Imibono Yebuhlanga Ekupheleni Kwelikhulu le-19 Nele-20
Kutsi emaYurophu asungula njani lisayensi lelingemanga 'lebuhlanga', nekutsi lemibono yagucuka njani yaba yimitsetfo, tembusave, kanye nasekugcineni, kubulawa kwesive sonkhe (genocide).
Speaker notes
Cala ngekwenta umbono losemtsetfweni wesihloko sonkhe ucace: 'buhlanga' akusiliciniso lebayoloji kodvwa ngumbono wenhlalo nepolitiki lowakhiwa bantfu, ikakhulukati kuze bacacise emandla nekungalingani. Nika sibonelo semugca lochubekako welifundvo - kuhlela ngemacembu, bese lisayensi lelingemanga (Social Darwinism, eugenics), bese inchubomgomo nebudlova (kubulawa kwesive ngekhoyloniyali, iNazi Germany, nekuchumana neNingizimu Afrika). Beka umbuto wesigaba se-FET wekuhlolisisa: imibono iba njani yimiphumela?
Sisho kutsini nge 'buhlanga'?
Lisayensi lelisha livumelana kutsi asikho sisekelo sebayoloji sekwehlukanisa bantfu ngeku 'buhlanga' lokwehlukene.
Buhlanga yindlela yekuhlela bantfu ngekwesimo semtimba njengembala wesikhumba. Kuvakala kwemvelo, kodvwa kwakhiwa yinhlalo - ngumbono lowasungulwa yimiphakatsi, hhayi liciniso lelitfolakala kubayoloji. Bantfu babelana ngetulu kwema-99.9% e-DNA yabo, futsi kunemehluko wetakhamuti lomkhulu ngekhatsi kwaloluhlanga lokushiwoko kunemehluko phakatsi kwemacembu.
- Bandlululo ngebuhlanga (racism) kukholelwa kutsi lamacembu angahlelwa ngekwelizinga, lamanye 'aphakeme' kunalamanye.
- Ngeminyaka yema-1800, emaYurophu embesa loku kukholelwa ngelulwimi lwesayensi.
- Lobu bandlululo 'bebusayensi' base busetjentiswa kucacisa bugcili, tembusave, nasekugcineni, kubulawa kwebantfu labanyenti.
Speaker notes
Vetela ngekucaca emkhatsini wemagama lamatsatfu labafundzi labangamele babhidane ngawo: buhlanga (licembu), bandlululo ngebuhlanga (luhlelo lwekukholwa lwekuhlela ngemazinga), kanye nebandlululo lobetjentiswa njengelisayensi (umzamo wekufakazela lokuhlela ngelisayensi). Gcizelela kutsi kubita buhlanga 'njengaloko lokwakhiwa yinhlalo' akusho kutsi bandlululo bumbayimbayi - imiphumela yabo yiliciniso lelisihluku. Beka sizatfu sekutsi kungani lisayensi belikhanga emacembu lanemandla: lenta kungalingani kubukeke njengemvelo esikhundleni sekukhetsa.
Kuhlela bantfu ngemacembu
Bososayensi bemvelo baseYurophu bacala kuhlela bantfu ngetinhlobo letimisiwe - baphindze babahlela ngemazinga ngasese.
Ngesikhatsi se-Enlightenment, bososayensi bazama kuhlela tonkhe tintfo letiphilako ngemacembu. Carl Linnaeus (1735) na-Johann Blumenbach (1795) behlukanisa bantfu baba 'tinhlobo' letimbalwa ngekwembala wesikhumba nesimo selugebhezi lwenhloko. Blumenbach wasungula ligama lelitsi Caucasian futsi, lokubalulekile, wabeka emaYurophu etulu eluhlelweni lwakhe.
- Kuhlela ngemacembu bekubukeka kungakhetsi, kodvwa kwakha luhlelo lwemazinga lapho emaYurophu abekwa njengesibonelo lesihle.
- Lamacembu abunjwa yisikhatsi sebugcili nekwandza kwetembusave.
- Baciingi labeta emuva baphatsa letinhlobo letasungulwa shengatsi timisiwe futsi tingetemvelo.
Speaker notes
Yenta sinyatselo lesifihlakele sibonakale: kuhlela ngemacembu (kuhlunga) kwashelela kwangena eluhlelweni lwemazinga (kuhlela ngemazinga) ngaphandle kwebufakazi bekuhlela ngemazinga. UBlumenbach ngekwakhe abenganaki mazinga kunalabo labamsebentisa, kodvwa balandzeli bakhe bacinisa emacembu akhe - lesi sibonelo lesihle sekutsi lisayensi lingagobiswa njani kutsi likhonze kucwasa. [SME] Cinisekisa emalanga/timfaneleko letiqondile (Linnaeus 1735 Systema Naturae; Blumenbach 1795 edition) kucatsaniswa nelihlelo le-SAHO ngaphambi kwekukhicita.
Bandlululo bebusayensi
Kukala tingebhezi temanhloko nemitimba kuze 'kufakazelwe' luhlelo lolwase luncaniwe ngaphambili.
Ngeminyaka yema-1800, labandlululi basebentisa emathulusi lanjenge-craniometry (kukala bukhulu belugebhezi lwenhloko) ne-phrenology (kufundza emavimba enhloko) kuze batsi lamanye emacembu ahlakaniphile kunalamanye. Sibita loku bandlululo lobetjentiswa njengelisayensi ngobe basebentise simo selisayensi kodvwa banganaki indlela lefanele - bacwaningi bebafuna bufakazi lobuvumelanako naloko lase bakukholelwa.
- Idatha yakhetfwa, yafundvwa ngendlela lengakahambi kahle nobe yasungulwa kuze isekele bukhulu bemaYurophu.
- Siphetfo (luhlelo lwemazinga ebuhlanga) sacatjangwa ngaphambi kwekutsi 'lucwaningo' lucale.
- Kwanika bugcili, kunconywa kwe khoyloniyali nekwehlukaniswa kwebantfu, sizatfu lesihloniphekile 'sesayensi'.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela inkinga yendlela, ngobe yinhlitiyo yalomcondvo: lisayensi lelingemanga liguculisa inchubo yesayensi ngekucala ngemphendvulo bese lifuna kusekelwa. I-Craniometry (isibonelo, kubutfwa kwetingebhezi temanhloko kwabacwaningi labanjenge-Samuel Morton) yakhonjiswa emuva kutsi igcwele kukhetsa nemaphutsa. Chumanisa nelikhono le-FET lekuhlola kwetsembeka kwemitfombo - laba bebang 'tingcweti' lekwasetjentiswa kabi kwato bugcweti.
Social Darwinism
Kugucula umbono lomayelana nemvelo uwente sizatfu sesihluku sebantfu.
Incwadzi ya-Charles Darwin letsi On the Origin of Species (1859) yachaza kutsi tinhlobo tetilwane netitjalo tigucuka njani ngekukhetfwa kwemvelo. Labanye - ikakhulukati Herbert Spencer, lowasungula umusho lotsi kusindza kwalobcinile kakhulu (survival of the fittest) - bakusebentisa ngendlela lengakahambi kahle emiphakatsini yebantfu. I-Social Darwinism yatsi tive letinjingile, emacembu nema 'buhlanga' abusa ngobe aphakeme ngekwemvelo.
- Kwaveta kungalingani nebuphuya njengekwemvelo futsi kubaluleke.
- Kwacacisa i-imperialism: kunconywa kwabekwa njengekutsi 'labacinile' bancoba 'labatsambile'.
- Ibayoloji ya-Darwin yaguculwa; yena akazange atsi labanye bantfu kufanele babuse labanye.
Speaker notes
Caca kubafundzi be-FET: I-Social Darwinism kusetjentiswa kabi kwa-Darwin, hhayi umbono wa-Darwin ngekwakhe (lugibe lolujwayelekile lwekuhlolwa). NguSpencer, hhayi Darwin, lowasungula 'kusindza kwalobcinile kakhulu'. Umsebenti lomkhulu walomcabango bewungewembono - wenta kwakhiwa kwetembusave temaYurophu nekungalingani lokushubile kwemnotfo kubukeke njengemitsetfo yemvelo lekungekho longayimelana nayo nobe lokufanele ayimelane nayo.
Eugenics
Uma umphakatsi ungakhulisa titjalo netifuyo letingcono, labanye baphikisana, kungani ungakhuliseki bantfu 'labangcono'?
I-Eugenics (lesivela kulwimi lwesiGriki lisho 'lotalwe kahle') yaniketwa ligama ngu-Francis Galton, umzala wa-Darwin, nga-1883. Beyihlose 'kutfutfukisa' inani lebantfu ngekukhutsata 'labafanelekile' kutsi babe nebantfwana (positive eugenics) nekuvimba 'labangakafaneleki' kwenta njalo (negative eugenics) - ngekwehlukanisa, kuvimba imishado nekufakwa singaphindze utale ngenkani.
- 'Labangakafaneleki' bebachazwa kufaka ekhatsi labaphuyile, labakhubatekile, labagula ngengcondvo nebantfu labangesibo bemhlophe.
- Kwagucula bandlululo lobetjentiswa njengelisayensi kwaba luhlelo lwesento sahulumende.
- Ngekucala kweminyaka yema-1900, i-eugenics beyisematsandvweni futsi ihlonishwa eYurophu nase-USA.
Speaker notes
Lesi sisayidi lesibalulekile: i-eugenics yilapho khona imibono leyingoti iba ngemacebo esento sahulumende ngokumelene nebantfu bangempela. Caphela kutsi i-eugenics beyingasiyo inkholelo yasemaceleni - beyifundziswa etikhungweni temfundvo lephakeme letihamba embili futsi ixhaswa ngbososayensi labahloniphekile, tishoshovu tepolitiki nabaguculi kuwo onkhe emacembu epolitiki. Loko kuhloniphakala kuyona kanye lento leyenta yaba yingoti kangaka. Bonisa kusengaphambili kutsi ema sisayidi lamabili lalandzelako abonisa i-eugenics ifakwa emtsetfweni.
I-Eugenics eMelika (United States)
IMelika beyilive lekucala kugucula i-eugenics kwaba yinchubomgomo yahulumende lenkhulu.
Kusukela nga-1907, tifundza tase-USA tashaya imitsetfo yekutsi bantfu labatsatfwa 'njengalabangakafaneleki' bafakwe ngenkani basitwe kutsi bangaphindzi batale. Elicaleni la-1927 lelitsi Buck v. Bell, iNkantolo Lephakeme yavuma lokusitwa, kanti iJaji Oliver Wendell Holmes yabhala umusho lodvumile ngebubi, 'Titukulwane letintsatfu tetiphukuphuku tanele.' Tinkhulungwane tema Melika tafakwa singaphindzi titale ngaphandle kwemvume yato, futsi umtsetfo we-1924 we-Immigration Act wasebentisa umcabango we-eugenics kuvimba emacembu 'langafiseki'.
- Labahlukumezekile bebavame kakhulu kubaphuyile, labakhubatekile nalabavela emiphakatsini lemincane.
- I-eugenics yase-USA beyixhaswa ngemali, yihlelwe futsi yabukwa emhlabeni wonkhe.
- Bososayensi bebuhlanga baseGermany bafundza imitsetfo yaseMelika ngekusondzelana njengesibonelo.
Speaker notes
Lokutsatfwako kutsi indlela leya etihlukumezweni temaNazi ayizange icale eGermany. I-USA, intsandvo yebantfu (democracy), yaba ngumsunguli wenchubomgomo ye-eugenics yekucindzetela, kanti bashayimitsetfo bemaNazi babala ngekukhululeka imitsetfo yaseMelika ngesikhatsi babhala leyabo. Phatsa lokushiwo ku-Buck v. Bell ngekucophelela - kubite njengeliciniso lelihlazisako lomlandvo, hhayi inhlamba lokufanele iphindvwe ngekungakhatsateki. [SME] Cinisekisa emanani ekusitwa (lavame kubalwa njengangetulu kwa-60,000 kulo lonkhe likhulu le-20) nesimangalo se-1907 se-Indiana 'semtsetfo wekucala' kucatsaniswa nemtfombo we-SAHO ngaphambi kwekukhicita.
IKhoyloniyali nekubulawa kwesive sema Herero nema Nama (genocide)
E-German South West Africa (lamuhla yiNamibia), imibono yebuhlanga yakha loko labanyenti labakubita njengekubulawa kwesive sokucala kwelikhulu leminyaka le-20 (genocide).
Ngesikhatsi bantfu bema Herero nema Nama bavukela kubusa kwekhoyloniyali kweGermany, uGeneral Lothar von Trotha wakhipha umyalo wekubhubhisa (1904). Labasindza baciniselwa ehlane nobe emakampu ekuvalelwa, lapho khona kwafa tinkhulungwane. Tingebhezi temanhloko yalabafile tatfunyelwa eGermany kuze tisetjentiswe elucwaningweni 'lwesayensi yebuhlanga'.
- Betimbali balinganisela kutsi cishe ema Herero langu-65,000 nema Nama langu-10,000 abulawa.
- Umbono webuhlanga wabeka kubulawa kwebantfu labanyenti njengekususwa 'kwemvelo' kwebantfu 'labaphansi'.
- Lemibono lefanako yemakampu neluhlelo lwemazinga ebuhlanga beyitawuphindze ivele eYurophu ngemuva kwemashumi eminyaka.
Speaker notes
Lesi sisayidi sisekela imibono lengabambeki kusihluku lesibambekako lesinesihlobo lesicondzile sesifundza saseNingizimu Afrika (iNamibia beyibuswa yiNingizimu Afrika incenye lenkhulu yelikhulu le-20). Gcizelela imininingwane leyetfusako yetingebhezi temanhloko letatfunyelwa elucwaningweni lwebuhlanga - kubonisa lisayensi lelingemanga nebudlova lobukhulu kondlana. Dvwebha umugca locondzile lochubekako uya eNazi Germany ngaphandle kwekuhlanganisa letehlakalo letimbili tibe yinye. [SME] Kubekwa kwe 'kubulawa kwesive sokucala kwelikhulu le-20' nemanani ebafile kusetjentiswa kabanti kodvwa kuyaphikiswa ngebubanti; cinisekisa kucatsaniswa nelihlelo le-SAHO le-Herero Revolt.
Luhlanga 'lolubusako' lwemaNazi (master race)
EmaNazi akha umbuso wonkhe watungeleta lisayensi lelingemanga leluhlanga 'lwema Aryan' lolubusako.
Ngemuva kwa-1933, iNazi Germany yenta luhlelo lwemazinga ebuhlanga saba sisekelo semtsetfo. Basungula luhlanga lolubusako lwema Aryan (Herrenvolk) futsi bachaza emaJuda, emaRoma, bantfu labamnyama nalabanye njenge 'titsa' letiphansi. Imitsetfo yeNuremberg (1935) yephuca emaJuda buve (citizenship) futsi yavimba umshado phakatsi kwemaJuda nalamanye emaGermany - yagucula bandlululo lobetjentiswa njengelisayensi kwaba luhlelo lwemtsetfo lwekukhipha bantfu.
- Umtsetfo we-1933 wavumela kufakwa ngenkani kwekusitwa 'kwalabangakafaneleki ngefudlana', kulingisa i-eugenics yase-USA.
- Iphrophaganda, tikolwa nelisayensi konkhe kwafundzisa kuhlelwa kwebuhlanga ngemazinga njengeliciniso.
- Kukhishwa kwebantfu kwakhula sinyatselo ngesinyatselo: kusuka ebuveni, kuya empahleni, kuya ekuphileni kwabo.
Speaker notes
Bonisa bafundzi indlela lesihloko se-CAPS lesifuna bayicondze: imibono yebuhlanga iba 'yincenye lebalulekile yenchubomgomo yahulumende nemitsetfo'. Imitsetfo yeNuremberg yisibonelo lesicace kakhulu - umtsetfo lochaza kutsi ngubani lobalwa njengemuntfu lopheleleko. Khomba umugca locondzile losuka esisayidini sangaphambili se-eugenics yase-USA: umtsetfo we-1933 weGermany wekusitwa wakhelwa ngenca yemitsetfo yaseMelika. Gcizelela imvelo yekukhula sinyatselo ngesinyatselo yekuhlukumeta - akuzange kucale ngekubulala, kwacala ngemaphepha.
I-Holocaust
Umbono webuhlanga wagcina ngekubulawa lokuhleliwe, lokwenta njengemboni, kwetigidzi tebantfu.
Ngesikhatsi seMphi Yesibili Yemhlaba, umbuso wemaNazi wenta i-Holocaust - kubulawa lokuhlosiwe, lokuhleliwe kwacishe tigidzi letisitfupha temaJuda, kanye nema Roma, bantfu labakhubatekile, labaphikisi bepolitiki nalabanye lababekwa 'njengalabangakafaneli kuphila'. Loku bekusiphetfo lesetfusako selikhulu leminyaka lemcabango webuhlanga lowabeka bantfu ngemazinga bese wenta ngaloko kubekwa ngemazinga.
- Labakhubatekile bebaphakatsi kwebahlukumezeki bekucala, ngeluhlelo lwangaphambili lwe 'euthanasia'.
- Buhulumende, lisayensi nethekhinoloji kwasetjentiswa ekubulaweni ngesilinganiso lesikhulu njengemboni.
- I-Holocaust ime njengesixwayiso lesikhulu kunato tonkhe salapho imibono yebuhlanga ingaholela khona.
Speaker notes
Lesi sisayidi lesizwakala kakhulu - siphatse ngekutsindza nangekunakekela. Gcina kugcile ekulahlekelweni kwebantfu nasekukhumbuleni, hhayi eminingwaneni lecacile lesetfusako. Yenta liphuzu lekuhlolisisa lekutsi i-Holocaust bekungasiyo indlangala lengat'phutfumako kodvwa bekusiphetfo lesinengcondvo semibono labafundzi labayilandzele lonkhe lifundvo: kuhlela ngemacembu, luhlelo lwemazinga, kwehlukumeta buntfu, kukhipha, bese kubhubhisa. Caphela sicondziso sekufundzisa se-SAHO nge-Holocaust bese uchumanisa nemalungelo ebantfu lavela ngemuva (i-1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights neligama lelitsi 'genocide').
Imibono yebuhlanga neNingizimu Afrika
Lemigudvu lefanako yemcabango webuhlanga yabumba kwehlukaniswa kwebantfu nelubandlululo (apartheid) ekhaya.
INingizimu Afrika beyiyincenye yalendzaba yemhlaba wonkhe. Bohulumende bekhoyloniyali nebefiki basebentisa imibono lefanako lengasilo lisayensi kucacisa kunconywa, kwephucwa kwemhlaba nekwehlukaniswa kwebantfu. Ngemuva kwa-1948, lubandlululo (apartheid) lwakha luhlelo lwemtsetfo lolugcwele ngekuhlelwa kwebuhlanga - ikakhulukati ku Population Registration Act ya-1950, leyahlela wonkhe umuntfu waba 'buhlanga' lobusemtsetfweni.
- Betimbali bavame kucatsanisa imitsetfo yekucala yelubandlululo nemitsetfo yebuhlanga yemaNazi.
- Kokubili, umbuso, hhayi ibayoloji, wancuma kutsi ngubani lolela 'buphi' buhlanga.
- Kucondza lisayensi lelingemanga lebuhlanga kusita kucacisa kutsi kungani lubandlululo belungakalungi kusukela emsukeni walo.
Speaker notes
Cacisa kubaluleka kwesihloko kubafundzi baseNingizimu Afrika: imibono lefundvwa lapha beyingasiyo nkinga yema Yurophu kuphela, yasetjentiswa kwakha kwehlukaniswa kwebantfu nelubandlululo ekhaya. Dvwebha kucatsaniswa lokucophelelako neNazi Germany (kokubili kwasebentisa kuhlela kwembuso) kanti ucaphela nemehluko - lubandlululo belulhose kuxhatjwa lokulawulwa nekwehlukaniswa esikhundleni sekubhubhisa. Loku kuchumana kuya embili etifundvweni telubandlululo teLibanga le-11 nele-12.
Kusuka ekuhleleni ngemacembu kuya enhlekeleleni
- 1735 Linnaeus uhlela 'tinhlobo' tebantfu
- 1859 Darwin ushicilela incwadzi i-On the Origin of Species
- 1883 Galton unika ligama 'eugenics'
- 1904 Kubulawa kwesive sema Herero nema Nama kuyacala
- 1927 Buck v. Bell yase-USA yivuma kufakwa ngenkani kwekusitwa
- 1935 Imitsetfo yeNuremberg yemaNazi
- 1941-45 I-Holocaust
- 1948-50 Imitsetfo yekuhlela ngebuhlanga yelubandlululo eNingizimu Afrika
Speaker notes
Sebentisa umugca wesikhatsi kucinisa umbono njengeketane lembangela nemphumela: umbono (kuhlela ngemacembu) uba lucinile lisayensi lelingemanga (Social Darwinism, eugenics), lelibhalwa emtsetfweni (US, Nazi Germany, iNingizimu Afrika) bese lentiwa njengebudlova (kubulawa kwesive ngekhoyloniyali, i-Holocaust). Cela bafundzi bakhombe kutsi tiphi tehlakalo 'letiyimibono', tiphi 'letiyimitsetfo' netiphi 'letibudlova' - ucinisa sakhiwo lesisisekelo sesihloko ngaphambi kwemibuto yekubuyeketa.
Loko lesikufundzile
Imibono inemandla: lisayensi lelingemanga lebuhlanga, lesekukholwakele futsi kwentiwa umtsetfo, kwabita tigidzi tetigidzi temaphilo.
Kulo lonkhe lifundvo silandzelele kutsi 'buhlanga' basungulwa, abazange butfolakale; kutsi lisayensi lelingemanga (Social Darwinism ne-eugenics) lanika bandlululo simbonisa lesihloniphekile; nekutsi, uma bohulumende babhala lemibono yaba ngumtsetfo, imiphumela yasukela ekufakweni ngenkani kwekusitwa kuya ekubulaweni kwesive ngekhoyloniyali nase-Holocaust. Kufundza lomlandvo kusixwayiso ngengoti yemibono lehlukumeta buntfu - kanye nekuvikela emalungelo ebantfu nesitfunti sebantfu.
Q. 'Imibono yebuhlanga yaba yingoti ngempela kuphela nayebohulumende bayigucula yaba ngumtsetfo.' Uyavumelana? Sebentisa okungenani tibonelo letimbili kulelifundvo kusekela imphendvulo yakho. (6 marks)
Q. Catsanisa indlela buhlanga lobasetjentiswa ngayo eNazi Germany nasekubandlululweni eNingizimu Afrika. Khomba kufana lokukodvwa nemehluko lomunye. (8 marks)
Q. Compare the way race was used in Nazi Germany and in apartheid South Africa. Identify one similarity and one difference. (6 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngekubuyela esimangalweni sekucala - buhlanga kwakhiwa yinhlalo lokunemiphumela lengempela lecekela phansi - nangekuciniseka kwemphendvulo yemalungelo ebantfu leyalandzela nga-1945. Sebentisa lemibuto lemitsatfu njengesivivinyo lesibhaliwe nobe ingcoco lehleliwe; kwabiwa kwemamaki kulandzela tindlela te-CAPS tekubhala lokweluliwe nekucatsanisa kwemitfombo (Q2 yindzatjana/yindzaba lencane; Q3 icecesha likhono lekucatsanisa lelifunwa yisihloko). Khumbuta bafundzi kutsi lesihloko sisekela tifundvo telubandlululo nemalungelo ebantfu letita emuva.
- Grade
- Grade 11
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Ideas of race in the late 19th and 20th centuries
- Resource type
- Presentation