Iingcamango zoBuhlanga ngeekhulunyaka le-19 ne-20 ezingxamileyo
Indlela abathi abantu baseYurophu bayila ngayo isayensi engeyonyani 'yobuhlanga', nendlela ezo ngcamango ezaguqulwa ngayo zaba yimithetho, ubukoloni kwaye ekugqibeleni, intshabalaliso yohlanga (i-genocide).
Speaker notes
Qala ngokwenza icacile ingxoxo ephambili yesihloko sonke: 'ubuhlanga' asiyonyani yebhayoloji kodwa yingcamango yentlalo neyezopolitiko eyayakhiwe ngabantu, ikakhulu ukuze bathethelele amandla nokungalingani. Bonisa kwangaphambili umgca ophambili wesifundo - ukwahlula ngamacandelo, emva koko isayensi engeyonyani (i-Social Darwinism, i-eugenics), emva koko umgaqo-nkqubo nogonyamelo (intshabalaliso yohlanga yobukoloni, iJamani yamaNazi, kunye neentsalela zoMzantsi Afrika). Misela umbuzo wokuhlalutya kwinqanaba le-FET: iingcamango ziba njani yiziphumo?
Sithetha ukuthini xa sithi 'ubuhlanga'?
Isayensi yanamhlanje iyavuma ukuba akukho sizathu sebhayoloji sokwahlula uluntu size lube ziintlanga ezahlukeneyo.
Ubuhlanga yindlela yokudibanisa abantu ngokweempawu zomzimba ezinjengombala wolusu. Kubonakala kunormali, kodwa yinto eyakhelweyo yintlalo (social construct) - ingcamango eyenziwe ziintlalo, hayi inyani efunyenwe kwibhayoloji. Abantu babelana ngaphezu kwe-99.9% ye-DNA yabo, kwaye kukho ukwahluka kwemfuza ngaphakathi kwalo naliphi na iqela lohlanga elithiwayo kunokuba phakathi kwamaqela.
- Ubuhlanga (ucalucalulo) yinkolelo yokuba la maqela angabekwa ngokwezinga, amanye 'engcono' kunamanye.
- Ngeminyaka yee-1800, abantu baseYurophu babeka le nkolelo kulwimi lwesayensi.
- Olu 'calucalulo lwesayensi' lwaselusetyenziswa ukuthethelela ubukhoboka, ubukoloni kwaye kamva, ukubulawa kwabantu ngobuninzi.
Speaker notes
Yahlula ngokucacileyo phakathi kwamagama amathathu ekungafuneki abafundi bawadibanise: ubuhlanga (udidi), ucalucalulo (inkqubo yenkolelo yokubeka ngezinga), kunye nocalucalulo lwesayensi/lwesayensi engeyonyani (umzamo wokungqina olo cwangciso lwezinga ngesayensi). Gxininisa ukuba ukubiza ubuhlanga 'njengento eyakhelweyo yintlalo' akuthethi ukuba ucalucalulo yinto engekhoyo - iziphumo zalo zinobungozi ngokwenyani. Cacisa isizathu sokuba isayensi yayikhangeleka inomtsalane kumaqela anamandla: yenza ukungalingani kubonakale njengendalo kunokuba lukhetho.
Ukwahlula uluntu ngamacandelo
Iingcali zendalo zaseYurophu zaqala ukwahlula abantu ngeentlobo ezingaguqukiyo - zize zibeke ngezinga ngokufihlakeleyo.
Ngexesha leNkanyiso (Enlightenment), izazinzulu zazama ukwahlula zonke izinto eziphilayo ngamacandelo. UCarl Linnaeus (1735) kunye noJohann Blumenbach (1795) bahlula abantu baba 'ziintlobo' ezimbalwa ngokusekelwe kumbala wolusu nakwimo yekhakhayi. UBlumenbach wenza igama elithi Caucasian kwaye, into ebalulekileyo, wabeka abantu baseYurophu phezulu kwenkqubo yakhe.
- Ukwahlula ngamacandelo kwakhangeleka kungakhethi cala, kodwa kwakha ubume bezinga obubeka abantu baseYurophu njengento efanelekileyo.
- La macandelo ayilwa lixesha lobukhoboka nobukoloni obabusanda.
- Iingcali zamva zaphatha ezi ntlobo zaziyilwe ngokungathi zazingaguqukiyo kwaye zizindalo.
Speaker notes
Yenza icace intshukumo efihlakeleyo: ukwahlula ngamacandelo (ukuhlela) kwatyibilikela ekubekeni ngezinga (ukubeka ngokwamanqanaba) ngaphandle kobungqina bezinga. UBlumenbach ngokwakhe wayenganeno kwezinga kunabo bamsebenzisayo, kodwa abalandeli bakhe baqinisa amacandelo akhe - lo ngumzekelo omhle wendlela isayensi enokugqwethwa ngayo ukukhonza icalucalulo. [SME] Qinisekisa imihla nabaniniyo (Linnaeus 1735 Systema Naturae; uhlelo lukaBlumenbach lwe-1795) ngokuchasene nenqaku le-SAHO phambi kokuveliswa.
Ucalucalulo lwesayensi
Ukulinganisa izithsaba nemizimba ukuze 'kungqinwe' izinga elalisele ligqityiwe ngaphambili.
Ngeminyaka yee-1800, abacalucaluli basebenzisa izixhobo ezinje nge-craniometry (ukulinganisa ubungakanani bekhakhayi) ne-phrenology (ukufunda amaqhuma entloko) ukuze babange ukuba amanye amaqela akrelekrele kunamanye. Sikubiza oku ngocalucalulo lwesayensi engeyonyani kuba lwalusebenzisa inkangeleko yesayensi ngelixa lungayihoyi indlela efanelekileyo - abaphandi babekhangela ubungqina obuxhasa oko bebesele bekukholelwa.
- Idata yayikhethwa, ifundwe ngokungeyonyani okanye iyilwe ukuze ixhase ukuba abaseYurophu bangcono.
- Isigqibo (ubume bezinga lobuhlanga) sasithathwa njengesele sikho ngaphambi kokuba 'uphando' luqale.
- Yanika ubukhoboka, ukoyiswa kobukoloni nokwahlulwa ngokohlanga isizathu esihloniphekileyo, 'esisayensi'.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa ingxaki yendlela, kuba yiyo intliziyo yale ngcamango: isayensi engeyonyani ijika inkqubo yesayensi ngokuqala ngempendulo ize izingele inkxaso. I-craniometry (umzekelo iingqokelela zezithsaba zabaphandi abanjengoSamuel Morton) kamva yabonakaliswa igcwele ukukhetha nempazamo. Yidibanise nesakhono se-FET sokuvavanya ukuthembeka kwemithombo - aba yayi 'zingcali' egunya lazo lasetyenziswa gwenxa.
I-Social Darwinism
Ukugqwetha ithiyori ngendalo ukuze ibe sisizathu senkohlakalo yabantu.
Incwadi kaCharles Darwin ethi On the Origin of Species (1859) yacacisa indlela iintlobo eziphila ngayo ezitshintsha ngokukhetha kwendalo (natural selection). Abanye - ngaphezu kwabo bonke uHerbert Spencer, owenza ibinzana elithi survival of the fittest (ukuphila kwabomeleleyo) - bayisebenzisa ngokungeyonyani le nto koluntu. I-Social Darwinism yayibanga ukuba izizwe ezisisityebi, amanqanaba noohlanga 'babusa' kuba babengabomeleleyo ngokwendalo.
- Yabonisa ukungalingani nentlupheko njengento yendalo nefunekayo.
- Yathethelela ukugagamela komthetho wobukoloni: ukoyisa kwakubonwa 'njengabomeleleyo' begqwesa 'ababuthathaka'.
- Ibhayoloji kaDarwin yagqwethwa; akazange athi abanye abantu kufuneka balawule abanye.
Speaker notes
Yiba nokuchana kubafundi be-FET: i-Social Darwinism kukusetyenziswa gwenxa kukaDarwin, ayingombono kaDarwin ngokwakhe (umgibe oqhelekileyo woviwo). NguSpencer, hayi uDarwin, owaqamba 'survival of the fittest'. Umsebenzi ophambili wale ngcamango wawuyingcamango yepolitiko - yenza ukwakha ubukoloni baseYurophu nokungalingani kobuqhetseba koqoqosho kubonakale njengemithetho yendalo ekungekho namnye owayenokuyixhathisa okanye ekufuneka ayixhathise.
I-Eugenics
Ukuba uluntu lunokuvelisa izityalo neenkomo ezingcono, batsho abanye, kutheni singaveliseli abantu 'abangcono'?
I-Eugenics (ivela kwisiGrike esithetha 'ozalwe kakuhle') yabizwa ngu Francis Galton, umzala kaDarwin, ngo-1883. Yayijolise ekuphuculeni' inani labantu ngokukhuthaza 'abafanelekileyo' ukuba babe nabantwana (i-positive eugenics) nokuthintela 'abangafanelekanga' ekwenzeni oko (i-negative eugenics) - ngokwahlula ngamacandelo, ukuvala umtshato nokuthenwa ngonyanzelo.
- 'Abangafanelekanga' bachazwa ukuba baquka amahlwempu, abakhubazekileyo, abagula ngengqondo nabantu abangebamhlophe.
- Yaguqula ucalucalulo lwesayensi engeyonyani lwaba yinkqubo yesenzo sikarhulumente.
- Kufika ekuqaleni kwee-1900, i-eugenics yayisele isesiqhelweni kwaye ihlonitshwa eYurophu nase-USA.
Speaker notes
Le yisilayidi yotshintsho: i-eugenics kulapho iingcamango eziyingozi ziba ziicebo zesenzo sikarhulumente ngokuchasene nabantu bokwenene. Qaphela ukuba i-eugenics yayingeyonkolelo yasesihotsheni - yayifundiswa kwiiyunivesithi eziphambili kwaye ixhaswa zizazinzulu ezihloniphekileyo, oosopolitiko nabaguquleli kuyo yonke imibono yezopolitiko. Loo mbeko yiyo kanye eyayenza ibe yingozi kangaka. Bonisa kwangaphambili ukuba iisilayidi ezimbini ezilandelayo zibonisa i-eugenics ibekwa emthethweni.
I-Eugenics eUnited States
IMelika yaba lelokuqala ilizwe ukuguqula i-eugenics ibe ngumgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente omkhulu.
Ukususela ngo-1907, amazwe ase-US apasisa imithetho yokuthena ngonyanzelo abantu ekwakugwetywe ukuba 'abafanelekanga'. Kwityala le-1927 elithi Buck v. Bell, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavuma ukuthenwa, apho iJaji uOliver Wendell Holmes wabhala umgca odumileyo othi, 'Izizukulwana ezithathu zeziyatha zanele.' Amawaka amashumi abantu baseMelika bathenwa ngaphandle kwemvume, kwaye uMthetho woKufuduka we-1924 wasebenzisa ingcinga ye-eugenics ukuvimba amaqela 'angafunekiyo'.
- Amaxhoba ngokungalinganiyo ayengamahlwempu, abakhubazekileyo nabavela kuluntu oluncinci ngenani.
- I-eugenics yase-US yayixhaswa ngemali, ilungelelaniswe kwaye ihlonitshwe kumazwe ngamazwe.
- Izazinzulu zobuhlanga zaseJamani zafunda ngenyameko imithetho yaseMelika njengomzekelo.
Speaker notes
Isifundo kukuba indlela eyayisa kwizenzo ezimbi zamaNazi ayiqalanga eJamani. I-USA, ilizwe lentando yesininzi, yaqala umgaqo-nkqubo we-eugenics wonyanzelo, kwaye abalungiseleli-mithetho bamaNazi bacaphula ngokuphandle imithetho yaseMelika xa bebhala eyabo. Phatha ngenyameko icaphulo le-Buck v. Bell - liyichaze njengenyani yembali elihlazo, hayi njengesithuko sokuphinda usithethe ngokungakhathali. [SME] Qinisekisa amanani okuthenwa (adla ngokucatshulwa njengangaphezu kwe-60,000 kuyo yonke inkulungwane ye-20) nebango 'lomthetho wokuqala' we-Indiana we-1907 ngokuchasene nomthombo we-SAHO phambi kokuveliswa.
Ubukoloni kunye nentshabalaliso yohlanga lwamaHerero namaNama
E-German South West Africa (namhlanje iNamibia), iingcamango zobuhlanga zavelisa oko abaninzi bakubiza njengentshabalaliso yohlanga yokuqala yenkulungwane ye-20.
Xa amaHereronamaNama avukela ulawulo lobukoloni baseJamani, uJenerali Lothar von Trotha wakhupha umyalelo wokutshabalalisa (1904). Abasindileyo baqhutyelwa entlango okanye kwiinkampu zoxinaniso, apho amawaka afela khona. Izithsaba zabafileyo zathunyelwa eJamani ukuze zisetyenziswe kuphando 'lwesayensi yobuhlanga'.
- Ababhali-mbali baqikelela ukuba malunga ne-65,000 lamaHerero ne-10,000 lamaNama abulawa.
- Ithiyori yobuhlanga yajika ukubulawa kwabantu ngobuninzi kwaba 'kukususwa okwendalo' kohlanga 'oluphantsi'.
- Iingcamango ezifanayo zeenkampu nezinga lobuhlanga zaziya kuphinda zivele eYurophu emva kwamashumi eminyaka.
Speaker notes
Le silayidi ibeka iingcamango ezingabonakaliyo kwisenzo esibi esithe ngqo esinentsingiselo kummandla woMzantsi Afrika (iNamibia yayilawulwa nguMzantsi Afrika kuninzi lwenkulungwane ye-20). Gxininisa inkcukacha eyoyikisayo yezithsaba ezathunyelwa uphando lobuhlanga - ibonisa isayensi engeyonyani nogonyamelo lobuninzi lusondlana. Zoba umgca oqhubekekayo ocacileyo osinga eJamani yamaNazi ngaphandle kokudibanisa ezi ziganeko zibe sinye. [SME] Ubume bokuthi 'yintshabalaliso yohlanga yokuqala yenkulungwane ye-20' namanani abo babhubhayo asetyenziswa kakhulu kodwa ayaphikiswa ngobubanzi; qinisekisa ngokuchasene nenqaku le-Herero Revolt le-SAHO.
'Uhlanga oluphambili' lwamaNazi
AmaNazi akha urhulumente wonke esekelwe kwisayensi engeyonyani yohlanga 'lwama-Aryan' oluphambili.
Emva ko-1933, iJamani yamaNazi yenza izinga lobuhlanga lwaba sisiseko somthetho. Bayila uhlanga oluphambili lwama-Aryan (Herrenvolk) baza bachaza amaJuda, amaRoma, abantu abaNtsundu nabanye 'njengeentshaba' eziphantsi. I-Nuremberg Laws (1935) yahlutha amaJuda ubumi baza bavala umtshato phakathi kwamaJuda namanye amaJamani - iguqula ucalucalulo lwesayensi engeyonyani lube yinkqubo yomthetho yokwahlula.
- Umthetho we-1933 wavumela ukuthenwa ngonyanzelo 'kwabangafanelekanga ngemfuza', ubonisa i-eugenics yase-US.
- Ipropaganda, izikolo nesayensi zonke zazifundisa ukubeka ngezinga lobuhlanga njengenyani.
- Ukwahlula kwaya kusanda inyathelo nenyathelo: ukususela kubumi, ukuya kwipropati, ukuya kubomi ngokwabo.
Speaker notes
Bonisa abafundi indlela esebenzayo isihloko se-CAPS esifuna bayiqonde: iingcamango zobuhlanga ziba 'zibalulekile kumgaqo-nkqubo nomthetho karhulumente'. I-Nuremberg Laws ngumzekelo ocacileyo - umthetho ochaza ukuba ngubani obalwa njengomntu opheleleyo. Phawula umgca othe ngqo osuka kwisilayidi yangaphambili ye-eugenics yase-US: umthetho wokuthena waseJamani we-1933 wasekelwe ngokuyinxenye kwimithetho yaseMelika. Gxininisa ubume obunyuka kancinci bentshutshiso - ayiqalanga ngokubulala, yaqala ngephepha lokubhaliweyo.
I-Holocaust
Ingcamango yobuhlanga yaphumela ekubulaweni ngokucwangcisiweyo nangokwemveliso yezigidi zabantu.
Ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini urhulumente wamaNazi wenza i-Holocaust - ukubulawa ngabom, ngokulungelelanisiweyo kwamaJuda amalunga nezigidi ezithandathu, kunye namaRoma, abantu abakhubazekileyo, abachasi bezopolitiko nabanye ekwakuthiwa 'abakufanelanga ukuphila'. Esi yayisisiphelo esoyikekayo senkulungwane yeengcinga zobuhlanga ezaziye zabeka abantu ngezinga zaza zenza ngokwezo zinga.
- Abakhubazekileyo babephakathi kwamaxhoba okuqala, ngenkqubo yangaphambili 'ye-euthanasia'.
- Ulawulo lweeofisi, isayensi nobuchwepheshe kwakhutshelwa ekubulaleni ngamanqanaba emveliso.
- I-Holocaust imele njengesilumkiso esigqithisileyo sokuba iingcamango zobuhlanga zingasa phi.
Speaker notes
Le yeyona silayidi inovakalelo - yiphathe ngobunzulu nangenyameko. Gcina ugxininiso kwixabiso lobuntu nakwinkumbulo, hayi kwinkcukacha eyothusayo. Yenza ingongoma yokuhlalutya yokuba i-Holocaust yayingebobuphambano obungxamileyo kodwa yayisisiphelo esigqithisileyo seengcamango abafundi abazilandeleyo kuso sonke isifundo: ukwahlula ngamacandelo, izinga, ukwenza ungabi ngumntu, ukwahlula, emva koko ukutshatyalaliswa. Phawula isikhokelo sokufundisa se-SAHO nge-Holocaust uze uyidibanise namalungelo abantu avela emva koko (i-Universal Declaration of Human Rights ka-1948 negama elithi 'genocide').
Iingcamango zobuhlanga noMzantsi Afrika
Le mizila yeengcinga zobuhlanga yayifanayo yenza ukwahlula ngokohlanga nocalucalulo ekhaya.
UMzantsi Afrika wayeyinxalenye yeli bali lehlabathi. Oorhulumente bobukoloni nabahlali basebenzisa iingcamango ezifanayo zesayensi engeyonyani ukuthethelela ukoyisa, ukuhluthwa komhlaba nokwahlula ngokohlanga. Emva ko-1948, i-apartheid yakha inkqubo yonke yomthetho esekelwe kucalucalulo lohlanga - ngokugqithisileyo kwi-Population Registration Act ka-1950, eyahlela wonke umntu waba kuhlanga 'olusemthethweni'.
- Ababhali-mbali badla ngokuthelekisa imithetho yokuqala ye-apartheid nemithetho yobuhlanga yamaNazi.
- Kuyo yomibini, ngurhulumente, hayi ibhayoloji, owawusithi ngubani okulolophi 'uhlanga'.
- Ukuqonda isayensi engeyonyani yobuhlanga kunceda ukucacisa ukuba kutheni i-apartheid yayingekho sikweni engcanjini.
Speaker notes
Yiveza intsingiselo yesihloko kubafundi boMzantsi Afrika: iingcamango ezifundwe apha zazingeyongxaki yaseYurophu kuphela, zazisetyenziswa ukwakha ukwahlula ngokohlanga ne-apartheid ekhaya. Zoba uthelekiso olucophelelayo neJamani yamaNazi (yomibini isebenzise ukwahlula karhulumente) ngelixa uphawula umahluko - i-apartheid yayijolise ekuxhaphazeni okulawulwayo nokwahlukanisa kunokutshabalalisa. Oku kudibanisa phambili neeyunithi ze-apartheid zeBanga 11 ne-12.
Ukususela ekwahluleni ngamacandelo ukuya kwintlekele
- 1735 ULinnaeus wahlula 'iintlobo' zabantu
- 1859 UDarwin wapapasha i-On the Origin of Species
- 1883 UGalton wathiya i-'eugenics'
- 1904 Intshabalaliso yohlanga lwamaHerero namaNama iyaqala
- 1927 I-US Buck v. Bell ivuma ukuthenwa ngonyanzelo
- 1935 I-Nuremberg Laws yamaNazi
- 1941-45 I-Holocaust
- 1948-50 Imithetho yocalucalulo lohlanga e-apartheid eMzantsi Afrika
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa ulandelelwano lwexesha ukuqinisa ingxoxo njengekhonkco lonobangela nesiphumo: ingcamango (ukwahlula ngamacandelo) iqinela ibe yisayensi engeyonyani (i-Social Darwinism, i-eugenics), ebhalwa emthethweni (US, iJamani yamaNazi, uMzantsi Afrika) yaye yenziwa njengogonyamelo (intshabalaliso yohlanga yobukoloni, i-Holocaust). Cela abafundi bakhethe ukuba yeyiphi iziganeko 'eziyiingcamango', eyiphi 'eyimithetho' neyiphi 'eluqonyamelo' - ukuqinisa isakhelo esingundoqo sesihloko phambi kwemibuzo yophindaphindo.
Esikufundileyo
Iingcamango zinamandla: isayensi engeyonyani yobuhlanga, xa isele ikholelwa yaza yabekwa emthethweni, yabiza ubomi bezigidi ezimashumi ambalwa zabantu.
Kuwo wonke lo msebenzi silandele indlela 'ubuhlanga' obathi bayilwa, hayi bafunyanwa; indlela isayensi engeyonyani (i-Social Darwinism ne-eugenics) eyanika ngayo ucalucalulo isigqubuthelo esihloniphekileyo; nendlela, xa oorhulumente bebhala ezi ngcamango emthethweni, iziphumo zisuka ekuthenweni ngonyanzelo ukuya kwintshabalaliso yohlanga yobukoloni ne-Holocaust. Ukufunda le mbali sisilumkiso ngobungozi beengcamango ezenza abantu bangabi ngabantu - kwaye lukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu nesidima sabo.
Q. Cacisa ukuba kutheni ababhali-mbali bechaza isayensi yobuhlanga yenkulungwane ye-19 'njengesayensi engeyonyani'. Bhekisela kwindlela izigqibo ezafikelelwa ngayo. (6 marks)
Q. 'Iingcamango zobuhlanga zaba yingozi ngokwenene kuphela xa oorhulumente bezenza umthetho.' Ngaba uyavuma? Sebenzisa okungenani imizekelo emibini kwesi sifundo ukuxhasa impendulo yakho. (8 marks)
Q. Thelekisa indlela ubuhlanga obasetyenziswa ngayo eJamani yamaNazi nase-apartheid eMzantsi Afrika. Chonga ukufana okunye nomahluko omnye. (6 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngokubuyela kwibango lokuqala - ubuhlanga yinto eyakhelweyo yintlalo eneziphumo ezinobungozi ngokwenene - nangokuqinisekisa impendulo yamalungelo abantu eyalandela u-1945. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengovavanyo olubhaliweyo okanye ingxoxo ecwangcisiweyo; ukwabiwa kweemakisi kulandela iindlela ze-CAPS zokubhala okwandisiweyo nothelekiso lwemithombo (uQ2 ngumhlathi omncinci/isincoko; uQ3 uqhelisela isakhono sothelekiso esifunwa sisihloko). Khumbuza abafundi ukuba esi sihloko sisiseko seeyunithi zamva ze-apartheid namalungelo abantu.
- Grade
- Grade 11
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Ideas of race in the late 19th and 20th centuries
- Resource type
- Presentation