Imibono NgoBuhlanga eMaphelweni weKhulu leMinyaka le-19 nele-20
Indlela abantu beYurophu abaqamba ngayo isayensi engamanga 'yobuhlanga', nendlela imibono le eyaguqulwa ngayo yaba yimithetho, ubukhosi bamazwe, begodu ekugcineni, ukubulawa kwesizwe soke.
Speaker notes
Vula ngokwenza umtjho oyihloko wesihloko soke ucace: 'ubuhlanga' asilo iqiniso lebhayoloji kodwana mbono wehlangano nowezepolotiki owakhiwa babantu, ikhulukhulu ukuze bavikele amandla nokungalingani. Beka phambili umtlhalo wesifundo - ukuhlukanisa, bese isayensi engamanga (i-Social Darwinism, i-eugenics), bese amananarhweprofi nobudlhula (ukubulawa kwesizwe emakholoniyeni, iJarimani yamaNazi, nokuhlobana neSewula Afrika). Yakha umbuzo wezehlukaniso wezinga le-FET: imibono iba njani yimiphumela?
Sitjho ukuthini nge'buhlanga'?
Isayensi yanamhlanjesi iyavuma bona akunasisekelo sebhayoloji sokuhlukanisa isintu ngamaqhembu 'wobuhlanga' ahlukeneko.
Ubuhlanga yindlela yokuhlanganisa abantu ngokwezinto ezibonakalako njengombala wesikhumba. Kubonakala kungokwemvelo, kodwana kuyinto eyakhiwa yihlangano - mbono owenziwa mimphakathi, ingasi iqiniso elifunyenwe kwibhayoloji. Abantu banabelana i-DNA edlula i-99.9%, begodu kunomahluko wezakhi zofuzo omkhulu ngaphakathi kwalinye iqhembu okuthiwa lelobuhlanga kunalowo ophakathi kwamaqhembu.
- Ubuhlangahlangana (ubandlululo) yikholelo yokobana amaqhembu la angahlelwa ngamazinga, amanye 'aphakemeko' kunamanye.
- Ngeminyaka yabo-1800, abantu beYurophu bembathisa ikholelo le ngelimi lesayensi.
- Ubuhlangahlangana lobu 'obunesayensi' bese basetjenziswa ukuvikela ubugqila, ubukhosi bamazwe begodu ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, ukubulawa kwabantu okukhulu.
Speaker notes
Hlukanisa ngokucacileko phakathi kwamagama amathathu abafundi okungakafaneli bawadidanise: ubuhlanga (uhlobo), ubuhlangahlangana (isistimu yekholelo yokuhlela ngamazinga), nobuhlangahlangana besayensi/besayensi engamanga (umzamo wokutjengisa ukuhlela loko ngesayensi). Gcizelela bona ukubiza ubuhlanga 'njengento eyakhiwa yihlangano' akutjho bona ubuhlangahlangana bumbono nje - imiphumela yabo ilikhwahla kwamambala. Yakha ukuthi kubayini isayensi le beyikara amaqhembu anamandla: yenza ukungalingani kubukeke njengemvelo kunokukhetha.
Ukuhlela isintu ngamaqhembu
Iingcwephetjhi zemvelo zeYurophu zathoma ukuhlukanisa abantu ngeenhlobo ezingatjhugulukiko - begodu buthule zibahlela ngamazinga.
Ngesikhathi se-Enlightenment, iingcwephetjhi zazama ukuhlela zoke izinto eziphilako. Carl Linnaeus (1735) noJohann Blumenbach (1795) bahlukanisa abantu 'ngeenhlobo' ezimbalwa ngokusekelwe embaleni wesikhumba nesimo sekhanda. U-Blumenbach waqamba ibizo elithi Caucasian begodu, okuqakathekileko, wabeka abantu beYurophu phezulu ehlelweni lakhe.
- Ukuhlela bekubukeka kungakhethi, kodwana kwakhe ihlelo lamazinga lapho abantu beYurophu bebayidlulele.
- Iimhlobo lezi zabunjwa sikhathi sobugqila nobukhosi bamazwe obukhulako.
- Abacabangi bakamva baphatha iimhlobo lezi ezaqanjwako ngasuthi zimile begodu zingokwemvelo.
Speaker notes
Yenza umnyakazo ofihliweko ubonakale: ukuhlela (ukuhlukanisa) kwathelela ehlelweni lamazinga (ukuhlela ngamazinga) ngaphandle kobufakazi bokuhlela ngamazinga. U-Blumenbach ngokwakhe bekanganamazinga kunalabo abamsebenzisako, kodwana abamlandelako bomelezisa iimhlobo zakhe - lo mumzekelo omuhle wokutjho ukuthi isayensi ingagoqozwa njani ukusebenzela ubandlululo. [SME] Qinisekisa amalanga/imibhalo eqinisileko (Linnaeus 1735 Systema Naturae; Blumenbach 1795 edition) ngokuqhathanisa nesihloko se-SAHO ngaphambi kokukhipha.
Ubuhlangahlangana bezesayensi
Ukulinganisa amakhanda nemizimba ukuze 'kutjengiswe' ihlelo lamazinga eleraga phambilini.
Ngeminyaka yabo-1800, abanobandlululo basebenzisa amathulusi afana necraniometry (ukulinganisa ubukhulu bekhanda) nephrenology (ukufunda amaqhuma ekhanda) ukudzumbulula bona amanye amaqhembu ahlakaniphe khulu kunamanye. Sikubiza ngokobana bubuhlangahlangana besayensi engamanga ngombana bebusebenzisa ukubukeka kwesayensi kanti bebunganaki indlela efaneleko - abarhubhululi bebafuna ubufakazi obuqinisekisa lokho abasele bakukholelwa.
- Idatha beyikhethwa, ifundwe budlhoya namkha yaqanjwa ukusekela ukudlula kwabantu beYurophu.
- Isiphetho (ihlelo lamazinga wobuhlanga) besicatjangelwa ngaphambi kokobana 'irhubhululo' liqale.
- Kwanikela ubugqila, ukunqotjhwa kwamakholoniya nokuhlukaniswa isizatho esihloniphekileko, 'esinesayensi'.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela iproblemu yendlela, ngombana yiyo ihliziyo yomqondo: isayensi engamanga iphendukezela ikambiso yesayensi ngokuthoma ngesiphetho beyifune ukusekelwa kwaso. I-Craniometry (isibonelo iimbutho zamakhakhayi zabarhubhululi abafana no-Samuel Morton) yatjengiswa kamva bona igcwele ukukhetha nokuphosisa. Hlobanisa nekghono le-FET lokuhlola ukuthenjwa kwemithombo - laba bebayiingcwephetjhi ebekasetjenziswa budlhoya igunya labo.
I-Social Darwinism
Ukuphendukezela ithiyori ekhuluma ngemvelo ibe sizatho sesihluku sabantu.
Incwadi kaCharles Darwin ethi On the Origin of Species (1859) yahlathulula indlela iinhlobo ezitjhuguluka ngayo ngokukhetha kwemvelo. Abanye - ikhulukhulu Herbert Spencer, owaqamba ibinzana elithi ukusinda kwabahlakaniphileko (survival of the fittest) - basebenzisa loku budlhoya emiphakathini yabantu. I-Social Darwinism yathi izizwe ezinjingileko, iindima zabantu 'nobuhlanga' kwakubusa ngombana kwakuphakeme ngokwemvelo.
- Yaveza ukungalingani nobutlhwana njengento yemvelo begodu edingekako.
- Yavikela ubukhosi bamazwe: ukunqoba kwahlathululwa 'njengabanamandla' abancintisana 'nababuthakathaka'.
- Ibhayoloji kaDarwin yagoqozwa; akhenge athi abanye abantu kufuze babuse abanye.
Speaker notes
Yiba nomniningwane kubafundi be-FET: i-Social Darwinism kusetjenziswa budlhoya kukaDarwin, ingasi umbono kaDarwin ngokwakhe (umgibe ovamileko ehlolweni). U-Spencer, ingasi uDarwin, waqamba 'survival of the fittest'. Umsebenzi oyihloko wombono lo bekuwezepolotiki - wenza ukwakhiwa kobukhosi bamazwe weYurophu nokungalingani okulukhuni kwezomnotho kubukeke njengemithetho yemvelo ekungekho ongayijamela namkha okufuze ayijamele.
I-Eugenics
Nengabe umphakathi ungazala izitjalo neenkomo ezingcono, abanye bebabuza, kubayini ungazali abantu 'abangcono'?
I-Eugenics (isuselwa kumagama wesiGirigi atjho 'ozelwe kuhle') yaqanjwa nguFrancis Galton, umzala kaDarwin, ngo-1883. Bekuqale ukobana 'ithuthukise' inani labantu ngokukhuthaza 'abanamandla' bona babe nabantwana (i-eugenics ekhuthazako) begodu ivimbe 'abangakalungi' bona bangabi nabo (i-eugenics evimbako) - ngokuhlukanisa, ukuvimba imitjhado nokuvimba ukuzala ngokukatelelwa.
- 'Abangakalungi' bahlathululwa ukobana bafaka abatlhagako, abakhubazekileko, abanamalwelwe wengqondo nabantu abangasibamhlophe.
- Yaguqula ubuhlangahlangana besayensi engamanga baba liqhinga lesenzo sombuso.
- Ngokuthoma kwabo-1900, i-eugenics beyithandwa begodu ihloniphekile eYurophu nase-USA.
Speaker notes
Lesi sisilayidi esiphendukako: i-eugenics kulapho imibono eyingozi iba maqhinga wesenzo sombuso ngokujamelene nabantu bamambala. Qaphela bona i-eugenics beyingasi ikholelo yabambalwa - beyifundiswa emayunivesithi ahlonipheke khulu begodu isekelwa ziingcwephetjhi ezihloniphekileko, osopolotiki nabaguquli kizo zoke iindawo zezepolotiki. Ukuhlonipheka lokho kungikho khulu okwenza yaba yingozi kangaka. Bikezela bona iimbatho ezimbili ezilandelako zitjengisa i-eugenics ibekwa emthethweni.
I-Eugenics e-United States
I-America yaba lizwe lokuthoma ukuguqula i-eugenics ibe qhinga elikhulu lombuso.
Kusukela ngo-1907, iimfunda ze-US zaphasisa imithetho yokuthena abantu ngokukatelelwa abaqalwa 'njengabangakalungi'. Ecaleni lango-1927 elithi Buck v. Bell, iKhotho ePhakemeko yavuma ukuthenwa, lapho iJaji u-Oliver Wendell Holmes atlola umutjho oyihlazo othi, 'Iimizukulwana emithathu yeziyilima yanele.' Iinkulungwana zabantu base-America zathenwa ngaphandle kwemvumo, begodu i-Immigration Act ka-1924 yasebenzisa umcabango we-eugenic ukuvimbela amaqhembu 'angafuneki'.
- Iinsulaphenduko khulukhulu bekungabantu abatlhagako, abakhubazekileko nabemiphakathi emincani.
- I-eugenics ye-US beyinemali, ihleliwe begodu itjhejwa mazweni woke.
- Iingcwephetjhi zesayensi zobuhlanga zaseJarimani zafunda imithetho ye-America ngokuseduze njengesibonelo.
Speaker notes
Isifundo esiyihloko kukobana indlela eya emikhwenyeni yamaNazi akhange ithome eJarimani. I-USA, idemokhrasi, yathoma iqhinga le-eugenic elikatelelako, begodu abenzi bemithetho bamaNazi babhala ngokusepepeneni imithetho yase-America nabatlola eyabo. Phatha ngokutjheja umutjho we-Buck v. Bell - uwubize njengeqiniso lomlando eliyihlazo, ingasi isithuko sokuphinda ngokungahloniphi. [SME] Qinisekisa amanani wokuthenwa (avamise ukubalwa ukobana adlula i-60,000 ekhulwini lama-20) nomtjho we-1907 Indiana 'wokuthoma komthetho' ngokuqhathanisa nomthombo we-SAHO ngaphambi kokukhipha.
IKholoniyalizimu nokubulawa kwesizwe samaHerero namaNama
E-German South West Africa (namhlanjesi iNamibia), imibono yobuhlanga yaveza lokho abanengi abakubiza ngokobana kukubulawa kwesizwe kokuthoma ekhulwini lama-20.
Lokha isizwe samaHerero nesamaNama savukela ubukhosi bekholoniya yeJarimani, uNjengeli Lothar von Trotha wakhipha umyalo wokuqothula (1904). Abasilako baqhutjhwa baya emrhabeni namkha emakampeni okuvalelwa, lapho iinkulungwana zafela khona. Amakhakhayi wabahlongakeleko athunyelwa eJarimani ukobana asetjenziswe erhubhululweni 'lesayensi yobuhlanga'.
- Abalandi bomlando balinganisela bona kwabulawa amaHerero amalinganiselo we-65,000 nama-10,000 wamaNama.
- Ithiyori yobuhlanga yaveza ukubulawa kwabantu okukhulu 'njengokususwa kwemvelo' kwesizwe 'esiphasi'.
- Imibono efanako yamakampe nehlelo lamazinga wobuhlanga izabuya godu eYurophu ngemva kweminyaka eminengi.
Speaker notes
Isilayidi lesi sisekela imibono engabambekiko esehlakalweni esibi esibambekako esinokuhlobana okuqinileko nesifunda seSewula Afrika (iNamibia beyilawulwa yiSewula Afrika ingcenye enkulu yekhulu lama-20). Gcizelela umniningwana orhwaqeleko wamakhakhayi athunyelwe erhubhululweni lobuhlanga - kutjengisa isayensi engamanga nobudlhula obukhulu budlana. Dweba umgca ocacileko oya eJarimani yamaNazi ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa iimehlakalo lezi zimbili zibe yinye. [SME] Umkhumbulo wokobana 'kukubulawa kwesizwe kokuthoma ekhulwini lama-20' namanani wabahlongakeleko asetjenziswa kabanzi kodwana aphikiswa ebubanzini; qinisekisa ngokuqhathanisa nesihloko se-SAHO Herero Revolt.
'Ubuhlanga obubusako (master race)' bamaNazi
AmaNazi akha umbuso woke ngesayensi engamanga yobuhlanga obubusako 'be-Aryan'.
Ngemva kwe-1933, iJarimani yamaNazi yenza ihlelo lamazinga wobuhlanga isisekelo somthetho. Baqamba ubuhlanga obubusako be-Aryan (Herrenvolk) begodu bahlathulula amaJuda, amaRoma, abantu abaNzima nabanye 'njengezitha' eziphasi. I-Nuremberg Laws (1935) yathathela amaJuda ubukhcitjhini begodu yavimba umtjhado phakathi kwamaJuda namanye amaJarimani - iguqula ubuhlangahlangana besayensi engamanga bube sistimu esisemthethweni yokuhlukanisa.
- Umthetho we-1933 wavumela ukuthena ngokukatelelwa 'kwabangakalungi ngokwefuzo', ulingisa i-eugenics ye-US.
- Iimpropaganda, iinkolo nesayensi zoke zafundisa ihlelo lamazinga wobuhlanga njengeqiniso.
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwakhula igadango ngegadango: kusukela ebukhitjhini, kuya ekufumaneni, kuya ekuphileni ngokwako.
Speaker notes
Tjengisa abafundi indlela isihloko se-CAPS esifuna bona bayizwisise: imibono yobuhlanga iba 'yingcenye eqakathekileko yeqhinga lombuso nokubekwa komthetho'. I-Nuremberg Laws iyisibonelo esicace khulu - umthetho ohlathulula bona ngubani obalwa njengomuntu opheleleko. Veza umgca oqinileko osuka esilayidini se-eugenics ye-US: umthetho weJarimani wokuthena we-1933 wenziwa ngengcenye ngesibonelo semithetho yase-America. Gcizelela ubunjalo begadango negadango bokutlhoriswa - akhenge kuthome ngokubulala, kwathoma ngamaphepha.
I-Holocaust
Ubufundisi bezepolotiki bobuhlanga bafinyelela ekugcineni ekubulaweni okuhleliweko, kwefekthri kwezigidi zabantu.
Ngesikhathi sePi yePhasi yesiBili umbuso wamaNazi wenza i-Holocaust - ukubulawa okwenziwe ngamabomu, okuhleliweko kwamalinganiselo wezigidi eziyisithandathu zamaJuda, kunye namaRoma, abantu abakhubazekileko, abaphikisi bezepolotiki nabanye ababalwa 'njengabangakafaneli ukuphila'. Lesi bekusiphetho esirhwaqelisako sekhulu leminyaka lomcabango wobuhlanga owahlela abantu wabe wenza ngalokho ukuhlela.
- Abakhubazekileko baba phakathi kweensulaphenduko zokuthoma, ngeqhinga langaphambili le-'euthanasia'.
- Iburoloji, isayensi nethekhnoloji zasetjenziswa ekubulaweni ngezinga lefekthri.
- I-Holocaust ijame njengesiyeleliso esibukhali khulu sokobana imibono yobuhlanga ingaya kuphi.
Speaker notes
Lesi sisilayidi esizwelako khulu - siphathe ngokuqakatheka nokutjheja. Gcina ukugatjalala ekulahlekelweni kwabantu nasekukhumbuleni, ingasi emniningwaneni orhwaqelisako. Yenza umtjho wezehlukaniso wokobana i-Holocaust beyingasi ilaka elizumako kodwana isiphetho esibukhali somqondo abafundi abasilandelele isifundo soke: ukuhlela, ihlelo lamazinga, ukwenza abantu bangabi babantu, ukuhlukanisa, bese ukuqothula. Qaphela isinqophiso se-SAHO ekufundiseni nge-Holocaust begodu uhlobanise namalungelo wabantu avele ngemva kwalokho (i-Universal Declaration of Human Rights ka-1948 nebizo elithi 'genocide').
Imibono yobuhlanga neSewula Afrika
Iimsinga efanako yomcabango wobuhlanga yabumba ukuhlukaniswa ne-apartheid ekhaya.
ISewula Afrika beyiyingcenye yendaba le yephasi loke. Iimbuso zamakholoniya nezabafiki zasebenzisa imibono efanako yesayensi engamanga ukuvikela ukunqoba, ukuthathwa komhlaba nokuhlukaniswa. Ngemva kwe-1948, i-apartheid yakha isistimu yomthetho epheleleko ngokuhlela ngobuhlanga - khulukhulu ku-Population Registration Act ka-1950, eyahlukanisa woke umuntu abe 'buhlangeni' obusemthethweni.
- Abalandi bomlando bavamise ukuqhathanisa imithetho ye-apartheid yokuthoma nemithetho yobuhlanga yamaNazi.
- Kokubili, umbuso, ingasi ibhayoloji, owanquma bona ngubani obelethelela ku'buhlanga' obuphi.
- Ukuzwisisa isayensi engamanga yobuhlanga kusiza ukuhlathulula bona kubayini i-apartheid beyingakalungi kwesuselweni sayo.
Speaker notes
Yehlisa ukuqakatheka kwesihloko kubafundi beSewula Afrika: imibono efundwe lapha beyingasi problemu yeYurophu kwaphela, yasetjenziswa ukwakha ukuhlukaniswa ne-apartheid ekhaya. Dweba ukuqhathanisa okunetjheja neJarimani yamaNazi (kokubili basebenzisa ukuhlela kombuso) ngaphandle kokuqaphela umahluko - i-apartheid beyinqophe ekusetjenzisweni nokuhlukaniswa okulawulwako kunokuqothula. Loku kuhlobanisa phambili neenyunithi ze-apartheid zeBanga 11 nele-12.
Kusukela ekuhleleni kuya emonakalweni
- 1735 U-Linnaeus uhlela 'iinhlobo' zabantu
- 1859 U-Darwin ukhipha incwadi ethi On the Origin of Species
- 1883 U-Galton uqamba i-'eugenics'
- 1904 Ukubulawa kwesizwe samaHerero namaNama kuyathoma
- 1927 I-US Buck v. Bell ivumela ukuthena ngokukatelelwa
- 1935 I-Nuremberg Laws yamaNazi
- 1941-45 I-Holocaust
- 1948-50 Imithetho yokuhlela nge-apartheid eSewula Afrika
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa ilayini yesikhathi ukuqinisa umtjho njengegleni yembangela nomphumela: umbono (ukuhlela) uba lukhuni ube yisayensi engamanga (i-Social Darwinism, i-eugenics), etlolwa emthethweni (US, iJarimani yamaNazi, iSewula Afrika) begodu yenziwa njengobudlhula (ukubulawa kwesizwe emakholoniya, i-Holocaust). Buza abafundi bona bakhombe ukuthi ngiziphi izehlakalo 'ezimibono', ngiziphi 'ezimithetho' begodu ngiziphi 'ezibudlhula' - ukuqinisa ikhomba eyihloko yesihloko ngaphambi kwemibuzo yokubuyekeza.
Esikufundileko
Imibono inamandla: isayensi engamanga yobuhlanga, nayikade yakholelwa yatlolwa emthethweni, yabiza ipilo yamashumi wezigidi zabantu.
Kiso soke isifundo silandelele indlela 'ubuhlanga' obabunjwa ngayo, baqanjwa, ingasi bafunyanwe; indlela isayensi engamanga (i-Social Darwinism ne-eugenics) enikela ngayo ubuhlangahlangana isivalo esihloniphekileko; nendlela, lokha iimbuso zitlola imibono le emthethweni, imiphumela isuka ekuthenweni ngokukatelelwa iye ekubulaweni kwesizwe emakholoniya ne-Holocaust. Ukufunda umlando lo siyeleliso ngobungozi bemibono eyenza abantu bangabi babantu - nesivikelo samalungelo wabantu nesithunzi sabantu.
Q. Hlathulula bona kubayini abalandi bomlando bahlathulula isayensi yobuhlanga yekhulu le-19 'njengesayensi engamanga'. Qalisela endleleni iimphetho ezafinyelelwa ngayo. (6 marks)
Q. 'Imibono yobuhlanga yaba yingozi kwamambala kwaphela lokha iimbuso ziyiguqula ibe mthetho.' Uyavumelana? Sebenzisa okungenani iimbonelo ezimbili ezisuka esifundweni ukusekela ipendulo yakho. (8 marks)
Q. Qhathanisa indlela ubuhlanga obasetjenziswa ngayo eJarimani yamaNazi neSewula Afrika ye-apartheid. Khomba ukufana kunye nomahluko owodwa. (6 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngokubuyela emtjhweni wokuvula - ubuhlanga yinto eyakhiwa yihlangano enemiphumela emibi kwamambala - nangokuqinisekisa ikambiso yamalungelo wabantu eyalandela u-1945. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengehlolwa elitloliweko namkha ikulumiswano ehleliweko; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulandela iindlela ze-CAPS zokutlola okuneswa nokuqhathanisa imithombo (Q2 yingcenye encani/i-eseyi; Q3 ilolonga ikghono lokuqhathanisa isihloko esifunako). Khumbuza abafundi bona isihloko lesi siyisisekelo seenyunithi ze-apartheid namalungelo wabantu ezilandelako.
- Grade
- Grade 11
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Ideas of race in the late 19th and 20th centuries
- Resource type
- Presentation