Ubukomanisi eRashiya, 1900-1940
Indlela ubukhosi obukhulu babantu abangamaphandle (abalimi) obabulawulwa yiTsar (uKumkani) obaba lelona lizwe lokuqala lobukomanisi emhlabeni - kwaye ngaliphi na ixabiso lobomi babantu.
Speaker notes
Beka phambili umbuzo ophambili weyunithi: yaba njani kwaye kwakutheni ukuze iRashiya isuke kulawulo lobukhosi olungqongqo lwabaTsar iye kuma njengelizwe lobukomanisi lweqela elinye kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini nje? Bonisa kuqala iinqanaba ezintathu abafundi abaza kuzihlalutya - ukudilika kolawulo lweTsar, ukuthatha kwamaBolshevik amandla nokuwaqinisa, kunye nokuguqula kukaStalin i-USSR. Khumbuza abafundi ukuba balinganise zombini izithembiso zoguqulo namaxabiso alo.
IRashiya yeTsar malunga no-1900
Ubukhosi obulawulwa ngumntu omnye apho iqaqobana lezinhanha law lalibambe amandla phezu kwabantu abahluphekayo, ubuninzi babo bengabalimi.
IRashiya yayilawulwa ngumlawuli oyedwa (autocrat), uTsar uNicholas II wolibo lwabakwaRomanov, owayebanga amandla apheleleyo athi awanikwa nguThixo kwaye ongaphenduli kwipalamente. Uluntu lwalungalingani kakhulu: iqaqobana lezikhulu kunye nodidi oluphakathi olukhulayo lwalungaphezu kwezigidi zabalimi abahluphekileyo kunye nodidi lwabasebenzi olutsha lwasedolophini.
- Malunga ne-80% yabemi babengabalimi, uninzi lwabo lusahlwempuzekile nangona amakhoboka akhululwa ngo-1861.
- Ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwezimbono kwenza izixeko ezixineneyo kunye neemeko ezinzima zokusebenza ezifektri.
- Amapolisa ayimfihlo (i-Okhrana) kunye nokucinywa kweendaba (censorship) kwathulisa uchasaniso lwezopolitiko.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa ungxamiseko olwenza iRashiya ingazinzanga: ulawulo lomntu omnye olungenandlela esemthethweni yokuvakalisa ukungoneliseki, ubuninzi obukhulu babalimi abahluphekileyo abalambele umhlaba, kunye nodidi lwabasebenzi bezimbono olukhulayo kodwa olunolwaphulo. Le yingcinezelo abavukeli abaya kuyisebenzisa kamva. Yazisa igama elithi ulawulo lomntu omnye (autocracy) ulithelekise norhulumente osekwe kumgaqo-siseko.
Iingcamango zoguqulelo
Uchasaniso noTsar lwalusekelwe kwiingcamango-mbono ezikhuphisanayo, ngokukodwa uMarxism.
UMarxism
UKarl Marx wathi imbali iqhutywa lidabi lodidi kwaye abasebenzi (i-proletariat, uluntu lwabasebenzi) baya kubhukuqa udidi lwabaninizimbono (lobungxowankulu).
AmaBolshevik
Iphiko elingqongqo elalikhokelwa nguLenin elalifuna iqela eliququzelelwe ngokungqongqo ukuze lithathele abasebenzi amandla.
AmaMenshevik
Iphiko lamaMarx elithe qelele elalikholelwa ukuba iRashiya kufuneka iqale idlule kubungxowankulu, ngeqela elibanzi ngakumbi.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuba iRussian Social Democratic Labour Party yahlukana ngo-1903 yangamaBolshevik (akhokelwa nguLenin) namaMenshevik. Gcina umahluko ulula kodwa uchanekile: omabini ayengamaMarx, kodwa ayengavumelani ngesakhiwo seqela nangokukhawuleza kokuza koguqulelo. Lo mahluko ubalulekile ngenxa yokuba ngamaBolshevik athatha amandla ekugqibeleni ngo-1917.
Uguqulelo lwango-1905
Ukoyiswa emfazweni kunye nokubulawa kwababhikishi abanoxolo kwagungqisa igunya likaTsar.
Ukoyiswa okuhlazisayo kwiMfazwe yaseRashiya neJapan (1904-1905) kwandisa ukunganeliseki. NgeCawa Egazi (22 Januwari 1905) amajoni adubula ababhikishi abanoxolo ababecela kuTsar eSt Petersburg, abulala abaninzi. Uqhankqalazo, uvukelo lwamajoni kunye neenkundla zabasebenzi zokuqala, okanye ii-soviet, kwanwenwa kulo lonke ubukhosi.
- Ukuze asinde, uNicholas II wakhupha iOctober Manifesto ethembisa ipalamente (iDuma) kunye namalungelo oluntu.
- Emva kokuba ucwangco lubuyile, wabuya wazibamba ezi zithembiso wagcina amandla okwenene.
- Unyaka ka-1905 udla ngokubizwa 'ngokuzilolonga' koguqulelo lwango-1917.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa u-1905 ukubonisa ipateni: intlekele (imfazwe) kunye nesibangela (iCawa Egazi) kunye nobunzima boqoqosho kuvelisa isiphithiphithi esikhulu. Gxininisa ukuba uTsar wasinda kuphela ngokwenza izithembiso angazange azigcine, into eyamphulukanisa nesidima ngakumbi. Ii-soviet zivela apha okokuqala kwaye ziya kuphinda zibonakale ngo-1917, ngoko zibalasele.
IMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala noxinzelelo kwiRashiya
Imfazwe epheleleyo yabhenca ubuthathaka bombuso weTsar yaza yawuqhubela kwinqaba yokuqhekeka.
IRashiya yangena kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala ngo-1914. Imikhosi engaxhotyiswanga kakuhle yafumana amanxeba amaninzi, ngelixa ukunqongophala kokutya namafutha kubamba izixeko. UNicholas II wathatha ulawulo lomkhosi ngokwakhe emiyaleni, washiya urhulumente ezandleni zeTsarina Alexandra engathandwayo kunye nomcebisi ongenasidima uRasputin.
- Izigidi zamajoni zabulawa, zenzakala okanye zathinjwa.
- Ukwenyuka kwamaxabiso nokunqongophala kwabangela indlala kunye nemigca emide yesonka ePetrograd.
- Ekuqaleni kuka-1917 ukunyaniseka kuTsar kwakudilikile phakathi kwabasebenzi, amajoni nkqu nezikhulu.
Speaker notes
Beka iMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala njengesibangela esaguqula iingxaki ezingapheliyo zaba kukudilika okupheleleyo. Ingcamango ephambili kubafundi be-FET yimbangela: imfazwe ayizange iziveze iingxaki zaseRashiya kodwa yazandisa kakhulu yaza yamhlutha uTsar inkxaso yakhe eseleyo. Qaphela ukulahleka kokunyaniseka komkhosi - ngaphandle kwamajoni, umbuso wawungenako ukuzikhusela.
Ukuwa kukaTsar
NgoMatshi 1917 (uFebruwari ngekhalenda endala yaseRashiya) uqhankqalazo novukelo lwamajoni lwakhukulisa ubukhosi.
Uqhankqalazo lwesonka kunye noqhankqalazo ePetrograd lwakhula lwaba yimibhikisho emikhulu. Xa amajoni ala ukudubula izihlwele aza azihlanganisa nazo, umbuso waphulukana nolawulo. NgoMatshi 15 1917 (2 Matshi, ikhalenda endala) uNicholas II wakhwabulala (wanikezela ngobukhosi), waphelisa iminyaka engaphezu kwama-300 yolawulo lwakwaRomanov.
- URhulumente Wexeshana (Provisional Government) wabalinganandlela nabezopolitiko abathambileyo wathatha ulawulo.
- Ngaxeshanye iSoviet yasePetrograd yabasebenzi namajoni yayinempembelelo yokwenene.
- Le nkohliso yabizwa ngamaGunya Amabini (Dual Power) - amagunya amabini akhuphisanayo ukulawula.
Speaker notes
Cacisa ukudideka kwekhalenda kwasekuqaleni: iRashiya yayisebenzisa ikhalenda yeJulian, ngoko uGuqulelo 'lukaFebruwari' lwenzeka ngoMatshi ngekhalenda yethu, kunye noGuqulelo 'luka-Oktobha' ngoNovemba. Gxininisa ukuba uFebruwari yayilulwaqhwitho lwesininzi olwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo, hayi iyelenqe lamaBolshevik. Yazisa amaGunya Amabini ngocophelelo - achaza ukuba kwakutheni na uRhulumente Wexeshana ebuthathaka engahlali xesha lide.
ULenin namaBolshevik
ULenin wabuya ekubhacweni ephethe inkqubo ebukhali, elula eyayithetha kubantu ababediniwe yimfazwe belambile.
Uxolo, uMhlaba, neSonka. Isaqhwithi samaBolshevik, 1917
Ebuya ngo-Aprili 1917, uVladimir Lenin wayikhaba yonke intsebenziswano noRhulumente Wexeshana. Kwi-April Theses yakhe wafuna ukuphela ngoko nangoko kwemfazwe, umhlaba wabalimi, kunye 'noWonke Amandla kwii-Soviet'. Njengoko uRhulumente Wexeshana wayeqhubeka esilwa imfazwe, inkxaso yamaBolshevik yakhula.
- Isigqibo sikaRhulumente Wexeshana sokuqhubeka neMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala sasingathandwa kakhulu.
- ULenin wathembisa oko abantu babekufuna kakhulu: uxolo, umhlaba nokutya.
- AmaBolshevik aphumelela izininzi kwii-soviet zasePetrograd naseMoscow ngentwasahlobo ka-1917.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuba kwakutheni na amaBolshevik aphumelela apho uRhulumente Wexeshana wayesilela khona: anikeza izisombululo ezicacileyo, ezithandwayo kwimfazwe, indlala yomhlaba nokunqongophala kokutya, ngelixa uRhulumente Wexeshana wayeqhubeka esilwa imfazwe angenakuyoyisa. Isaqhwithi esithi 'Uxolo, uMhlaba, iSonka' ngumzekelo omhle wemiyalezo yezopolitiko - buza abafundi ukuba kwakutheni na igama ngalinye libalulekile kwiqela elithile.
AmaBolshevik athatha amandla
NgoNovemba 1917 (uOktobha ngekhalenda endala) amaBolshevik abhukuqa uRhulumente Wexeshana.
Kuququzelelwe kakhulu nguLeon Trotsky ngeKomiti Yoguqulelo Yezomkhosi yeSoviet yasePetrograd, abasebenzi abaxhobileyo, amajoni namatrosi (iRed Guards) athatha iindawo ezibalulekileyo ePetrograd aza angena kwiBhotwe Lasebusika (Winter Palace) nge7 Novemba 1917 (25 Oktobha, ikhalenda endala). URhulumente Wexeshana wawa kancinci nje kuchasene.
- AmaBolshevik akhupha imimiselo yoxolo neyomhlaba kamsinya nje.
- Oku kwakukuthatha kwamandla okuqeqeshiweyo, kungekuvukelo lwesininzi njengoFebruwari.
- IRashiya yaba lelona lizwe lokuqala emhlabeni elilawulwa egameni lobukomanisi.
Speaker notes
Zoba umahluko obalulekileyo: uFebruwari yayilulwaqhwitho olubanzi, olwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo lokudilika kobukhosi; uOktobha yayikukuthatha okucwangcisiweyo, okuququzelelwe ngokuqinileyo liqela lesininzi eliqeqeshiweyo. Nika uTrotsky udumo ngendima yakhe yokuququzelela. Qaphela ukuba ukuthatha amandla ePetrograd yayiyenye into - ukubamba amandla kwilizwe elikhulu, elahlukeneyo yayiya kuvuselela imfazwe yamakhaya enkohlakeleyo, islide elilandelayo.
IMfazwe Yamakhaya noBukomanisi Bemfazwe
AmaBolshevik aphumelela imfazwe yamakhaya etshabalalisayo kodwa ngexabiso elikhulu lobomi babantu.
Abachasi bamaBolshevik - amaMhlophe (Whites), umanyano oluxega lwabathanda ubukhosi, abalinganandlela nabezoshishino, oluxhaswa ngamagunya angaphandle - basilwa namaBolshevik aBomvu (Reds). UTrotsky wakha waza wakhokela uMkhosi Obomvu (Red Army). Ukuze awuxhase, urhulumente wamisela uBukomanisi Bemfazwe (War Communism), wathimba ingqolowa kubalimi walawula uqoqosho, ngelixa amapolisa ayimfihlo (iCheka) atshabalalisa uchasaniso ngo'Bugrogrisi Obubomvu' (Red Terror).
- UTsar wangaphambili nosapho lwakhe babulawa ngo-1918.
- Imfazwe, indlala nezifo zabulala izigidi phakathi kuka-1918 no-1921.
- ABomvu aphumelela ngo-1921, encediswa bubunye, ulawulo lweembombo namaloliwe, kunye nokungabikho bunye kwamaMhlophe.
Speaker notes
Phatha eli xesha lobundlobongela ngokunoxanduva: yiba nenyaniso ngobukhulu bokubandezeleka ngaphandle kokugxila kwiinkcukacha ezingafunekiyo. Chaza ukuba kwakutheni na aBomvu aphumelela - indawo esembindini, ulawulo lwamaloliwe nezimbono, umyalelo omnye phantsi kukaTrotsky, kunye nokungabikho bunye kwamaMhlophe. Yazisa uBukomanisi Bemfazwe kunye neCheka, ngenxa yokuba umsindo wabalimi ngokuthinjwa kwengqolowa ukhokelela ngqo kwiNEP kwislide elilandelayo.
INEP nokuzalwa kwe-USSR
ULenin wabuyela kuqoqosho oluxutyiweyo ukuze axhume, kwaza kwasekwa umanyano olutsha.
Emva kwendlala novukelo (kubandakanya novukelo lwamajoni lwaseKronstadt ngo-1921), uLenin wazisa uMgaqo-nkqubo Wezoqoqosho Omtsha (New Economic Policy, NEP) ngo-1921. Wavumela urhwebo oluncinci lwabucala waza wavumela abalimi bathengise ingqolowa esele, ngelixa urhulumente wagcina ulawulo lweshishino elikhulu. Ngo1922 kwasekwa ngokusesikweni iManyano Yeeriphabhlikhi ZezobuSoshiyali ZaseSoviet (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, USSR).
- INEP yayingumbandela oluqilima wokwakha kwakhona uqoqosho olwaphukileyo.
- Amanye amakomanisi ayingathandanga njengokurhoxa kubuSoshiyali.
- ULenin wasweleka ngoJanuwari 1924, engashiyanga mntu ozakuthatha indawo yakhe ngokucacileyo.
Speaker notes
Chaza iNEP njengokurhoxa okucwangcisiweyo: uLenin wamkela ubungxowankulu obulinganiselweyo ukuze asindise uguqulelo emva kweentlekele zoBukomanisi Bemfazwe. Qaphela ingxoxo eyavulwa yiyo ngaphakathi eqeleni malunga nokuba kufuneka kuncanywe kangakanani - ingxoxo uStalin noTrotsky abaya kulwa ngayo kamva. Ukusweleka kukaLenin engashiyanga mntu ubizwe ngegama ozakuthatha indawo kumisela umlo wamandla kwislide elilandelayo.
Ukunyuka kukaStalin emandleni
Umlawuli weqela othuleyo waqweqwedisa abakhuphisani bakhe ukuze abe yinkokeli eyodwa.
UJoseph Stalin, njengoNobhala Jikelele weqela, wayelawula ukumiswa kwezikhundla waza wakha uthungelwano lwamagosa anyanisekileyo. Edlala abakhuphisani omnye kwelinye, woyisa uLeon Trotsky owayenodumo ngakumbi, owagxothwa eqeleni waza kamva wabhaciswa wabulawa. Malunga no-1928 uStalin wayeyinkokeli engenampikiswano ye-USSR.
- UStalin waxhasa 'ubuSoshiyali kwiLizwe Elinye' (Socialism in One Country); uTrotsky wayethanda uguqulelo lwehlabathi lonke.
- Ulawulo lukaStalin komatshini weqela lwaba lithuba lakhe elibalulekileyo.
- Waza wasungula inkqubo enkulu yokuguqula uqoqosho lweSoviet.
Speaker notes
Lungisa isiphene esixhaphakileyo: uStalin waphumelela kungekuba wayengoyena uchule kwithiyori - uTrotsky wayenodumo ngakumbi - kodwa ngenxa yokuba wayelawula umatshini wolawulo weqela nokumiswa kwezikhundla. Chaza 'ubuSoshiyali kwiLizwe Elinye' kunye 'noguqulelo oluhlala luqhubeka' (permanent revolution) ngokulula. Misela ukusuka kwezopolitiko usiya kwezoqoqosho: uStalin ngoku uyayenza kwakhona uluntu lweSoviet ngenkani.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamasimi nokwenziwa kwezimbono
UStalin waqhubela ukwenziwa kwexesha langoku ngokukhawuleza ngeeZicwangciso Zeminyaka Emihlanu (Five-Year Plans) nokuhlanganiswa kwamasimi ngenkani.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa isakhiwo semihlathi emibini ukuvumela abafundi bathelekise amaphiko amabini oguqulelo lwezoqoqosho lukaStalin. Yiba nenyaniso ngokubaluleka kokuncama okuphambili kuhlalutyo lwe-CAPS: i-USSR yenza izimbono ngesantya esimangalisayo, esancedayo kamva ukuba isinde kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibini, kodwa oku kwafunyanwa ngonyanzelo, ukubandezeleka kwabaninzi kunye nendlala. Indlala e-Ukraine nakwezinye iindawo ngo-1932-1933 (iHolodomor) igqitywa kokulandelayo; iphathe ngononophelo.
Indlala, ubugrogrisi nolucoco
Ulawulo lukaStalin lwadibanisa ukwenziwa kwexesha langoku ngokukhawuleza nokucinezelwa kwabaninzi nokufa.
Indlala ka-1932-1933, embi kakhulu e-Ukraine (edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiHolodomor), yabulala izigidi. Ngexesha loLucoco Olukhulu (Great Purge) (1936-1938), uStalin wajika wabhekisa kwiqela lakhe, umkhosi noluntu: 'izityholo zomboniso' (show trials) zagweba amaBolshevik amadala, kwaza inani elikhulu labantu labulawa okanye lathunyelwa kwiinkampu zomsebenzi wenkani, i-Gulag.
- Uloyiko nokuxelelana kwasetyenziswa ukulawula abantu.
- Ukukhonzwa komntu (cult of personality) kwabonisa uStalin njengenkokeli esazi konke.
- Ngo-1940 i-USSR yayiseluqoqoshweni lwezimbono kakhulu kodwa iyinkohlakalo yolawulo lomntu omnye ecinezelayo.
Speaker notes
Esi sesona slide sinovakalelo - siphathe ngenyaniso ezolileyo nangentlonipho kumaxhoba, ugweme iinkcukacha ezinemifanekiso. Bonisa indlala nolucoco ngokwenyaniso njengexabiso lobomi babantu leendlela zikaStalin. Khuthaza abafundi be-FET ukuba babambe izinto ezibini kunye kuhlalutyo: inzuzo yezimbono neyemfundo yokwenene, kunye nokucinezelwa kwabaninzi nokufa. Qaphela ukuba iimbali-nzululwazi ziyaxoxa ngamanani nangobukhulu benjongo emva kwendlala.
IRashiya ne-USSR, 1900-1940
- 1905 UGuqulelo lwango-1905: iCawa Egazi kunye ne-October Manifesto
- 1914 IRashiya ingena kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala
- Mar 1917 UGuqulelo lukaFebruwari: uTsar Nicholas II uyakhwabulala
- Nov 1917 UGuqulelo luka-Oktobha: amaBolshevik athatha amandla
- 1918-21 IMfazwe Yamakhaya noBukomanisi Bemfazwe
- 1922-24 I-USSR yasekwa; uLenin uyasweleka (1924)
- 1928 UStalin ulawula; iSicwangciso Sokuqala Seminyaka Emihlanu siyaqala
- 1932-33 Indlala (iHolodomor)
- 1936-38 ULucoco Olukhulu
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa eli slide ukuhlanganisa ulandelelwano lwexesha lweyunithi iphela ngaphambi kwemibuzo yophononongo. Cela abafundi bakhombe amanqaku okuguquka baze bahlele iziganeko kumanqanaba amathathu: ukudilika kolawulo lweTsar, ukuthatha kwamaBolshevik amandla nokuwaqinisa, kunye nokuguqulwa kukaStalin. Qinisa inqaku lekhalenda yeJulian ukuya kweGregorian kuFebruwari noOktobha.
Esikufundileyo
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amane iRashiya yasuka kulawulo lweTsar yaya kuma njengelizwe elinamandla lobukomanisi - iguqulwe ngexabiso elikhulu lobomi babantu.
Inkqubo yeTsar yadilika phantsi kobunzima bokungalingani, ulawulo lomntu omnye kunye noxinzelelo lweMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala. AmaBolshevik athatha aza abamba amandla, kwaye phantsi kukaStalin i-USSR yenziwa izimbono ngokukhawuleza ngokuhlanganiswa kwamasimi neeZicwangciso Zeminyaka Emihlanu - impumelelo eyayithe zinzi yindlala, ubugrogrisi kunye nolawulo lomntu omnye.
Q. Chaza ukuba kwakutheni na umbuso weTsar udilika ngo-1917. Bhekisa kwiimbangela zexesha elide nempembelelo yeMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala. (8 marks)
Q. Akwazi njani amaBolshevik ukuthatha nokugcina amandla phakathi kuka-1917 no-1921? (6 marks)
Q. 'UStalin wayiguqula i-USSR, kodwa ngexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu lobomi babantu.' Uyavuma? Xhasa impendulo yakho ngobungqina. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngokubuyela kumbuzo ophambili weyunithi nakumxholo woguqulo ngexabiso. Le mibuzo mithathu inyuka kwimfuneko yengqiqo ukuhambelana neelindelo ze-CAPS FET: ingcaciso yembangela, uhlalutyo lokuqinisa amandla, kunye nesigwebo esinjengesincoko esifuna umgca wengxoxo oxhaswayo. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba basebenzise ubungqina obuthile baze balinganise zombini impumelelo namaxabiso.
- Grade
- Grade 11
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Communism in Russia 1900-1940
- Resource type
- Presentation