Imibono Ngobuhlanga Ngasekupheleni Kwekhulu le-19 Nakwele-20
Indlela abelungu baseYurophu abaqamba ngayo isayensi engamanga 'yobuhlanga', nendlela leyo mibono eyaguqulwa ngayo yaba yimithetho, ama-empire, futhi ekugcineni, ukuqothulwa kohlanga (genocide).
Speaker notes
Qala ngokwenza kucace impikiswano eyinhloko yesihloko sonke: 'uhlanga' akulona iqiniso lebhayoloji kodwa uwumbono wenhlalo nowezombusazwe owakhiwa abantu, ikakhulukazi ukuze bafakazele amandla nokungalingani. Bonisa umzila wesifundo - ukuhlukanisa ngezigaba, bese kuba yisayensi engamanga (Social Darwinism, eugenics), bese kuba yinqubomgomo nodlame (ukuqothulwa kohlanga ngobukoloni, iNazi Germany, nezixhumanisi neNingizimu Afrika). Misa umbuzo wokuhlaziya wezinga le-FET: imibono iba yimiphumela kanjani?
Sisho ukuthini ngokuthi 'uhlanga'?
Isayensi yanamuhla iyavuma ukuthi asikho isisekelo sebhayoloji sokuhlukanisa isintu sibe 'yizinhlanga' ezehlukene.
Uhlanga (irasi) yindlela yokuhlanganisa abantu ngezimpawu zomzimba njengombala wesikhumba. Kubonakala kungokwemvelo, kodwa kuyinto eyakhiwe umphakathi - umbono owadalwa yimiphakathi, hhayi iqiniso elitholakala kwibhayoloji. Abantu babelana ngaphezu kuka-99.9% we-DNA yabo, futhi mningi kakhulu umehluko wofuzo ngaphakathi kwanoma iliphi iqembu okuthiwa lelohlanga kunowo phakathi kwamaqembu.
- Ubandlululo ngobuhlanga (racism) yinkolelo yokuthi la maqembu angahlelwa ngezinga, amanye 'ephakeme' kunamanye.
- Ngeminyaka yawo-1800, abaseYurophu bayembathisa le nkolelo ngolimi lwesayensi.
- Lolu bandlululo 'lwesayensi' lwabe selusetshenziswa ukufakazela ubugqila, ubukhosi bama-empire, kamuva, nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi.
Speaker notes
Hlukanisa ngokucacile amagama amathathu abafundi okungamele bawadidanise: uhlanga (isigaba), ubandlululo ngobuhlanga (uhlelo lwenkolelo yokuhlela ngezinga), nobandlululo lwesayensi/oluzenza olwesayensi (umzamo wokufakazela lokho kuhlela ngesayensi). Gcizelela ukuthi ukubiza uhlanga ngokuthi 'yinto eyakhiwe umphakathi' akusho ukuthi ubandlululo yinto engekho - imiphumela yalo iyiqiniso elingakuhlulwa. Chaza ukuthi kungani isayensi yayikhanga emaqenjini anamandla: yenza ukungalingani kubukeke kungokwemvelo kunokuba kuyinto ekhethiwe.
Ukuhlukanisa isintu ngezigaba
Ososayensi bemvelo baseYurophu baqala ukuhlukanisa abantu babenze izinhlobo ezingaguquki - bebahlela ngezinga ngokungananazi.
Ngesikhathi se-Enlightenment, ososayensi bazama ukuhlukanisa zonke izinto eziphilayo ngezigaba. U-Carl Linnaeus (1735) no-Johann Blumenbach (1795) bahlukanisa abantu babenza 'izinhlobo' ezimbalwa ngokususela embaleni wesikhumba nesimo sogebhezi lwekhanda. U-Blumenbach waqamba igama elithi Caucasian futhi, okubalulekile, wabeka abaseYurophu esicongweni sohlelo lwakhe.
- Ukuhlukanisa ngezigaba kwakubukeka kungakhethi, kodwa kwakhela phakathi uhlelo lwezinga olwenza abaseYurophu babe yisibonelo esiphelele.
- Lezi zigaba zabunjwa yinkathi yobugqila neyokwanda kwama-empire.
- Abacabangi bakamuva baphatha lezi zinhlobo eziqanjiwe sengathi zaziqinile futhi zingokwemvelo.
Speaker notes
Yenza kubonakale isinyathelo esifihlekile: ukuhlukanisa (ukuhlela izinhlobo) kwashelela kwaba uhlelo lwezinga (ukuhlela ngokubaluleka) ngaphandle kobufakazi bokuhlela. U-Blumenbach uqobo wayehlela ngezinga kancane kunalabo abamsebenzisayo, kodwa abalandeli bakhe baziqinisa izigaba zakhe - lesi yisibonelo esihle sokuthi isayensi ingagotshwa kanjani ukuze isize ukucwasa. [SME] Qinisekisa izinsuku/imininingwane eqondile (Linnaeus 1735 Systema Naturae; Blumenbach 1795 uhlelo) uqhathanise ne-athikili ye-SAHO ngaphambi kokukhiqiza.
Ubandlululo 'lwesayensi'
Ukulinganisa ogebhezi lwamakhanda nemizimba ukuze 'kufakazelwe' uhlelo lwezinga olwaselunqunyiwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ngeminyaka yawo-1800, abacwasi ngobuhlanga basebenzisa amathuluzi afana ne-craniometry (ukulinganisa usayizi wogebhezi lwekhanda) ne-phrenology (ukufunda amagoqo ekhanda) ukuze bathi amanye amaqembu ahlakaniphe kunamanye. Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi ubandlululo obuzenza olwesayensi ngoba babusebenzisa isimo sesayensi kuyilapho benganaki indlela efanele - abacwaningi babefuna ubufakazi obuqinisekisa lokho ababekade sebekukholelwa.
- Idatha yayikhethwa, ifundwe ngendlela engalungile noma iqanjwe ukuze isekele ukuphakama kwabaseYurophu.
- Isiphetho (uhlelo lwezinga lobuhlanga) sasithathwa ngaphambi kokuba 'ucwaningo' luqale.
- Kwanika ubugqila, ukunqotshwa ngobukoloni, nokwehlukaniswa kwabantu isizathu esihloniphekile, 'esisesayensi'.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela inkinga yendlela, ngoba iyinhliziyo yalo mqondo: isayensi engamanga ihlehlisela emuva inqubo yesayensi ngokuqala ngempendulo bese ifuna ukusekelwa. I-craniometry (isibonelo, iqoqo logebhezi lwamakhanda labacwaningi abanjengo-Samuel Morton) kamuva yabonakala igcwele ukukhetha nokuphutha. Xhumanisa nekhono le-FET lokuhlola ukuthembeka kwemithombo - laba 'kwakuyizazi' okwasetshenziswa kabi igunya lazo.
Social Darwinism
Ukugoqa injulalwazi emayelana nemvelo kube yisizathu senkohlakalo yabantu.
Incwadi ka-Charles Darwin ethi On the Origin of Species (1859) yachaza indlela izinhlobo zezidalwa ezishintsha ngayo ngokukhethwa kwemvelo. Abanye - ikakhulukazi u-Herbert Spencer, owaqamba ibinzana elithi survival of the fittest (ukusinda kwabanamandla kakhulu) - bakusebenzisa ngendlela engalungile emiphakathini yabantu. I-Social Darwinism yayithi izizwe ezicebile, izigaba, 'nezinhlanga' zaziphethe ngoba zaziphakeme ngokwemvelo.
- Yayibonisa ukungalingani nobubha njengokungokwemvelo ngisho nokudingekayo.
- Yayifakazela ubuqhosha (imperialism): ukunqoba kwakuchazwa 'njengabanamandla' behlula 'ababuthakathaka' emncintiswaneni.
- Ibhayoloji ka-Darwin yasonteka; wayengasho ukuthi abanye abantu kufanele babuse abanye.
Speaker notes
Yiba nokunemba kubafundi be-FET: i-Social Darwinism ukusetshenziswa okungalungile kuka-Darwin, hhayi umbono ka-Darwin uqobo (ugibe olujwayelekile ezivivinyweni). U-Spencer, hhayi u-Darwin, owaqamba u-'survival of the fittest'. Umsebenzi oyinhloko walo mbono wawuwumbono wezombusazwe - wenza ukwakhiwa kwama-empire aseYurophu nokungalingani okunzima kwezomnotho kubukeke njengemithetho yemvelo okungekho owayengayimelana nayo noma okwakufanele ayimelane nayo.
Eugenics
Uma umphakathi ungakwazi ukukhulisa izitshalo nezinkomo ezingcono, kutsho abanye, kungani ungakhuliseli abantu 'abangcono'?
I-Eugenics (evela esiGrikini lisho 'ozalwe kahle') yaqanjwa u-Francis Galton, umzala ka-Darwin, ngo-1883. Yayihlose 'ukuthuthukisa' isibalo sabantu ngokukhuthaza 'abafanele' ukuba babe nezingane (i-eugenics eqondile) nokuvimba 'abangafanele' ekwenzeni njalo (i-eugenics engalungile) - ngokwehlukanisa abantu, ukuvimbela imishado, nokuthena ngenkani (forced sterilisation).
- 'Abangafanele' babechazwa ukuthi bahlanganisa abampofu, abakhubazekile, abagula ngokwengqondo, nabantu abangebona abamhlophe.
- Yaguqula ubandlululo obuzenza olwesayensi baba uhlelo lokwenza kukahulumeni.
- Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1900, i-eugenics yayivamile futhi ihlonishwa eYurophu nase-USA.
Speaker notes
Lesi yisilayidi esiphenduka: i-eugenics yilapho imibono eyingozi iba khona amasu okwenza kukahulumeni ngokumelene nabantu bangempela. Qaphela ukuthi i-eugenics yayingeyona inkolelo yasemaphethelweni - yayifundiswa emanyuvesi ahamba phambili futhi isekelwa ososayensi abahloniphekile, osopolitiki, nabaguquli emikhakheni yonke yezombusazwe. Yilokho kuhlonipheka ngempela okwayenza yaba yingozi kangaka. Bonisela ukuthi izilayidi ezimbili ezilandelayo zibonisa i-eugenics ifakwa emthethweni.
I-Eugenics e-United States
IMelika yaba yizwe lokuqala ukuguqula i-eugenics ibe yinqubomgomo kahulumeni yesikali esikhulu.
Kusukela ngo-1907, izifundazwe zase-US zaphasisa imithetho yokuthena ngenkani abantu ababethathwa 'njengabangafanele'. Ecaleni lango-1927 elithi Buck v. Bell, iNkantolo Ephakeme yavuma ukuthena, ijaji u-Oliver Wendell Holmes ebhala umusho odumile ngokubi othi, 'Izizukulwane ezintathu zeziphukuphuku zanele.' Izinkulungwane ngezinkulungwane zabaseMelika zathenwa ngaphandle kwemvume, futhi u-Immigration Act wango-1924 wasebenzisa umcabango we-eugenics ukuvimbela amaqembu 'angafiseleki'.
- Abahlukumezekile ngokweqile babengabampofu, abakhubazekile, nabavela emiphakathini emincane.
- I-eugenics yase-US yayixhaswa ngezimali, ihlelekile, futhi incomeka emhlabeni wonke.
- Ososayensi bobuhlanga baseGermany bayifunda ngokusondelene imithetho yaseMelika njengesibonelo.
Speaker notes
Isifundo esibalulekile ukuthi indlela eyaholela ezenzweni ezimbi zamaNazi ayiqalanga eGermany. I-USA, intando yeningi, yaba ngeyokuqala ukusungula inqubomgomo ye-eugenics ephoqayo, futhi ababhali bomthetho bamaNazi bacaphuna obala imithetho yaseMelika lapho bebhala eyabo. Phatha ngokucophelela lokhu okucashunwe kwe-Buck v. Bell - kubize njengeqiniso lomlando elihlazisayo, hhayi njengesithuko sokuphinda ngokungananazi. [SME] Qinisekisa isamba sabathenwe (okuvame ukushiwo njengaphezu kuka-60,000 kulo lonke ikhulu le-20) nesimangalo 'somthetho wokuqala' wango-1907 wase-Indiana uqhathanise nomthombo we-SAHO ngaphambi kokukhiqiza.
Ubukoloni nokuqothulwa kohlanga lwamaHerero namaNama
E-German South West Africa (namuhla iNamibia), imibono yobuhlanga yaveza lokho abaningi abakubiza ngokuqothulwa kohlanga kokuqala kwekhulu le-20.
Lapho abantu bama-Herero nama-Nama bevukela ukubusa kobukoloni baseGermany, uJenene u-Lothar von Trotha wakhipha umyalo wokuqothula (1904). Abasinda baxoshelwa ehlane noma emakamu okuhlushwa (concentration camps), lapho izinkulungwane zafela khona. Ogebhezi lwamakhanda abafileyo lwathunyelwa eGermany ukuze lusetshenziswe ocwaningweni 'lwesayensi yobuhlanga'.
- Izazi-mlando zilinganisela ukuthi cishe ama-Herero angu-65,000 nama-Nama angu-10,000 abulawa.
- Injulalwazi yobuhlanga yaguqula ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi kwaba 'ukususwa kwemvelo' kwabantu 'abaphansi'.
- Imibono efanayo yamakamu nohlelo lwezinga lobuhlanga yayizophinda ivele eYurophu emashumini eminyaka kamuva.
Speaker notes
Lesi silayidi sisekela imibono engabambeki esenzweni esimbi esibambekayo esinobuhlobo obuqondile nesifunda saseNingizimu Afrika (iNamibia yayiphethwe yiNingizimu Afrika ingxenye enkulu yekhulu le-20). Gcizelela imininingwane ethusayo yogebhezi lwamakhanda olwathunyelwa ocwaningweni lobuhlanga - kukhombisa isayensi engamanga nodlame lwabantu abaningi kondlana. Dweba umugqa oqhubekayo ocacile oya kwiNazi Germany ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa lezi zehlakalo ezimbili zibe yinye. [SME] Indlela yokuchaza ethi 'ukuqothulwa kohlanga kokuqala kwekhulu le-20' nezibalo zabafileyo kusetshenziswa kabanzi kodwa kuphikisana ngobubanzi; qinisekisa uqhathanise ne-athikili ye-SAHO yeHerero Revolt.
'Uhlanga oluphakeme' lwamaNazi
AmaNazi akha umbuso wonke uzungeza isayensi engamanga 'yohlanga oluphakeme lwama-Aryan'.
Ngemva kuka-1933, iNazi Germany yenza uhlelo lwezinga lobuhlanga lwaba yisisekelo somthetho. Baqamba uhlanga oluphakeme lwama-Aryan (Herrenvolk) futhi bachaza amaJuda, amaRoma, abantu abaMnyama, nabanye 'njengezitha' eziphansi. Imithetho yeNuremberg (1935) yaphuca amaJuda ubuzwe futhi yavimbela imishado phakathi kwamaJuda namanye amaGerman - iguqula ubandlululo obuzenza olwesayensi bube yizinhlelo zomthetho zokukhipha abantu.
- Umthetho wango-1933 wavumela ukuthenwa ngenkani 'kwabangafanele ngokofuzo', okulandela i-eugenics yase-US.
- Inkulumo-ze (propaganda), izikole, nesayensi konke kwakufundisa ukuhlelwa ngezinga kobuhlanga njengeqiniso.
- Ukukhishwa kwanda kancane kancane: kusukela ebuzweni, kuya empahleni, kuya kuyo impilo uqobo.
Speaker notes
Bonisa abafundi indlela isihloko se-CAPS esifuna bayiqonde: imibono yobuhlanga iba 'yingxenye ebalulekile yenqubomgomo kahulumeni nomthetho'. Imithetho yeNuremberg yisibonelo esicace kakhulu - umthetho ochaza ukuthi ngubani obalwa njengomuntu ngokugcwele. Veza umugqa oqondile osuka esilayidini sangaphambili se-eugenics yase-US: umthetho wokuthena waseGermany wango-1933 wakhelwa ngokwengxenye phezu kwemithetho yaseMelika. Gcizelela indlela yokushushiswa eyanda kancane kancane - akuqalanga ngokubulala, kwaqala ngamaphepha.
IHolocaust
Imfundiso yobuhlanga yagcina ngokubulawa okuhlelekile, kwezimboni, kwezigidi zabantu.
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili, umbuso wamaNazi wenza i-Holocaust - ukubulawa okwenziwa ngamabomu, okuhleliwe, kwabantu abangaba yizigidi eziyisithupha zamaJuda, kanye namaRoma, abantu abakhubazekile, abaphikisi bezombusazwe, nabanye ababethathwa 'njengabangafanele ukuphila'. Lokhu kwakuyisiphetho esesabekayo sekhulu leminyaka lokucabanga kobuhlanga okwakuhlele abantu bese kwenza ngokwalokho kuhlela.
- Abakhubazekile babe phakathi kwabahlukumezeki bokuqala, ngohlelo lwangaphambili 'lwe-euthanasia' (ukubulawa okuthiwa kungumusa).
- Ubunhloko-mahhovisi (bureaucracy), isayensi, nobuchwepheshe kwasetshenziswa ekubulaweni ngesikali sezimboni.
- IHolocaust imi njengesixwayiso esikhulu kunazo zonke sokuthi imibono yobuhlanga ingaholela kuphi.
Speaker notes
Lesi yisilayidi esizwelasibethu kakhulu - siphathe ngobunzima nangokucophelela. Gcina ukugxila ekulahlekelweni kwabantu nasekukhumbuleni, hhayi kwimininingwane ecacile eyesabekayo. Yenza iphuzu lokuhlaziya lokuthi iHolocaust yayingesona isihluku esizumayo kodwa umkhawulo onengqondo wemibono abafundi abayilandele kuso sonke isifundo: ukuhlukanisa ngezigaba, uhlelo lwezinga, ukwephuca ubuntu, ukukhipha abantu, bese kuba ukuqothula. Qaphela iziqondiso zokufundisa ze-SAHO ngeHolocaust bese uxhumanisa namalungelo abantu avela ngemva kwalokho (i-Universal Declaration of Human Rights yango-1948 negama elithi 'genocide').
Imibono yobuhlanga neNingizimu Afrika
Yona imisinga yokucabanga kobuhlanga yabumba ukwehlukaniswa kwabantu nobandlululo (apartheid) ekhaya.
INingizimu Afrika yayiyingxenye yale ndaba yomhlaba wonke. Ohulumeni bamakoloni nabafiki basebenzisa imibono efanayo ezenza eyesayensi ukuze bafakazele ukunqoba, ukwephucwa komhlaba, nokwehlukaniswa kwabantu. Ngemva kuka-1948, ubandlululo (apartheid) lwakha uhlelo lomthetho luphelele phezu kokuhlukaniswa ngobuhlanga - ikakhulukazi ku-Population Registration Act yango-1950, owahlukanisa umuntu ngamunye wamfaka 'ohlangeni' olusemthethweni.
- Izazi-mlando zivame ukuqhathanisa imithetho yokuqala yobandlululo nemithetho yobuhlanga yamaNazi.
- Kukho kokubili, umbuso, hhayi ibhayoloji, owanquma ukuthi ngubani owayengowaluphi 'uhlanga'.
- Ukuqonda isayensi engamanga yobuhlanga kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ubandlululo lwalungenabulungiswa ezimpandeni zalo.
Speaker notes
Beka ukubaluleka kwesihloko kubafundi baseNingizimu Afrika: imibono efundwe lapha yayingeyona nje inkinga yaseYurophu kuphela, yasetshenziswa ukwakha ukwehlukaniswa kwabantu nobandlululo ekhaya. Qhathanisa ngokucophelela neNazi Germany (kokubili kwasebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa kombuso) uphinde uphawule imehluko - ubandlululo lwaluhlose ukuxhaphaza nokwehlukanisa okulawulwayo kunokuqothula. Lokhu kuxhumana phambili nezifundo zobandlululo zeBanga 11 ne-12.
Kusukela ekuhlukaniseni ngezigaba kuya enhlekeleleni
- 1735 U-Linnaeus uhlukanisa 'izinhlobo' zabantu ngezigaba
- 1859 U-Darwin ushicilela i-On the Origin of Species
- 1883 U-Galton uqamba i-'eugenics'
- 1904 Ukuqothulwa kohlanga lwamaHerero namaNama kuyaqala
- 1927 I-Buck v. Bell yase-US ivumela ukuthena ngenkani
- 1935 Imithetho yeNuremberg yamaNazi
- 1941-45 IHolocaust
- 1948-50 Imithetho yokuhlukanisa yobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa uhlelo lwesikhathi ukuhlanganisa impikiswano njengeketango lembangela nomphumela: umbono (ukuhlukanisa ngezigaba) uqina ube yisayensi engamanga (Social Darwinism, eugenics), obhalwa emthethweni (US, Nazi Germany, iNingizimu Afrika) bese wenziwa njengodlame (ukuqothulwa kohlanga ngobukoloni, iHolocaust). Cela abafundi bakhombe ukuthi yiziphi izehlakalo 'eziyimibono', yiziphi 'eziyimithetho', neziphi 'eziyidlame' - kuqinisa isakhiwo esiyinhloko sesihloko ngaphambi kwemibuzo yokubukeza.
Esikufundile
Imibono inamandla: isayensi engamanga yobuhlanga, uma isikholelwe futhi yenziwe umthetho, yabiza izigidi eziningi zezimpilo.
Kuso sonke lesi sifundo silandele indlela 'uhlanga' olwaqanjwa ngayo, hhayi olwatholakala; indlela isayensi engamanga (Social Darwinism ne-eugenics) eyanika ngayo ubandlululo isimbozo esihloniphekile; nendlela, lapho ohulumeni bebhala le mibono emthethweni, imiphumela yayisukela ekutheneni ngenkani kuya ekuqothulweni kohlanga ngobukoloni neHolocaust. Ukufunda lo mlando kuyisixwayiso ngengozi yemibono ephuca ubuntu - futhi kuwukuvikela amalungelo abantu nesithunzi sabantu.
Q. Chaza ukuthi kungani izazi-mlando zichaza isayensi yobuhlanga yekhulu le-19 'njengeyenziwa eyesayensi'. Bhekisa endleleni okwafikelwa ngayo eziphethweni. (6 marks)
Q. 'Imibono yobuhlanga yaba yingozi ngempela kuphela lapho ohulumeni beyiguqula yaba ngumthetho.' Uyavuma? Sebenzisa okungenani izibonelo ezimbili kulesi sifundo ukusekela impendulo yakho. (8 marks)
Q. Qhathanisa indlela uhlanga olwasetshenziswa ngayo eNazi Germany naseNingizimu Afrika yobandlululo. Khomba ukufana okukodwa nomehluko owodwa. (6 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngokubuyela esimangalweni sokuqala - uhlanga luyinto eyakhiwe umphakathi enemiphumela yangempela ecekelayo phansi - futhi uqinisekise impendulo yamalungelo abantu eyalandela u-1945. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengohlolo olubhaliwe noma ingxoxo ehleliwe; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulandela izitayela ze-CAPS zokubhala okwandisiwe nokuqhathanisa imithombo (uMbuzo 2 uyindima/i-esseyi encane; uMbuzo 3 uqeqesha ikhono lokuqhathanisa isihloko esilifunayo). Khumbuza abafundi ukuthi lesi sihloko siyisisekelo sezifundo zamuva zobandlululo nezamalungelo abantu.
- Grade
- Grade 11
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Ideas of race in the late 19th and 20th centuries
- Resource type
- Presentation