzibophezela: yiba nqophile) ngobukhulu bokutlhaga ngaphandle kokugxila eendabeni ezingatlhogekiko. Hlathulula bona kubayini amaRed awina - indawo ephakathi, ukulawula iintimela neemboni, ilawulo linye ngaphasi kukaTrotsky, kanye nokuhlukana kwamaWhite. Yethula i-War Communism neCheka, ngombana ilaka labalimi ngokuthunjwa kwamabele lidosela ngqo e-NEP esahlukweni esilandelako.
I-NEP nokubelethwa kwe-USSR
ULenin wabuyela emumva emnothweni oxubeneko bona alulame, begodu kwakhiwa ibumbano elitjha.
Ngemva kwendlala nemivukela (kufaka hlangana ukuvukela kwe-Kronstadt ka-1921), uLenin wethula uMthethomgomo oMutjha wezoMnotho (NEP) ngo-1921. Wavumela ukurhweba kwangasese okuncani wavumela abalimi bathengise amabele aseleko, kukulapho umbuso ugcina ilawulo lemboni ekulu. Ngo-1922 kwasungulwa ngokusemthethweni iUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
- I-NEP beyisivumelwano esinengqondo sokwakha bunye umnotho odilikileko.
- Amanye amaKhomanisi bekangayithandi njengokubuyela emumva ebuSoshiyalini.
- ULenin wahlongakala ngoJanabari 1924, angatjhiya obekazomlandela ocacileko.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula i-NEP njengokubuyela emumva okunecebo: uLenin wamukela ubukhapitali obulinganiselweko bona asindise umvukela ngemva kwamatlhuwo we-War Communism. Qaphela impikiswano evulwe lokhu ngaphakathi eqenjini malungana nokobana kufuze kuvunywe kangangani - impikiswano uStalin noTrotsky abazokulwa ngayo ngokukhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuhlongakala kukaLenin ngaphandle komlandeli obekiweko kubeka umzabalazo wamandla esahlukweni esilandelako.
Ukuphakama kukaStalin
Umlawuli weqembu othuleko wakhwabanisa abaphikisi bakhe bona abe mkhokheli oyedwa.
UJoseph Stalin, njengoNobhala-Jikelele weqembu, walawula ukubekwa kwabantu emisebenzini wakha inethiwaki yeensebenzi ezithembekileko. Ngokudlalisa abaphikisi omunye komunye, wahlula uLeon Trotsky owaziwa khudlwana, owagwatjwa eqenjini wagcina adingisiwe wabulawa. Malungana no-1928 uStalin bekamkhokheli ongaphikiswako we-USSR.
- UStalin waphikelela nge'buSoshiyali eNarheni yinye'; uTrotsky bekathanda umvukela ephasinapheze.
- Ukulawula kukaStalin umtjhini weqembu bekusibonelelo sakhe esiqakathekileko.
- Ngemva kwalokho wethula ihlelo elinamandla lokutjhugulula umnotho weSoviet.
Speaker notes
Lungisa umbono ophambeneko ovamileko: uStalin wawina ingasi ngombana bekamuntu ohlakaniphe khulu ngethiyori - uTrotsky bekadunywe khudlwana - kodwana ngombana bekalawula umtjhini wokuphatha weqembu nokubekwa kwabantu. Hlathulula 'ubuSoshiyali eNarheni yinye' uqathanise 'nomvukela ohlala njalo' ngokulula. Beka ukutjhuguluka kusuka ezepolotiki kuya ezomnotho: uStalin nje utjhugulula umphakathi weSoviet ngamandla.
I-collectivisation ne-industrialisation
UStalin waqhuba ukwakha butjha okurhabako ngamaHlelo weeMinyaka emiHlanu nokulima okuhlanganisiweko okuphoqiweko.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa ihlelo lamakholomu amabili bona uvumele abafundi baqathanise iingaba ezimbili zomvukela womnotho kaStalin. Yiba nqophileo ngokutjhentjhiselana okuyihloko ekuhlaziyeni kwe-CAPS: i-USSR yakha iimboni ngesiqubu esikarisako, okwasiza ngokukhamba kwesikhathi bona isinde ePini yePhasi yesiBili, kodwana lokhu kwafezwa ngokuphoqa, ukutlhaga okukhulu nendlala. Indlala e-Ukraine namanye amazwe ngo-1932-1933 (i-Holodomor) ihlathululwa ngokulandelako; iphathe ngokutjhejisisa.
Indlala, ubutjhijilo nokususwa
Umbuso kaStalin wahlanganisa ukwakha butjha okurhabako nokugandelela okukhulu nokufa.
Indlala yaka-1932-1933, embi khulu e-Ukraine (evamise ukubizwa nge-Holodomor), yabulala iingidi. Ngesikhathi se-Great Purge (1936-1938), uStalin waphendukela eqenjini lakhe, ebuthweni nasemphakathini wakhe: 'amacala wokubukisa' agweba amaBolshevik amadala, begodu inengi elikhulu labulawa namkha lathunyelwa emakampeni womsebenzi ophoqiweko, i-Gulag.
- Ivalo nokuceba kwasetjenziswa ukulawula abantu.
- Ukukhonzwa komuntu kwaveza uStalin njengomkhokheli ohlakaniphe koke.
- Ngo-1940 i-USSR beyimbuso onamandla wemboni khulu kodwana ogandelela khulu.
Speaker notes
Lesi sisahluko esizwelako khulu - siphathe ngokwethembeka okuzothileko nehlonipho kwabahlongakeleko, ubalekele iindaba ezimbi khulu. Veza indlala nokususwa ngokuqophileko njengeendleko zomkhuba kaStalin ebantwini. Khuthaza abafundi be-FET bona babambe amaqiniso amabili ndawonye ekuhlaziyeni: inzuzo yamambala yeemboni neyemfundo, kanye nokugandelela okukhulu nokufa. Qaphela bona abomlando baphikisana ngeenomboro nangezinga lehloso ngemva kwendlala.
IRashiya ne-USSR, 1900-1940
- 1905 Umvukela we-1905: iSonto Legazi ne-October Manifesto
- 1914 IRashiya ingena ePini yePhasi yokuThoma
- Mar 1917 Umvukela kaFebruwari: uTsar Nicholas II ubeka phasi isihlalo sobukhosi
- Nov 1917 Umvukela ka-Oktoba: amaBolshevik athatha amandla
- 1918-21 IPi yamaKhaya ne-War Communism
- 1922-24 I-USSR yasungulwa; uLenin uyahlongakala (1924)
- 1928 UStalin uba nesandla; iHlelo lokuthoma leeMinyaka emiHlanu liyathoma
- 1932-33 Indlala (Holodomor)
- 1936-38 I-Great Purge
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa isahluko lesi ukuhlanganisa ukulandelana kwesikhathi kwaso soke isahluko ngaphambi kwemibuzo yokubuyekeza. Bawa abafundi bona bakhombe iindawo zokutjhentjha begodu bahlanganise iinkambiso ngeengaba ezintathu: ukuwa kobuTsar, ukuthathwa nokuqiniswa kwamandla maBolshevik, kanye netjhugululo kaStalin. Qinisa iphuzu lekhalenda leJulian-ku-Gregorian ngoFebruwari no-Oktoba.
Esikufundileko
Eminyakeni engamatjhumi amane iRashiya yasuka embusweni wobushiqela bakaTsar yaya embusweni onamandla wobuKhomanisi - yatjhentjhwa ngeendleko ezikhulu ebantwini.
Ihlelo lakaTsar ladilika ngaphasi komthwalo wokungalingani, ubushiqela nomthwalo weePi yePhasi yokuThoma. AmaBolshevik athatha abamba amandla, begodu ngaphasi kukaStalin i-USSR yakha iimboni ngokurhaba nge-collectivisation namaHlelo weeMinyaka emiHlanu - imisebenzi esithuthunjelwe yindlala, ubutjhijilo nobushiqela.
Q. Hlathulula bona kubayini umbuso kaTsar wadilika ngo-1917. Sebenzisa imbangela zesikhathi eside nomthelela weePi yePhasi yokuThoma. (8 marks)
Q. AmaBolshevik akghona njani ukuthatha nokubamba amandla phakathi kwaka-1917 no-1921? (6 marks)
Q. 'UStalin watjhugulula i-USSR, kodwana ngeendleko eziphakeme khulu ebantwini.' Uyavumelana? Sekela ipendulo yakho ngobufakazi. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Phetha ngokubuyela embuzweni oyihloko wesahluko kanye nomongo wetjhugululo eneendleko. Imibuzo emithathu iyakhula ngezinga lokucabanga bona ihlangane nokulindeleko kwe-CAPS FET: ihlathululo yembangela, ukuhlaziya ukuqiniswa kwamandla, kanye nesahlulelo esinjenge-eseyi esifuna umbono osekelwe kuhle. Khuthaza abafundi bona basebenzise ubufakazi obuqondileko begodu balinganise kokubili imisebenzi neendleko.
- Grade
- Grade 11
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Communism in Russia 1900-1940
- Resource type
- Presentation