IMfecane/iDifaqane, ukukhula kombuso wamaZulu ngaphansi kukaShaka, kanye nokuguqulwa kwezombusazwe kuwo wonke lo mkhakha.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubeka abafundi esikhathini nasendaweni: 'ngemva kuka-1750' kusho amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi nangesikhathi sasekuqaleni kwawo-1800 endaweni engaphakathi nasogwini olusempumalanga lwalokho manje okuyiNingizimu Afrika, iLesotho, i-eSwatini, iMozambique neZimbabwe. Beka phambili izingcezu ezintathu: (1) inkathi yokuphazamiseka ebizwa ngeMfecane (kwabeNguni) noma iDifaqane/iLifaqane (kwabeSotho-Tswana), (2) ukukhula kombuso wamaZulu onamandla nogxile endaweni eyodwa, kanye (3) nokuthi abantu bomakhelwane baxoshwa kanjani noma bakha kanjani imibuso emisha njengempendulo. Gcizelela ukuthi lena yinkathi izazi-mlando ezisaphikisana ngayo kakhulu.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1700 lo mkhakha wawuyikhaya lezizwe eziningi zase-Afrika ezizimele - hhayi izwe elingenamuntu elilinde ukuhlaliswa.
Ogwini oluvundile lwasempumalanga kwakuhlala izizwe ezikhuluma isiNguni; enkangala ephakeme (highveld) kwakuhlala imiphakathi yamaSotho-Tswana. Iningi kwakungabalimi abaxube ukufuya nokulima ababefuya izinkomo futhi belima amabele nommbila, behlelwe babe yizizwe zosayizi ohlukene.
- Izinkomo zaziyingcebo, isikhundla kanye nesisekelo sokwethembeka kwezombusazwe.
- Uhwebo lwezinyo lwendlovu nezinkomo lwaluxhumanisa indawo engaphakathi netheku lamaPutukezi eDelagoa Bay (iMaputo).
- Ukwanda kwabantu kwakusho ukuncintisana okwengeziwe ngomhlaba, amanzi nedlelo.
Speaker notes
Lungisa inganekwane endala yendawo engaphakathi 'engenamuntu': lena kwakuyindawo ehlaliwe, ekhiqizayo enezinhlelo zezombusazwe ezizinzile. Gcizelela izinkomo njengezisemqoka emnothweni nakwezombusazwe - amandla enkosi ayencike ezinkomeni nakubalandeli eyayikwazi ukubaheha. Veza izingcindezi ezazakhekayo (ukwanda kwabantu, ukuncintisana ngedlelo, ukuncintisana ngohwebo) ngoba lokhu kudlala ngqo empikiswaneni ngezimbangela zeMfecane emaslayidini alandelayo.
Inkathi yezimpi ezisabalele, ukufuduka noshintsho lwezombusazwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye.
IMfecane yigama lesiNguni elivame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi 'ukuchobozeka' noma 'ukuhlakazeka'; iDifaqane (noma iLifaqane) yigama lesiSotho-Tswana lalokho kuphazamiseka okufanayo, okuvame ukubekwa cishe kusukela ngo-1815 kuya ku-1840. Izizwe zalwa, zahlakazeka zabuye zahlangana futhi, futhi inqwaba yabantu yaxoshwa emakhaya.
- Izizwe ezincane zamuncwa zaba yingxenye yemibuso emikhulu, egxile kakhudlwana endaweni eyodwa.
- Ababaleki bafuduka bewela inkangala ephakeme, bephazamisa imiphakathi ekude nogu.
- Kwavela imibuso emisha efana neyamaZulu, amaNdebele, amaSotho, amaSwazi kanye neyaseGaza.
Speaker notes
Nikeza abafundi wo womabili amagama uphinde ugcizelele ukuthi bawasebenzise ndawonye - la magama amabili amelela imibono yamaqembu olimi ahlukene abhekana nezehlakalo ezifanayo. Chaza inqubo, hhayi nje igama kuphela: ukuhlangana (amaqoqo amaningi amancane aba yiwo ambalwa amakhulu), ukufuduka nokwakheka kombuso. Xwayisa ukuthi izinsuku nezibalo zabafileyo ziyaphikiswana, okusungula islayidi somlando womlando (historiography) kamuva.
Izazi-mlando azivumelani ngezimbangela. Impendulo enhle ikala izici eziningi kunokusola umuntu oyedwa.
Imvelo
Ukwanda kwabantu kanye nesomiso esibi (esikhunjulwa ngokuthi indlala kaMadlathule) kwenza ukuncintisana ngomhlaba nedlelo kwaqina.
Uhwebo
Ukuncintisana ngokulawula uhwebo lwezinyo lwendlovu nezinkomo ngeDelagoa Bay kwakhuthaza amakhosi ukuthi akhe imibuso emikhulu, enamandla empi.
Ezombusazwe
Abaholi abanamathemba amakhulu abafana noDingiswayo noShaka bagxilisa amandla endaweni eyodwa, bemunca omakhelwane ababuthakathaka ngokunqoba nangokwakha ubumbano.
Ingcindezi yangaphandle
Ezinye izazi-mlando zithi ukuthumba izigqila kusuka eDelagoa Bay kanye nesidingo sabasebenzi emngceleni waseKapa kwaqhuba ingxenye enkulu yodlame.
Speaker notes
Lokhu kuyinhliziyo yokuhlaziya yalesi sihloko se-FET. Bonisa ukucabanga ngezimbangela eziningi: ayikho imbangela eyodwa eyanele. Qaphela ukuthi izincwadi zesikole ezindala zazisola ubudlova bukaShaka bodwa cishe ('umlando womuntu omkhulu'), kanti izifundo zakamuva zigcizelela imvelo, uhwebo nokuthunjwa okuvela ngaphandle. Ikhadi lesine libeka phambili impikiswano kaCobbing okuzokhulunywa ngayo kamuva. Khuthaza abafundi ukuthi bahlele ngokulandelana baphinde baxhume izimbangela kunokuthi bazibale nje.
Ngaphambi kukaShaka, iNkosi uDingiswayo yamaMthethwa yahlela kabusha indlela izinsizwa ezazikhonza ngayo umbuso.
UDingiswayo wakha amaMthethwa aba ngamandla abusayo phakathi kwabeNguni basenyakatho. Uhlotshaniswa nokuhlela izinsizwa zibe ngamabutho - amabutho eminyaka ayekhonza inkosi - okwaqinisa igunya eliphakathi namandla empi.
- Amabutho ayehlela amadoda ngeminyaka kunokuwahlela ngokobuzwe, ewabophela embusini.
- UDingiswayo wathatha uShaka osemncane wamvikela wamkhulisa esikhundleni.
- Ngemva kokuba uDingiswayo ebulewe yimbangi, uShaka wamuncela amaMthethwa embusweni wamaZulu owawukhula.
Speaker notes
Beka uDingiswayo njengomuntu oyibhuloho ukuze abafundi bangaphathi uShaka njengokuthi wasungula konke kusuka ekungabini lutho - ukuqhubeka noshintsho. Uhlelo lwamabutho yisikhungo esisemqoka: ngokuhlela ukwethembeka ngokweqoqo leminyaka elikhonza umbusi, amakhosi ayekwazi ukweqa ukwehlukana kwezizwe futhi abeke amabutho aqeqeshiwe. Qaphela ukuthi imininingwane yempilo kaDingiswayo ivela ngokwengxenye emlandweni womlomo wakamuva futhi kufanele iphathwe ngokuqaphela.
Kusukela cishe ngo-1816 uShaka kaSenzangakhona waguqula isizwe esincane saba umbuso onamandla kunayo yonke kulo mkhakha.
Speaker notes
Chaza amasu ngokusobala: 'isifuba' sibambelela esitheni kanti izimpondo ezimbili ziyasizungeza, kanti 'izinkalo' (abagcinelwe) balinda ngemuva, ngokuvamile bebheke eceleni ukuze bangaphelelwa yisibindi. Gcizelela ukuthi izinguquko zaziyizombusazwe njengoba nje zaziyizempi - uShaka wamunca abantu abanqotshiwe esizweni esisha samaZulu, okuyisona sizathu esenza umbuso wamphila. Phatha uShaka ngokucophelela: gwema kokubili ukumkhonza njengeqhawe kanye nomfanekiso wakudala wobuhlanga wombusi onolaka; mveze njengomakhi wombuso onekhono, onganamusa enkathini enodlame.
Umbuso kaShaka wagxilisa amandla, izinkomo nabantu ngaphansi kwenkosi.
Umbuso wamaZulu wawulawula izinkomo, umhlaba nomsebenzi wamabutho ngenkosi. Lokhu kugxiliswa endaweni eyodwa kwenza umbuso waba namandla, kodwa futhi kwadala ukungezwani. Ngo-1828 uShaka wabulawa ngabafowabo bakubaba uDingane noMhlangana; uDingane wabe esethatha isihlalo sobukhosi.
- Amabutho ayengakwazi ukushada kuze kube inkosi iyawadedela, okwagcina amadoda esemsebenzini.
- Intela yezinkomo nokusanhlamvu yayigeleza iya enhloko-dolobha yasebukhosini.
- Ngaphansi kukaDingane umbuso ngokushesha wabhekana nengozi entsha: amaVoortrekker oHambo Olukhulu (Great Trek).
Speaker notes
Khombisa ukuthi ukugxiliswa endaweni eyodwa kwaba umthombo kokubili wamandla nokungazinzi - ukugxilisa amandla kumema ukuncintisana phezulu, yingakho kwenzeka ukubulawa. Beka phambili ukushayisana noHambo Olukhulu (ukubulawa kukaRetief kanye neMpi yaseNcome/Blood River ngo-1838) abafundi abakufunda ngokugcwele ngaphansi kokwanda kwamakoloni. Gcina ukugxila lapha ekusebenzeni kwangaphakathi kombuso wamaZulu kunezimpi zabahambi.
Amaqembu abalekayo noma ahlukana nengxabano awuthwala lo mvukelo ngaphakathi kakhulu ezweni nangaphesheya.
Njengoba izizwe zinqotshwa noma zikhetha ukuhamba, abaholi basungula imibuso emisha kude nakwelakwaZulu. UMzilikazi, owake waba ngomunye wezinduna zikaShaka, wahlukana wahola amaNdebele (amaMatabele) aya enkangala ephakeme ekugcineni waya enyakatho ewela iLimpopo engena kwiZimbabwe yanamuhla.
- AmaNdebele kaMzilikazi ahlasela aphinde aguqula imiphakathi yasenkangala ephakeme ngaphambi kokuhlala eduze neBulawayo.
- USoshangane wasungula umbuso waseGaza kulokho manje okuyiningizimu yeMozambique.
- USobhuza I wabutha abantu enyakatho ukwakha umgogodla wombuso wamaSwazi.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lesi slayidi ukukhombisa ubukhulu: iMfecane/iDifaqane yayingeyona nje indaba yamaZulu kuphela kodwa yaba yinguquko yesifunda eyayifinyelela kwiZimbabwe neMozambique. Qinisa ukuthi eminingi yale mizamo yakhiqiza imibuso ehlalayo nobunikazi besizwe besimanje. Qaphela ukuveza abantu abaxoshiwe njengabantu abasebenzayo abakha kabusha imiphakathi yabo, hhayi nje njengezisulu ezingenzi lutho.
Akuzona zonke izimpendulo ezaziyimpi - abanye abaholi bakha ukuvikeleka ngobunxusa nangokukhosela.
Enkangala ephakeme uMoshoeshoe I wabutha ababaleki nemiphakathi ehlakazekile wakha isizwe esisha samaBasotho (amaSotho). Kusukela cishe ngo-1824 wenza inqaba yakhe entabeni enesiqongo esiyisicaba iThaba Bosiu, okwakulula ukuyivikela ezihlaselini.
- Wamunca wavikela abantu ababaleka iDifaqane, ekhulisa abalandeli bakhe.
- Wasebenzisa ubunxusa, ukuboleka izinkomo nobumbano lomshado kanye nokuzivikela.
- Umbuso awusungula waba yisisekelo seLesotho yesimanje.
Speaker notes
Qhathanisa isu likaMoshoeshoe nendlela yezempi kaShaka - bobabili babe ngabakhi bombuso, kodwa uMoshoeshoe wancika kakhulu ebunxuseni, ekukhoseleni nasenqabeni yemvelo. Lokhu kunikeza abafundi imodeli yesibili yobuholi futhi kukhombisa ukuthi ukuhlangana kwakungaba ngokuzivikela kanye nangokuhlasela. Xhuma phambili ezimpini zamaBasotho zakamuva zokulwa neFree State kanye neLesotho yesimanje.
- c.1795 UDingiswayo wakha amandla amaMthethwa nohlelo lwamabutho
- c.1816 UShaka uba yinkosi yamaZulu futhi uqala ukwanda
- c.1821 UMzilikazi uyahlukana futhi uhola amaNdebele engena ngaphakathi ezweni
- c.1824 UMoshoeshoe uhlala eThaba Bosiu, akhe umbuso wamaBasotho
- 1828 UShaka uyabulawa; uDingane uthatha isihlalo sobukhosi bamaZulu
- 1830s IDifaqane iguqula inkangala ephakeme; uHambo Olukhulu lufinyelela ngaphakathi ezweni
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa umugqa wesikhathi ukuqinisa ukulandelana nokugqagqana - qaphela ukuthi izinqubo eziningana zenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo ezindaweni ezahlukene, hhayi ngomugqa ohlelekile. Khumbuza abafundi ukuthi eziningi zalezi zinsuku zicishe zilinganiselwe futhi zakhiwe kabusha emlandweni womlomo nasemarekhodini akamuva, okuyiyo kanye imbangela yokuthi izazi-mlando ziphikisane ngale nkathi. Lesi slayidi siyisikhathi esihle sokuma ngaphambi kwengxoxo yomlando womlando.
Ngeminyaka yawo-1980 nawo-1990 izazi-mlando zabuza imibuzo ngendaba yakudala yeMfecane uqobo.
Isazi-mlando uJulian Cobbing waphikisa ngokuthi umqondo 'weMfecane' yase-Afrika ezimele wawusetshenziswa njenge*alibi* - indaba yokumboza eyayisola udlame lwabase-Afrika kanti ifihla ukuthunjwa kwezigqila kwabaseYurophu kusuka eDelagoa Bay kanye nokuthunjwa kwabasebenzi emngceleni waseKapa. Ezinye izazi-mlando, ezifana no-Elizabeth Eldredge, zabuza ezinye izingxenye zempikiswano yakhe zanikeza isikhundla esiphakathi.
Umqondo weMfecane usetshenzisiwe ukuchitha indima yabantu bangaphandle odlameni lwaleyo nkathi. Ukubukezwa kwempikiswano ehlobene noJulian Cobbing (1988)
- Umbono wakudala: izimbangela zangaphakathi zase-Afrika, ezigxile kuShaka namaZulu.
- Umbono ohlaziya kabusha: ukuhlasela kwabaseYurophu nesidingo sabasebenzi kwaqhuba ingxenye enkulu yokuphazamiseka.
- Iningi lezazi-mlando manje likhetha inhlanganisela yezimbangela zangaphakathi nezangaphandle.
Speaker notes
Lesi slayidi sithuthukisa ikhono le-FET lokuqonda umlando njengokuhumusha. Chaza 'umlando womlando' (isifundo sokuthi umlando ubhalwa kanjani) nokuthi kungani izehlakalo ezifanayo zingaxoxwa ngezindlela ezihluke kakhulu. Kugcine kulinganisela: inselele kaCobbing yayibalulekile futhi yaphoqa ukucabanga kabusha, kodwa eziningi zezimangalo zakhe eziqondile ziyaphikiswana, futhi isikhundla esivamile siyinhlanganisela. [SME] Qinisekisa amagama nedethi yezimpikiswano zikaCobbing no-Eldredge kanye nokuhunyushwa okucashuniwe uma kuqhathaniswa nencwadi yesikole emisiwe ye-CAPS ngaphambi kokuwusebenzisa; isicaphuno siyisibonelo, akusona isicaphuno esiqondile.
Ukuphazamiseka kwashiya izinguquko ezihlalayo zezombusazwe, ezenhlalo nezabantu.
Cishe ngo-1840 imephu yezombusazwe yeNingizimu Afrika yayibukeka yehluke kakhulu. Imibuso embalwa emikhulu, egxile endaweni eyodwa yayithathe indawo yezizwe eziningi ezincane, futhi ukunyakaza kwabantu kwakwenze ezinye izindawo ezinkulu zaba ngenamuntu zabuye zaphinde zahlaliswa. Ezinye izindawo zenkangala ephakeme zazibukeka zingahlali abantu abaningi kumaVoortrekker ayefika - iqiniso elasetshenziswa ukufakazela izimangalo 'zomhlaba ongenamuntu'.
- Imibuso emisha enamandla: amaZulu, amaNdebele, amaSwazi, iGaza namaBasotho.
- Imodeli yamabutho yombuso ogxile endaweni eyodwa, onamandla empi yasabalala kabanzi.
- Ukuphazamiseka kwabumba indlela, nendawo, ukuhlaliswa kwamakholoni kwakamuva okwenzeka khona.
Speaker notes
Hlanganisa izintambo ndawonye mayelana nokuqhubeka noshintsho. Xwayisa abafundi ngokusobala ngenganekwane 'yomhlaba ongenamuntu': izindawo zaphazamiseka zaphinda zahlaliswa, azizange zibe ngenamuntu ngokwemvelo, futhi le nganekwane yasetshenziswa kamuva ukufakazela ukwephucwa umhlaba. Qaphela ukuthi izibalo zabafileyo ezike zicashunwe ngeMfecane (ezivame ukushiwo njengesigidi kuya ezigidini ezimbili) azinaqiniseko kakhulu futhi cishe zenziwe ngokweqisa. [SME] Qinisekisa ukuthi yimiphi imiphumela nezibalo zabalimele i-CAPS elindele ukuthi abafundi bazibonise.
Inkathi engemva kuka-1750 yaguqula imibuso yeNingizimu Afrika, abantu nemingcele - futhi isaphikiswana ngayo kakhulu.
Ulandelele iMfecane/iDifaqane, ukukhula kombuso wamaZulu ngaphansi kukaShaka, ukusungulwa kwemibuso emisha nguMzilikazi, uSobhuza noMoshoeshoe, kanye nempikiswano yezazi-mlando ngokuthi yini eyabangela konke lokhu.
Q. Chaza ukuthi asho ukuthini amagama 'iMfecane' 'neDifaqane', nokuthi kungani wo womabili amagama esetshenziswa ngenkathi efanayo. (4 marks)
Q. Xoxa ngezinguquko zezempi nezombusazwe uShaka azethula, uphinde uchaze ukuthi zawusiza kanjani ukwakha umbuso wamaZulu. (8 marks)
Q. Izazi-mlando azivumelani ngezimbangela zeMfecane. Qhathanisa okungenani izincazelo ezimbili unikeze isinqumo sakho esisekelwe ubufakazi. (8 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa le mibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliwe noma ingxoxo ehlelekile; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulandela izitayela ze-CAPS ezisekelwe emithonjeni nezokubhala okwengeziwe. UQ1 uhlola imiqondo, uQ2 uhlola ukuhlaziya kwembangela-nomphumela wombuso wamaZulu, kanti uQ3 uhlola ikhono lezinga eliphakeme lokukala izincazelo eziqhudelanayo. Khuthaza abafundi ukuthi babhekise ebufakazini futhi bavume ukungabi naqiniseko. Bakhumbuze ukuthi lesi sihloko sixhumana phambili neSihloko 5, ukwanda kwamakoloni eNingizimu Afrika ngemva kuka-1750.
- Grade
- Grade 10
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Transformations in southern Africa after 1750
- Resource type
- Presentation