IMfecane/iDifaqane, ukuvela kobukumkani bamaZulu phantsi kukaShaka, kunye nokutshintshwa kwezopolitiko kulo lonke ummandla.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubeka abafundi ngexesha nangendawo: 'emva kowe-1750' kuthetha amashumi eminyaka phambi nangexesha lokuqala kwee-1800s kummandla wangaphakathi nakumbombo waselwandle wasempuma woko ngoku kunguMzantsi Afrika, iLesotho, i-eSwatini, iMozambique neZimbabwe. Bonisa kwangaphambili imisonto emithathu: (1) ixesha lesiphithiphithi elibizwa ngokuba yiMfecane (isiNguni) okanye iDifaqane/iLifaqane (isiSuthu-isiTswana), (2) ukuvela kobukumkani bamaZulu obunamandla, obuhlanganisiweyo, kunye (3) nokuba abantu ababemelene nabo babegxothwa njani okanye bakha izikhundla ezitsha ngokuphendula. Gxininisa ukuba eli lixesha ababhali-mbali abasaphikisana ngalo ngokuqhubekayo.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1700 lo mmandla wawulikhaya lezizwe ezininzi zabantu abamnyama ezizimeleyo - hayi umhlaba ongenanto ulindele ukuhlaliswa.
Ecaleni kolwandle olunemveliso lwasempuma kwakuhlala ubukhosi obuthetha isiNguni; kummandla ophakamileyo (highveld) kwakuhlala uluntu lwesiSuthu-isiTswana. Uninzi lwabo lwaluluqela olwaluxuba ulimo, befuya iinkomo belima amazimba nombona, behlelwe kubukhosi obunobukhulu obohlukeneyo.
- Iinkomo zaziyingqwebo, isikhundla nesiseko sokunyaniseka kwezopolitiko.
- Urhwebo ngamaxinzi eendlovu neenkomo lwaludibanisa ummandla wangaphakathi nezibuko lamaPhuthukezi eDelagoa Bay (iMaputo).
- Ukwanda kwabemi kwakuthetha ukhuphiswano olukhulu ngomhlaba, amanzi nedlelo.
Speaker notes
Lungisa intsomi yakudala 'yommandla ongaphakathi ongenanto': lo yayingummandla ohleliweyo, onemveliso, oneenkqubo zopolitiko ezimisiweyo. Gxininisa iinkomo njengento ephambili kuqoqosho nakwezopolitiko - amandla enkosi ayexhomekeke kwiinkomo nakubalandeli ezazinokubatsala. Phawula uxinzelelo olwaluqokelelana (ukwanda kwabemi, ukhuphiswano ngedlelo, ukhuphiswano lorhwebo) kuba oku kutyala ngqo kwingxoxo ngezizathu zeMfecane kumaslayidi alandelayo.
Ixesha lemfazwe eyanda ngokubanzi, ukufuduka notshintsho lwezopolitiko ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.
IMfecane ligama lesiNguni eliqhele ukuguqulelwa ngokuthi 'ukutyunyuzwa' okanye 'ukusasazeka'; iDifaqane (okanye iLifaqane) ligama lesiSuthu-isiTswana lesi siphithiphithi sinye, esidla ngokubekwa malunga nowe-1815 ukuya kowe-1840. Ubukhosi babusilwa, buqhawuke, buze buphinde buhlangane, kwaye inani elikhulu labantu lagxothwa.
- Ubukhosi obuncinane bathatyathwa bahlanganiswa nobukumkani obukhulu, obuhlangene ngakumbi.
- Iimbacu zafuduka kummandla ophakamileyo, ziphazamisa uluntu olwaluqhelekile kude nonxweme.
- Izikhundla ezitsha ezifana nobukumkani bamaZulu, amaNdebele, abaSuthu, amaSwazi neGaza zavela.
Speaker notes
Nika abafundi omabini amagama uze ugcine ukuba bawasebenzise kunye - la magama mabini abonisa iimbono zamaqela olwimi ahlukeneyo abona iziganeko ezinye. Chaza inkqubo, hayi nje igama: ukuhlanganisa (iiyunithi ezincinane ezininzi ziba mbalwa ezinkulu), ukufuduka nokwakhiwa kwezikhundla. Lumkisa ukuba imihla nenani labafileyo liyaphikiswa, nto leyo emisela islayidi lehistoriography kamva.
Ababhali-mbali abavumelani ngezizathu. Impendulo elungileyo ikala izinto ezininzi kunokubeka ityala kumntu omnye.
Okusingqongileyo
Ukwanda kwabemi nembalela enzima (ekhunjulwa njengendlala yaseMadlathule) kwandisa ukhuphiswano ngomhlaba nedlelo.
Urhwebo
Ukhuphiswano lokulawula urhwebo lwamaxinzi eendlovu neenkomo ngeDelagoa Bay lwakhuthaza iinkosi ukuba zakhe izikhundla ezikhulu, ezinomkhosi.
Ezopolitiko
Iinkokeli ezinamabhongo ezifana noDingiswayo noShaka zahlanganisa amandla, zithathela phantsi abamelwane ababuthathaka ngokoyisa nangemvumelwano.
Uxinzelelo lwangaphandle
Abanye ababhali-mbali baxoxa ukuba ukuthinjwa kwamakhoboka eDelagoa Bay nemfuno yabasebenzi kumda waseKapa kwaqhuba uninzi lobundlobongela.
Speaker notes
Le yintliziyo yohlalutyo yesihloko kwi-FET. Yenza umzekelo wokucinga ngezizathu ezininzi: akukho sizathu sinye esaneleyo. Phawula ukuba iincwadi zakudala zazibeka ityala kukungqwabalala kukaShaka kuphela ('imbali yendoda enkulu'), ngelixa uphando lwamva lugxininisa okusingqongileyo, urhwebo nokuthinjwa kwangaphandle. Ikhadi lesine libonisa kwangaphambili ingxoxo kaCobbing egqitywe kamva. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba baqokelele baze bacokise izizathu endaweni yokuzidwelisa nje.
Phambi kukaShaka, iNkosi uDingiswayo yamaMthethwa yaguqula indlela amadoda aselula awayekhonza ngayo urhulumente.
UDingiswayo wakha amaMthethwa aba ligunya elilawulayo phakathi kwamaNguni asemantla. Unxulunyaniswa nokuhlela amadoda aselula abe ngamabutho - amabutho eminyaka awayekhonza inkosi - nto leyo eyomeleza igunya eliphakathi namandla omkhosi.
- Amabutho ahlanganisa amadoda ngokweminyaka endaweni yokuwahlanganisa ngokwesizukulwana, ewabophelela kumlawuli.
- UDingiswayo wathatha uShaka oselula wamgcina phantsi kokhuseleko lwakhe waza wamphakamisa.
- Emva kokuba uDingiswayo ebulewe ngumchasi wakhe, uShaka wathathela phantsi amaMthethwa kumandla amaZulu awayekhula.
Speaker notes
Beka uDingiswayo njengomntu oyibhulorho ukuze abafundi bangamphathi uShaka njengomntu owasungula yonke into ukusuka kokungenanto - ukuqhubekeka notshintsho. Inkqubo yamabutho sisiseko esiphambili: ngokuhlela ukunyaniseka kwiqela leminyaka elikhonza umlawuli, iinkosi zazinokutshayela ukwahlula-hlula kwesizwe zize zibe nemikhosi eqeqeshiweyo. Phawula ukuba iinkcukacha zobomi bukaDingiswayo zisuka ngokuyinxenye kwimbali yomlomo yamva kwaye zifanele ukuphathwa ngenkathalo.
Ukususela malunga nowe-1816 uShaka kaSenzangakhona waguqula ubukhosi obuncinane baba sisikhundla esinamandla kunazo zonke kummandla.
Speaker notes
Chaza amaqhinga ngokucacileyo: 'isifuba' sibamba utshaba ngelixa 'iimpondo' ezimbini zibangqonga, kunye 'nezinqe' (umkhosi ogciniweyo) alinde ngasemva, edla ngokujonga ngaphaya ukuze angaphelelwa lithemba. Gxininisa ukuba uhlaziyo lwalulolwezopolitiko njengoko lwalulolomkhosi - uShaka wathathela phantsi abantu aboyisiweyo kwisizwe esitsha samaZulu, yiyo loo nto ubukumkani baqhubeka emva kwakhe. Phatha uShaka ngenkathalo: phepha kokubini ukumthanda ngokugqithisileyo nomfanekiso wakudala wobuhlanga wembandezeli enomkhwa wegazi; mbonise njengomakhi-rhulumente onobuchule, ongenanceba kwixesha lobundlobongela.
Urhulumente kaShaka wahlanganisa amandla, iinkomo nabantu phantsi kokumkani.
Ubukumkani bamaZulu babulawula iinkomo, umhlaba nabasebenzi bamabutho ngokumkani. Oku kuhlanganiswa kwamandla kwenza urhulumente womelela, kodwa kwakhona kwadala uxinzelelo. Ngo-1828 uShaka wabulawa ngabantakwabo abangamakhaza uDingane noMhlangana; emva koko uDingane wathatha isihlalo sobukumkani.
- Amabutho ayengavumelekanga ukutshata de ukumkani awakhulule, egcina amadoda esebenza.
- Irhafu yeenkomo nokudla yayihamba isiya kwikomkhulu.
- Phantsi kukaDingane ubukumkani bakhawuleza bajongana nesoyikiso esitsha: amaVoortrekker oHambo Olukhulu (Great Trek).
Speaker notes
Bonisa indlela ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla okwakusisiseko sokomelela nesokungazinzi - ukuhlanganisa amandla kumema ukhuphiswano phezulu, kungoko ukubulawa. Bonisa kwangaphambili ungquzulwano noHambo Olukhulu (ukubulawa kukaRetief neDabi laseBlood River ngo-1838) abafundi abaluqwalasela ngokupheleleyo phantsi kokwanda kwabakoloniyali. Gcina ugxininiso apha kwindlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente wamaZulu ngaphakathi endaweni yeemfazwe zamatrekker.
Amaqela ayebaleka okanye ayeqhawuka kwimfazwe athwala isiphithiphithi asa kude ngaphakathi nangaphaya.
Njengoko ubukhosi boyiswa okanye bukhetha ukuhamba, iinkokeli zaseka izikhundla ezitsha kude lee neZululand. UMzilikazi, owayekade engomnye wabaphathi-mkhosi bakaShaka, waqhawuka wakhokela amaNdebele (amaMatabele) aya kummandla ophakamileyo waza ekugqibeleni aya emantla ewela iLimpopo aya koko ngoku kuyiZimbabwe.
- AmaNdebele kaMzilikazi ahlasela aza aguqula uluntu lommandla ophakamileyo phambi kokuhlala kufuphi neBulawayo.
- USoshangane waseka ubukumkani beGaza koko ngoku kungumzantsi weMozambique.
- USobhuza I wahlanganisa abantu emantla ukwenza umongo wobukumkani bamaSwazi.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa esi slayidi ukubonisa ubungakanani: iMfecane/iDifaqane yayingelobali lamaZulu kuphela kodwa yayiluguqulo lommandla wonke oluya kuZimbabwe neMozambique. Qinisekisa ukuba uninzi lwezi ntshukumo lwavelisa ubukumkani obwahlala ixesha elide nezazisi zesizwe zanamhlanje. Lumka ukubonisa abantu abagxothiweyo njengabenzi abasebenzayo abakha kwakhona uluntu lwabo, hayi nje njengamaxhoba angenzi nto.
Ayikho yonke impendulo eyayiyimfazwe - ezinye iinkokeli zakha ukhuseleko ngozakuzo nangokusabelisa.
Kummandla ophakamileyo uMoshoeshoe I wahlanganisa iimbacu noluntu olwaluchithachithekile waza wakha isizwe esitsha sabaSuthu. Ukususela malunga nowe-1824 wenza inqaba yakhe entabeni enencopho esicaba iThaba Bosiu, eyayilula ukuyikhusela kubahlaseli.
- Wathathela phantsi wakhusela abantu ababebaleka iDifaqane, esandisa abalandeli bakhe.
- Wasebenzisa uzakuzo, imboleko yeenkomo nemitshato yemvumelwano kunye nokhuselo.
- Ubukumkani awabusekayo baba sisiseko seLesotho yanamhlanje.
Speaker notes
Thelekisa iqhinga likaMoshoeshoe nendlela yomkhosi kaShaka - bobabini babengabakhi-rhulumente, kodwa uMoshoeshoe wayexhomekeke kakhulu kuzakuzo, kwindawo yokusabela nakwinqaba yendalo. Oku kunika abafundi imodeli yesibini yobunkokeli kwaye kubonisa ukuba ukuhlanganisa kwakunokuba kokuzikhusela njengokungqwabalala. Nxulumanisa phambili kwiiMfazwe zabaSuthu kamva ngokuchasene neFree State nakwiLesotho yanamhlanje.
- c.1795 UDingiswayo wakha amandla amaMthethwa nenkqubo yamabutho
- c.1816 UShaka uba yinkosi yamaZulu aze aqale ukwanda
- c.1821 UMzilikazi uyaqhawuka akhokele amaNdebele aye ngaphakathi
- c.1824 UMoshoeshoe uzinza eThaba Bosiu, esakha ubukumkani babaSuthu
- 1828 UShaka uyabulawa; uDingane uthatha isihlalo sobukumkani bamaZulu
- 1830s IDifaqane iguqula ummandla ophakamileyo; uHambo Olukhulu lufika kummandla wangaphakathi
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa umgca wexesha ukuhlanganisa ulandelelwano nokugqithelana - phawula ukuba iinkqubo ezininzi zenzeka ngexesha elinye kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, hayi ngomgca ohleliweyo. Khumbuza abafundi ukuba imihla emininzi ithekelela kwaye yakhiwe kwakhona ukusuka kwimbali yomlomo neengxelo zamva, nto leyo kanye ebangela ukuba ababhali-mbali baliphikise eli xesha. Esi slayidi sisikhundla esihle sokuphumla phambi kwengxoxo yehistoriography.
Ngeminyaka yee-1980 nee-1990 ababhali-mbali baphonononga ibali lemveli leMfecane ngokwalo.
Umbhali-mbali uJulian Cobbing waxoxa ukuba ingcamango yeMfecane 'ezimeleyo' yabantu abamnyama yayisetyenziswe njenge-alibi (isizathu esifihlakeleyo) - ibali elifihlayo elabeka ityala kubundlobongela babantu abamnyama ngelixa lifihla ukuthinjwa kwamakhoboka ngamaYuropha eDelagoa Bay kunye nokuthinjwa kwabasebenzi kumda waseKapa. Abanye ababhali-mbali, njengoElizabeth Eldredge, baphonononga iinxalenye zengxoxo yakhe banikela ngesimo esiphakathi.
Ingcamango yeMfecane isetyenzisiwe ukucacisela kude indima yabantu bangaphandle kubundlobongela beli xesha. Ukuchazwa ngamanye amazwi kwengxoxo enxulunyaniswa noJulian Cobbing (1988)
- Imbono yemveli: izizathu zangaphakathi zabantu abamnyama, ezijolise kuShaka namaZulu.
- Imbono yohlaziyo: ukuthinja ngamaYuropha nemfuno yabasebenzi kwaqhuba uninzi lwesiphithiphithi.
- Uninzi lwababhali-mbali ngoku luthanda indibaniselwano yezizathu zangaphakathi nezangaphandle.
Speaker notes
Esi slayidi siphuhlisa isakhono se-FET sokuqonda imbali njengokutolikwa. Chaza 'ihistoriography' (ufundo ngendlela imbali ebhalwa ngayo) nesizathu sokuba iziganeko ezinye zinokubaliswa ngokwahluke kakhulu. Yigcine ilingana: umceli-mngeni kaCobbing wawubalulekile kwaye wanyanzelisa ukucinga kwakhona, kodwa amabango akhe amaninzi athile ayaphikiswa, kwaye imbono ephambili yindibaniselwano. [SME] Qinisekisa ukubhalwa nokubekwa kwemihla yeengxoxo zikaCobbing noEldredge nokuchazwa ngamanye amazwi ngokuchasene nencwadi emiselweyo yeCAPS phambi kokuyisebenzisa; ikota ngumzekelo, hayi ukucaphula okumsulwa.
Isiphithiphithi sashiya utshintsho lwezopolitiko, lwentlalo nolwenani labantu oluhlala ixesha elide.
Malunga nowe-1840 imephu yezopolitiko yoMzantsi Afrika yayibonakala yahluke kakhulu. Ubukumkani obumbalwa obukhulu, obuhlanganisiweyo babuthathe indawo yobukhosi obuncinane obuninzi, kwaye ukufuduka kwabantu kwenza iindawo ezikhulu zangabinabantu zaza zaphinda zahlaliswa. Eminye imimandla yommandla ophakamileyo yayibonakala inabemi abambalwa kumaVoortrekker awayefika - into eyasetyenziswa ukuthethelela amabango 'omhlaba ongenabantu'.
- Ubukumkani obutsha obunamandla: amaZulu, amaNdebele, amaSwazi, iGaza nabaSuthu.
- Imodeli yamabutho yorhulumente ohlanganisiweyo, onomkhosi yanda ngokubanzi.
- Isiphithiphithi saguqula indlela, nendawo, apho kwenzeka khona ukuhlaliswa kwabakoloniyali kamva.
Speaker notes
Dibanisa imisonto malunga nokuqhubekeka notshintsho. Lumkisa abafundi ngokucacileyo ngokuchasene nentsomi 'yomhlaba ongenabantu': iindawo zaziphazamisekile zaza zaphinda zahlaliswa, hayi zingenabantu ngokwendalo, kwaye intsomi yasetyenziswa kamva ukuthethelela ukuhluthwa. Phawula ukuba amanani abafileyo axelwayo eMfecane (adla ngokuchazwa njengesigidi ukuya kwezibini) angaqinisekanga kwaye mhlawumbi abaxiwe. [SME] Qinisekisa ukuba zeziphi iziphumo namanani abafileyo ekulindeleke ukuba abafundi bawavelise kwikharityhulam yeCAPS.
Ixesha emva kowe-1750 laguqula ubukumkani, abantu nemida yoMzantsi Afrika - kwaye lisaphikiswa ngokuqhubekayo.
Ulandelele iMfecane/iDifaqane, ukuvela kobukumkani bamaZulu phantsi kukaShaka, ukusekwa kwezikhundla ezitsha nguMzilikazi, uSobhuza noMoshoeshoe, kunye nengxoxo yababhali-mbali malunga nokuba yintoni eyabangela konke oku.
Q. Chaza ukuba athetha ntoni amagama athi 'Mfecane' no 'Difaqane', kwaye kutheni omabini la magama esetyenziselwa ixesha elinye. (4 marks)
Q. Xoxa ngotshintsho lomkhosi nolwezopolitiko olwaziswa nguShaka, uze ucacise ukuba lwanceda njani ekwakheni ubukumkani bamaZulu. (8 marks)
Q. Ababhali-mbali abavumelani ngezizathu zeMfecane. Thelekisa ubuncinci iingcaciso ezimbini uze unikele isigwebo sakho esixhaswayo. (8 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliweyo okanye ingxoxo eyakhelweyo; ukwabiwa kwamanqaku kulandela iindlela zeCAPS ezisekelwe emithonjeni nokubhala okwandisiweyo. U-Q1 ujonga iingcamango, u-Q2 ujonga uhlalutyo lonobangela-nesiphumo lorhulumente wamaZulu, kwaye u-Q3 uvavanya isakhono esiphezulu sokukala iintolikwano eziphikisanayo. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba babhekisele kubungqina baze bamkele ukungaqiniseki. Bakhumbuze ukuba esi sihloko sinxulumene phambili neSihloko 5, ukwanda kobukoloniyali eMzantsi Afrika emva kowe-1750.
- Grade
- Grade 10
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Transformations in southern Africa after 1750
- Resource type
- Presentation