Bukhomunisi eRashiya, 1900-1940
Indlela umbuso lomkhulu wemalima lobewubuswa nguTsar loshintjuka waba live lekucala lebukhomunisi emhlabeni - futsi ngenani lelibitwe kubantfu.
Speaker notes
Beka umbuto losemcondvweni wale yunithi: yindlela leyini futsi kungani iRashiya yasuka kubukhosi lobubusa bodvwa (autocracy) yaya kuhulumeni webukhomunisi weliphathi linye kungakapheli neminyaka lengu-20? Bonisa kusengaphambili tigaba letintsatfu labafundzi labatawutihlatiya - kuwa kwebukhosi bemaTsar, kubanjwa nekucinisela kwemandla emaBolshevik, kanye nekuguculwa kwe-USSR nguStalin. Khumbuta bafundzi kutsi bakale titsembiso tenguquko kanye netindleko tayo.
IRashiya yemaTsar cishe ngo-1900
Umbuso lobubuswa bodvwa lapho licembu lelincane lelibalulekile beliphetse emandla etikwebantfu labaphuyile, lababemalima labanyenti.
IRashiya beyibuswa ngumbusi lobusa yedvwa (autocrat), uTsar Nicholas II wesive semaRomanov, lobabeka kutsi unemandla lapheleleko laphiwe nguNkulunkulu futsi bekangaphenduli kunhlangano yesive. Umphakatsi bewungalingani kakhulu: sigaba lesincane sebumphakatsi lobuphakeme kanye nesigaba lesikhulako sebumaphakatsi besihleli etikwetigidzi temalima labaphuyile kanye nesigaba lesisha sebasebenti basemadolobheni.
- Cishe emaphesenti langu-80 wesive bekungemalima, labanyenti basaphuyile kakhulu nangetulu kwekukhululwa kwetigcili nga-1861.
- Kwakhiwa kwetimboni ngesivinini kwenta emadolobha laphitizelako netimo letimatima etimbonini.
- Emaphoyisa lasitseka (i-Okhrana) nekuvinjelwa kwetindzaba kwathulisa baphikisi betepolitiki.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela kungatsembeki lokwenta iRashiya yanganeteki: kubusa bodvwa ngaphandle kwendlela lesemtsetfweni yekuveta kungeneliseki, sive lesikhulu semalima lesiphuyile lesilambele umhlaba, kanye nesigaba lesincane kodvwa lesinelulaka sebasebenti betimboni. Loku ngiko kucindzeteleka lokwatsi kamuva kwasetjentiswa bavukeli. Yetfula ligama lelitsi autocracy futsi ulicatsanise nahulumeni losekelwa mtsetfosisekelo.
Imibono yenguquko
Kuphikisa uTsar kwakhelwe etinkholelweni letincintisanako, ikakhulukati i-Marxism.
I-Marxism
UKarl Marx watsi umlando ushukunyiswa kuncintisana kwetigaba futsi basebenti (i-proletariat) bebatawuwisa sigaba sebongxiwankulu.
EmaBolshevik
Liciko lelinelulaka leliholwa nguLenin lelalifuna liphaphati lelihleleke kahle kutsi lidle emandla libaphe basebenti.
EmaMenshevik
Liciko le-Marxism lelizotsile lelalikholelwa kutsi iRashiya kufanele idlule ekubongxiwankulini kucala, ngeliphaphati lelibanti.
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi iRussian Social Democratic Labour Party yahlukana nga-1903 yaba ngemaBolshevik (aholwa nguLenin) nemaMenshevik. Yenta lomehluko ube lula kodvwa uliciniso: bobabili bebangema-Marxist, kodvwa bavumelana ngekwehluka ngesakhiwo seliphaphati nangekushesha kwenguquko. Lokuhlukana kubalulekile ngoba ngemaBolshevik latfola emandla nga-1917.
Inguquko ya-1905
Kwehlulwa emphini kanye nekubulawa kwebamashi labanelutsandvo kwatfindza igunya laTsar.
Kwehlulwa lokuhlazisako ku-Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) kwentsesa kungeneliseki. Nga-Bloody Sunday (22 Bhimbidvwane 1905) emasotja adubula bamashi labanelutsandvo lababenxusa uTsar eSt Petersburg, ababulala labanyenti. Kugcina umsebenti, kuhlubuka nemakhansela ekucala ebasebenti, lamatsi soviets, kwasakateka kuwo wonkhe umbuso.
- Kuze asindze, uNicholas II wakhipha i-October Manifesto letsembisa liphalamende (i-Duma) namalungelo esive.
- Ngenca yekutsi kuthula kwabuya, wabuye watfatsa lokwavunyelwana ngako wabambelela emandleni langempela.
- Nga-1905 kuvame kubitwa ngekutsi 'kuhlolisisa' kwenguquko ya-1917.
Speaker notes
Sebentisa nga-1905 kubonisa iphethini: inkinga (imphi) kanye nesisusa (Bloody Sunday) kanye nebunzima betfeconomy kudala kudungeka lokukhulu kwesive. Gcizelela kutsi uTsar wasindza kuphela ngekwenta titsembiso langazange atigcine, loku lokwamehlisa isitfunti lakenta. Ema-soviet avela lapha kwekucala futsi atawubuye avele nga-1917, ngako wagcizelele.
IMphi Yemhlaba Yekucala nekucindzeteleka kweRashiya
Imphi lepheleleko yaveta bubutsakatsaka bembuso wemaTsar wayigcogca yayifikisa esimeni sekudzabuka.
IRashiya yangena ku-Mphi Yemhlaba Yekucala (World War I) nga-1914. Emabutfo langakahlonyiswa kahle akhungetsa balimele labanyenti kakhulu, kanti kushoda kwekudla naketimoto tesibaso kwabamba emadolobha. UNicholas II watfatsa buholi bakhe ngekwakhe emphini, washiya hulumeni etandleni ta-Tsarina Alexandra longatsandvwa kanye nemeluleki longahlonipheki Rasputin.
- Tigidzi temasotja tabulawa, talimala kumbe tabanjwa.
- Kwenyuka kwemanani (inflation) nekushoda kwakubangela indlala nemilayini lemidze yesinkhwa e-Petrograd.
- Ngasekucaleni kwa-1917 kwetsembeka kuTsar kwase kudzabukile emkhatsini webasebenti, emasotja kanye netincutsi.
Speaker notes
Beka iMphi Yemhlaba Yekucala njengesisusa lesaguqula tinkinga letingapheli taba kuwa lokupheleleko. Umbono lomkhulu kubafundzi be-FET wubangelwa: imphi ayizange yidale tinkinga teRashiya kodvwa yatentesa kakhulu futsi yephuca uTsar kwesekelwa lokwakusele. Cabanga ngekulahleka kwekwetsembeka kwelibutfo - ngaphandle kwemasotja, umbuso bewungeke utivikele.
Kuwa kwaTsar
Nga-Indlovana 1917 (Bhimbidvwane ngekhalenda lakadzeni yeRashiya) kugcina umsebenti nekuhlubuka kwakhukhula bukhosi.
Imibhikisho yesinkhwa nekugcina umsebenti e-Petrograd kwakhula kwaba yimibhikisho lemikhulu. Nekwala emasotja kudubula sixuku futsi ahlanganyela naso, umbuso walahlekelwa kulawula. Nga-15 Indlovana 1917 (2 Bhimbidvwane, ngekhalenda lakadzeni) uNicholas II wesula esikhundleni, agcina kubusa kwemaRomanov lokwedlula iminyaka lengu-300.
- Hulumeni Wesikhashana (Provisional Government) webosopolitiki labazotsile watfatsa buholi.
- Ngaso leso sikhatsi iPetrograd Soviet yebasebenti nemasotja beyinetsonya lelikhulu.
- Loku kungenelana kwabitwa Emandla Lamabili (Dual Power) - tigunya letimbili letincintisanako kubusa.
Speaker notes
Cacisa kudideka kwekhalenda kusengaphambili: iRashiya beyisebentisa ikhalenda ye-Julian, ngako inguquko ya-'February' yenteka nga-March ngekhalenda yetfu, kanye nenguquko ya-'October' nga-November. Gcizelela kutsi u-February bekungukuvuka kwesive lokwativelela, hhayi luzungu lwemaBolshevik. Yetfula i-Dual Power ngekucophelela - iyachaza kutsi kungani hulumeni wesikhashana bekabutsakatsaka futsi bekaphila sikhashana.
ULenin nemaBolshevik
ULenin wabuya ekudingisweni nekuhlela lokucacile, lokulula lokwakhuluma esiveni lesikhatsele imphi, lesilambile.
Kuthula, Umhlaba, neSinkhwa. Isiqubulo semaBolshevik, 1917
Abuya nga-Mabasa 1917, Vladimir Lenin wala ngekuphelele kubambisana naHulumeni Wesikhashana. Ku-April Theses yakhe wafuna kuphela kwemphi ngekushesha, umhlaba webalimi, kanye 'nawo onkhe emandla kuma-Soviet'. Njengoba Hulumeni Wesikhashana achubeka nemphi, kwesekela emaBolshevik kwakhula.
- Sincumo saHulumeni Wesikhashana sekuchubeka nemphi Yemhlaba Yekucala besingatsandvwa nakancane.
- ULenin watsembisa loko sive lesasikufuna kakhulu: kuthula, umhlaba nekudla.
- EmaBolshevik atfola bunyenti kuma-soviet e-Petrograd ne-Moscow kuze kube ekwindla 1917.
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi kungani emaBolshevik aphumelela lapho Hulumeni Wesikhashana wehluleka khona: aveta emasu lacacile, latsandvwako emphini, kulambela umhlaba nekushoda kwekudla, kanti Hulumeni Wesikhashana wachubeka nemphi lengeke inqotjwe. Isiqubulo lesitsi 'Kuthula, Umhlaba, Sinkhwa' silibalo lelihle lekutfumela imilayeto yetepolitiki - buta bafundzi kutsi kungani ligama ngalinye libeka licembu lelitsite.
EmaBolshevik atfola emandla
Nga-November 1917 (October ngekhalenda lakadzeni) emaBolshevik awisa Hulumeni Wesikhashana.
Kuhlelwe ikakhulukati ngu-Leon Trotsky ngeMilitary Revolutionary Committee yePetrograd Soviet, basebenti labahlomile, emasotja nematilosi (ema-Red Guards) batfumba tindzawo letibalulekile e-Petrograd batfumba i-Winter Palace nga-7 November 1917 (25 October, ngekhalenda lakadzeni). Hulumeni Wesikhashana wawa ngekuphikisa lokuncane.
- EmaBolshevik akhipha imitsetfo yekuthula neyemhlaba masinyane.
- Loku bekukutfunjwa kwemandla lokuhleleke kahle, hhayi kuvukela kwesive njenga-February.
- IRashiya yaba live lekucala emhlabeni lelibuswa egameni lebukhomunisi.
Speaker notes
Dweba umehluko lobalulekile: u-February bekukuwa lokubanti, lokutivelela kwebukhosi; u-October bekukutfunjwa lokuhleliwe, lokuhleleke kahle liphaphati lelinelidzimbane lelincane. Nika uTrotsky sitfunti sekuhlela kwakhe. Cabanga kutsi kutfumba emandla e-Petrograd bekuyintfo yinye - kubamba emandla kuyo yonkhe indzawo lebanti, lehlukene kwakutawuvusa imphi yembango lelunya, iseshlayidi lelilandzelako.
Imphi Yembango neWar Communism
EmaBolshevik anqoba imphi yembango lelunya kodvwa ngenani lelikhulu lebantfu.
Baphikisi bemaBolshevik - ema-White, umfelandzawonye lokhululekile webalandzeli bebukhosi, bosopolitiki labazotsile kanye nema-socialist labancintisanako, labasekelwa emandla angaphandle - balwa nema-Bolshevik la-Red. UTrotsky wakha futsi wahola i-Red Army. Kuze ayihlomise, hulumeni wabeka i-War Communism, watfumba kolo kubalimi futsi walawula umnotho, kanti emaphoyisa lasitsekile (Cheka) achoboza baphikisi nge-'Red Terror'.
- UTsar wangaphambilini nemndeni wakhe babulawa nga-1918.
- Imphi, indlala netifo tabulala tigidzi emkhatsini wa-1918 na-1921.
- Ema-Red anqoba nga-1921, asitwa bunye, kulawula liphakatsi netiporo, kanye nekwehlukana kwema-White.
Speaker notes
Phatsa lesikhatsi sebudlova ngekutsembeka: yiba neliciniso ngebukhulu bekuhlupheka ngaphandle kwekuchubeka ngemininingwane lengadzingeki. Chaza kutsi kungani ema-Red anqoba - indzawo lesetulu, kulawula titiporo netimboni, kuhola kunye ngaphansi kukaTrotsky, kanye nekwehlukana kwema-White. Yetfula i-War Communism neCheka, ngoba lulaka lwebalimi ngenca yekutfunjwa kwekolo lubangela i-NEP kuseshlayidi lelilandzelako.
I-NEP nekutalwa kwe-USSR
ULenin wahlehla waya emnotfweni loxubile kuze avuselele, futsi kwakhiwa inhlangano lensha.
Ngemuva kwendlala nekuhlubuka (kufaka ekhatsi nekuhlubuka kwa-1921 e-Kronstadt), uLenin wetfula i-New Economic Policy (NEP) nga-1921. Yavumela kuhwebelana lokuncane kwangasese futsi yavumela balimi bathengise kolo lolinyenti, kanti umbuso wagcina kulawula timboni letinkhulu. Nga-1922 kwasungulwa ngokusemtsetfweni i-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
- I-NEP bekuyisivumelwano lesisebentako sekwakha kabusha umnotfo lowawohlokile.
- Lamanye emakhomunisi awutsandzako njengekuhlehla kubu-socialism.
- ULenin washona ngoBhimbidvwane 1924, angashiyi umlandzeli locacile.
Speaker notes
Chaza i-NEP njengekuhlehla lokuhleleke: uLenin wemukela kubongxiwankulu lokuncane kuze asindzise inguquko ngemuva kwetinhlekelele te-War Communism. Cabanga ingcikitsi levulwe ngiyo eliphaphatini mayelana nekutsi kufanele kuze kufike kuphi kuyekethisa - ingcikitsi labeyawulwa nguStalin naTrotsky kamuva. Kufa kwaLenin ngaphandle kwemlandzeli lobekiwe kubeka umbango wemandla eseshayidini lelilandzelako.
Kukhula kwaStalin emandleni
Umphatsi weliphaphati lothulile wehlula bancintisani bakhe waba ngumholi yedvwa.
Joseph Stalin, njengoNobhala Jikelele weliphaphati, walawula tikhundla futsi wakha inethiweki yetisebenti letetsembekile. Adlalisa bancintisani abancintisanisa, wehlula Leon Trotsky lodvwumako, lo lo waye lakhishwa eliphaphatini kamuva lakhishwa lakabulawa. Cishe nga-1928 uStalin bekasengumholi longenakuphikwa we-USSR.
- UStalin wafuna 'iSocialism eLiveni Linye'; uTrotsky wafuna inguquko yembulunga wonkhe.
- Kulawula kwaStalin umshini weliphaphati kwaba yinzuzo yakhe lebalulekile.
- Wabe wetfula uhlelo lolubukhali lwekuguqula umnotfo waseSoviet.
Speaker notes
Lungisa umbono lophosisako lovamile: uStalin wanqoba hhayi ngoba abengumtseleli lohlakaniphe kunabo bonkhe - uTrotsky abedvwuma kakhulu - kodvwa ngoba abelawula umshini wekuphatsa weliphaphati netikhundla. Chaza 'iSocialism eLiveni Linye' kucatsaniswa 'nenguquko lengapheli' ngendlela lelula. Beka kuchutjwa kwepolitiki kuya kutfoconomy: uStalin manje wakha kabusha umphakatsi waseSoviet ngemandla.
Collectivisation nokwakhiwa kwetimboni
UStalin washukumisa kubanjululwa ngesivinini ngeFive-Year Plans nekulima lokuhlanganyele ngendlulisela.
Speaker notes
Sebentisa isakhiwo semakholomu lamabili kuvumela bafundzi bacatsanise ticaba letimbili tenguquko yetfomnotfo kaStalin. Yiba neliciniso ngekushintjana lokusemcondvweni wekuhlatiya kwe-CAPS: i-USSR yakha timboni ngesivinini lesimangalisako, lokwatsi kamuva kwayisita kutsi isindze eMphini Yemhlaba Yesibili, kodvwa loku kwatfolakala ngekuphocelela, kuhlupheka lokukhulu nendlala. Indlala e-Ukraine naletinye tindzawo nga-1932-1933 (i-Holodomor) iyacaciswa ngalapha; iphatse ngekucophelela.
Indlala, kwesabisa nekuhlanjululwa
Kubusa kwaStalin kwahlanganisa kubanjululwa ngesivinini nekucindzetela lokukhulu nekufa.
Indlala ya-1932-1933, lebeyibaka kakhulu e-Ukraine (levame kubitwa iHolodomor), yabulala tigidzi. Ngesikhatsi se-Great Purge (1936-1938), uStalin waphendukela liphaphati lakhe, libutfo nemphakatsi wakhe: ema-'show trial' alahla emaBolshevik lamadzala, futsi bunyenti bebantfu babulawa kumbe batfunyelwa emakampu emsebenti lophocelelwe, i-Gulag.
- Kwesaba nekuceba kwasetjentiswa kulawula sive.
- Inkolelo yebuntfu (cult of personality) yaveta uStalin njengemholi lohlakaniphe konkhe.
- Ku-1940 i-USSR beyilelive lelinetimboni letinyenti kodvwa libuso lelicindzetela kakhulu.
Speaker notes
Lesi ngiseshayidi lesibucayi kakhulu - siphatse ngekutsembeka lokuzotsile nenhlonipho yebantfu labashonako, ugweme imininingwane lesabekako. Yetfula indlala nekuhlanjululwa ngekweliciniso njengenani lebantfu lemasu kaStalin. Khutsata bafundzi be-FET kutsi babambe emaciniso lamabili ndzawonye ekuhlatiyeni: kutfola kweliciniso kwetimboni nekwemfundvo, kanye nekucindzetela lokukhulu nekufa. Cabanga kutsi bacwaningi bemlandvo baphikisana ngetibalo nangelizinga lenhloso ngendlala.
IRashiya ne-USSR, 1900-1940
- 1905 Inguquko ya-1905: Bloody Sunday ne-October Manifesto
- 1914 IRashiya ingena eMphini Yemhlaba Yekucala
- Mar 1917 Inguquko ya-February: uTsar Nicholas II uyesula esikhundleni
- Nov 1917 Inguquko ya-October: emaBolshevik atfola emandla
- 1918-21 Imphi Yembango ne-War Communism
- 1922-24 I-USSR yasungulwa; uLenin washona (1924)
- 1928 UStalin ubusa; iFive-Year Plan yekucala iyacala
- 1932-33 Indlala (Holodomor)
- 1936-38 IGreat Purge
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lesi seshayidi kuhlanganisa lonkhe uchungechunge lwesikhatsi lwale yunithi ngaphambi kwemibuto yekubuyeketa. Buta bafundzi kutsi bakhombe timphambukiswa futsi bahlukanise tehlakalo tibe tigaba letintsatfu: kuwa kwebukhosi bemaTsar, kutfumba nekucinisela kwemaBolshevik, kanye nekuguqula kwaStalin. Cinisa umbono wekhalenda ye-Julian kuya ku-Gregorian ngo-February no-October.
Loko lesikufundzile
Eminyakeni lengu-40 iRashiya yasuka ebukhosini bemaTsar yaya kubukhomunisi lobunemandla - yaguculwa ngenani lelikhulu lebantfu.
Uhlelo lwemaTsar lwawa ngesisindvo sekungalingani, kubusa bodvwa nekucindzeteleka kweMphi Yemhlaba Yekucala. EmaBolshevik atfumba futsi abamba emandla, futsi ngaphansi kukaStalin i-USSR yakha timboni ngesivinini ngeCollectivisation neFive-Year Plans - kutfola lokwasitfwakaliswa yindlala, kwesabisa nembuso wekubusa bodvwa.
Q. Chaza kutsi kungani umbuso wemaTsar wawa nga-1917. Bhekisela etisusa tesikhatsi lesidze nemtselela weMphi Yemhlaba Yekucala. (8 marks)
Q. EmaBolshevik akwatsa kanjani kutfumba nekubamba emandla emkhatsini wa-1917 na-1921? (6 marks)
Q. 'UStalin waguqula i-USSR, kodvwa ngenani lelikhulu kakhulu kubantfu.' Uyavumelana? Sekela imphendvulo yakho ngebufakazi. (10 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngekubuyela kumbuto losemcondvweni wale yunithi kanye nengcikitsi yekuguquka ngenani. Lemibuto lemitsatfu ikhula ngesidzingo sekucabanga kuze ihambisane netilindzelo te-CAPS FET: kuchaza kwesisusa, kuhlatiya kwekucinisela kwemandla, kanye nesehlulelo lesinjenge-essay lesidzinga umcondvo losekelwe kahle. Khutsata bafundzi kutsi basebentise bufakazi lobucacile futsi bakale kokubili kutfola netindleko.
- Grade
- Grade 11
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Communism in Russia 1900-1940
- Resource type
- Presentation