INguquko YaseFrance
Ukuthi, phakathi kuka-1789 no-1815, iFrance yawugumbuqela kanjani umbuso wobukhosi oneminyaka eyinkulungwane, yasakaza imibono yenkululeko, ukulingana kanye nobuzwe emhlabeni wonke.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubuza ukuthi abafundi bahlobanisa ini negama elithi 'inguquko'. Yenza kucace ukuthi iNguquko YaseFrance iwumcimbi oyisisekelo womhlaba wanamuhla: yaphonsela inselelo umbono wokuthi amakhosi abusa ngelungelo elivela kuNkulunkulu, yethula umbono wokuthi amandla angawezakhamuzi. Bukisa uhlaka lwesifundo: izimbangela, u-1789, aMalungelo Omuntu, iRiphabhulikhi kanye neNkathi Yokwesabisa (Terror), uNapoleon, kanye nethonya leNguquko emhlabeni wonke.
IFrance ngaphansi kwe-Ancien Regime
Ngaphambi kuka-1789, iFrance yayiwumbuso wobukhosi ophelele obabuswa yiNkosi uLouis XVI, owayethi ubusa ngentando kaNkulunkulu.
I-Ancien Regime ('umbuso omdala') yayiwumphakathi oqinileyo lapho amalungelo omuntu ayencike eqenjini azalelwe kulo. INkosi yayiphethe cishe wonke amandla, wawungekho iphalamende elikhethiweyo, futhi abantu abavamile babenelizwi elincane ekutheni babuswa kanjani.
- IFrance yayiwumbuso onabantu abaningi kunayo yonke eYurophu kodwa yayingalingani nhlobo.
- INkosi yayikwazi ukuvalela abantu ejele ngaphandle kokuquliswa kwecala (nge-lettre de cachet).
- Ingcebo, amalungelo akhethekile kanye nokukhululwa enteleni kwakuzuzwa ngefa, hhayi ngokusebenza.
Speaker notes
Chaza kahle 'umbuso wobukhosi ophelele' kanye 'nelungelo elivela kuNkulunkulu' - umfundi we-FET kufanele akwazi ukuqhathanisa lokhu nohlelo olusekwe kumthethosisekelo noma olwentando yeningi. Gcizelela ukuthi inkinga yayingeyona nje iNkosi embi kodwa yayiwuhlaka luphelele lwamalungelo akhethekile azuzwa ngefa. Lokhu kubeka isisekelo sokuhlaziya izimbangela ezislaydini ezilandelayo.
Umphakathi owahlukaniswe waba izigaba ezintathu
Umphakathi waseFrance wawuhlukaniswe ngokomthetho waba 'izigaba' ezintathu ezinamalungelo nemithwalo engalingani nhlobo.
Isigaba Sokuqala
Abefundisi (iSonto). Cishe u-1% wabantu, kodwa babenomhlaba omkhulu futhi babengakhokhi cishe intela.
Isigaba Sesibili
Izicukuthwane. Cishe u-1-2% wabantu, ababephethe amalungelo akhethekile, imisebenzi ephezulu kanye nokukhululwa enteleni.
Isigaba Sesithathu
Bonke abanye abantu - cishe u-97%: abalimi, izisebenzi kanye nesigaba esiphakathi (bourgeoisie). Yibona ababekhokha iningi lezintela.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela iphuzu lokuhlaziya: kwakungesikho nje ukuthi iningi labantu lalimpofu, kodwa ukungalingani kwakubhalwe emthethweni. I-bourgeoisie (isigaba esiphakathi esifundile, imvamisa esicebile) yayingakuthandi ukukhokha izintela nokuvinjelwa emandleni ngenxa yokuzalwa - baba ngabaqhubi ababalulekile beNguquko. Cela abafundi baqhathanise lokhu kungalingani okusemthethweni nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngesikhathi sobandlululo abakufunda emabangeni angaphambili, kodwa baqaphele ukungakwenzi kufane ncimishi.
Izimbangela zeNguquko
Inkinga yezimali, uhlelo lwentela olungenabo ubulungiswa kanye nemibono emisha enesibindi kwahlangana kwawubhidliza umbuso omdala.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1780 umbuso waseFrance wawuchithekelwe yimali (bankrupt). Izimpi ezibiza kakhulu - okuhlanganisa ukusekela iNguquko YaseMelika - zawuqeda umnotho wesikhwama sombuso, kanti izigaba ezimbili ezinamalungelo akhethekile zenqaba ukukhokha intela. Ukuvuna okubi kwenyusa intengo yesinkwa, ukudla okuyisisekelo kwabampofu.
- Ezomnotho: izikweletu zombuso, umthwalo wentela ongenabulungiswa owawela phezu koSigaba Sesithathu, kanye nokwenyuka kwamanani esinkwa.
- Ezomphakathi: intukuthelo ngamalungelo akhethekile ezicukuthwane kanye nezifiso ze-bourgeoisie.
- Ezengqondo: abacabangi be-Enlightenment (iNkathi Yokukhanyiseleka) abanjengoRousseau, uVoltaire noMontesquieu babephikelela ngokucabanga okunengqondo, amalungelo emvelo kanye nombuso obuswa ngemvume yabantu.
Speaker notes
Hola abafundi ukuze bahlukanise izimbangela zesikhathi eside (ukungalingani okusohlakeni, imibono ye-Enlightenment) kokuqalisayo kwesikhathi esifushane (ukuphelelwa yimali, ukwehluleka kokuvuna kuka-1788, intengo yesinkwa). Lo mehluko wembangela-nomphumela uyikhono elibalulekile lomlando we-FET. Qaphela ukuthi imibono yodwa ayizange ibangele iNguquko - yanika abantu ulimi lokufuna ushintsho lapho inkinga ifika.
Kusuka ku-Estates-General kuya kwiSishayamthetho Sesizwe
NgoMay 1789 iNkosi yabiza i-Estates-General; emavikini ambalwa uSigaba Sesithathu wawusuzimemezele njengezwi lesizwe.
Ecindezeleke edinga imali, uLouis XVI wabiza i-Estates-General - umhlangano owawungahlanganga selokhu kwaphela u-1614. Lapho uSigaba Sesithathu unqotshwa ngamavoti yizigaba ezimbili ezinamalungelo akhethekile, izithunywa zawo zahlukana zazimemezela njenge-National Assembly (iSishayamthetho Sesizwe), zithi zimele abantu baseFrance.
- Bevalelwe ngaphandle kwehholo labo lomhlangano, izithunywa zabuthana enkundleni yethenisi eseduze.
- Ku-Sifungo Senkundla Yethenisi (Tennis Court Oath, 20 June 1789) bafunga ukuthi ngeke bahlakazeke iFrance ize ibe nomthethosisekelo.
- Lokhu kwakuyinselelo eqondile emandleni aphelele eNkosi.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi kungani indlela yokuvota yayibalulekile: ngekhanda (umuntu ngamunye) noma ngesigaba. Ukuvota 'ngesigaba' kwavumela izigaba ezimbili ezincane ezinamalungelo akhethekile ukuthi zihlale zinqoba uSigaba Sesithathu omkhulu ngamavoti. ISifungo Senkundla Yethenisi yisikhathi lapho ubukhosi bombuso buqala khona ukususuka eNkosini buye esizweni - iphuzu lokuguquka elibalulekile emqondweni. Gcizelela ukuzenzela: lesi kwakuyisenzo sezombusazwe esihleliwe, esenzelwe ngamabomu, hhayi isiyaluyalu esizivelelayo.
Ukuhlaselwa kweBastille
Lapho izixuku eParis zithumba inqaba yaseBastille, iNguquko yaba ngukuvukela okukhulu kwabantu abavamile.
Besaba ukuthi iNkosi izosebenzisa amasosha ukucindezela iSishayamthetho esisha, futhi becasukiswe yindlala namanani aphezulu, isixuku eParis sahlasela i-Bastille - ijele nenqaba yasebukhosini eyayifanekisela amandla ombuso wobukhosi okuvalela abantu ejele noma nini. Ukuwa kwayo kwakhombisa ukuthi abantu abavamile bangawuphonsela inselelo umbuso.
- IBastille yayigcina izikhali kanye nomsizi wesibhamu (gunpowder) isixuku esasiwudinga ukuze sizivikele.
- Ukuthunjwa kwayo kwaba uphawu olukhulu lweNguquko.
- Mhla ka-14 July - uSuku lweBastille - luseluwusuku lukazwelonke lwaseFrance.
Speaker notes
Cacisa uphawu: yiziboshwa ezimbalwa kuphela ezazibanjwe khona, ngakho iBastille yayibaluleke njengophawu lwamandla asebukhosini asetshenziswa ngokungananazi kunanjengejele. Lesi slayidi siyindawo enhle yokuxoxa ngokuthi izimpawu nemizwa kuqhuba kanjani izehlakalo zomlando. Qaphela ukushintsha kusuka empikiswaneni yezombusazwe yabakhethekile kuye enguqukweni yabantu ebandakanya abantu baseParis.
ISimemezelo Samalungelo Omuntu Nesakhamuzi (Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen)
ISishayamthetho Sesizwe sabeka izimiso zomphakathi omusha: inkululeko, ukulingana kanye nobukhosi babantu.
Abantu bazalwa futhi bahlala bekhululekile futhi belingana emalungelweni. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Article 1, 1789
ISimemezelo sathi ubukhosi bombuso bungobesizwe, hhayi obeNkosi, nokuthi umbuso ukhona ukuze uvikele amalungelo emvelo. Sathembisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukulingana phambi komthetho kanye nokuvikelwa ekuboshweni okungenabulungiswa - imibono esalokhu ibumba imithethosisekelo nanamuhla.
- Sachitha amalungelo asemthethweni akhethekile ezicukuthwane nabefundisi.
- Samemezela zonke izakhamuzi zilingana phambi komthetho.
- Imikhawulo yaso: asizange sinike wonke umuntu ilungelo lokuvota, futhi amalungelo abesifazane ayekhishwe kakhulu ngaphandle - njengoba uOlympe de Gouges wabhikisha ngo-1791.
Speaker notes
Linganisa ukugubha nokuhlaziya okujulile, okudingwa yi-FET. ISimemezelo siyinguquko ngempela, futhi ulimi lwaso luzwakala emibhalweni yakamuva - okuhlanganisa izimiso zoMthethosisekelo wentando yeningi waseNingizimu Afrika kanye neSimemezelo Somhlaba Samalungelo Abantu (Universal Declaration of Human Rights). Kodwa yiba nobuqotho ngemikhawulo yaso: izakhamuzi 'ezisebenzayo' uma kuqhathaniswa 'nezingasebenzi', ukukhishwa ngaphandle kwabesifazane, kanye nokuthi iFrance yayisabambe abantu abayizigqila ezindaweni zayo ezingamakoloni. I-'Simemezelo Samalungelo Owesifazane' (Declaration of the Rights of Woman, 1791) sikaOlympe de Gouges siyiphuzu elihle lokuxoxa. [SME] Qinisekisa amagama aqondile e-Article 1 ekuhumusheni okusetshenziswa yisikole.
Ukuphela kombuso wobukhosi
Njengoba iNguquko iya ngokuqina, iFrance yawuchitha umbuso wobukhosi yabulala iNkosi yayo.
INkosi yamelana nezinguquko futhi yazama ukubalekela izwe ngo-1791. Impi neminye imibuso yobukhosi yaseYurophu, eyayesaba ukuthi iNguquko izosabalala, yayijulisa inkinga. NgoSeptember 1792 iFrance yamenyezelwa njenge-Riphabhulikhi, futhi ngoJanuary 1793 uLouis XVI wabulawa nge-guillotine, kwalandela kamuva iNdlovukazi uMarie Antoinette.
- Umzamo womndeni wasebukhosini wokubaleka wabhidliza ukwethenjwa kweNkosi.
- Ukuhlaselwa kwabokufika kanye nobunzima bezomnotho kwaqhubela ezombusazwe emikhawulweni eyeqile.
- Amaqembu aqinile anjenge-Jacobins athola amandla eRiphabhulikhi entsha.
Speaker notes
Landelela inqubo yokuqina: ukuthi impi, ukwesaba kanye nenkinga yezomnotho kwayiqhubela kanjani inhlangano yezinguquko ezilinganiselayo iye ezinyathelweni ezedlulele. Ukubulawa kweNkosi kwakuwukwehlukana okukhulu - kwamemezela ukuthi akekho umbusi ongaphezu komthetho noma isizwe. Phatha ukubulawa ngokweqiniso nangokuzothile; iphuzu ukushintsha embonweni wobukhosi, hhayi imininingwane ethusayo.
INkathi Yokwesabisa (The Terror)
Ukuze uvikele iRiphabhulikhi, umbuso weNguquko wasebenzisa ukubopha nokubulala okukhulu - futhi waphendukela kubantu bawo uqobo.
Ubhekene nokuhlaselwa kwabokufika kanye nokuvukela kwangaphakathi, iKomiti Lokuphepha Komphakathi (Committee of Public Safety) eliholwa nguMaximilien Robespierre lathatha amandla esimo esiphuthumayo. Ngegama lokuvikela iNguquko, izinkulungwane zabantu okwakusolwa ukuthi bayizitha zaboshwa zabulawa - eziningi nge-guillotine - imvamisa emva kokuquliswa kwamacala angenabulungiswa.
- Kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abangu-17,000 babulawa ngokusemthethweni, kwathi ezinye izinkulungwane ezingamashumi zabantu zafela ejele noma ekuvukeleni kwezifunda.
- Ukwesaba kwasetshenziswa ngamabomu njengethuluzi lombuso.
- NgoJuly 1794 uRobespierre ngokwakhe waketulwa wabulawa, kwaphela iNkathi Yokwesabisa.
Speaker notes
Lesi yisona slayidi esizwelayo kakhulu - siphathe ngokuzibophezela futhi ungakubukisi udlame njengento enhle. Umbuzo wokuhlaziya wabafundi be-FET: ingabe inhlangano eyakhelwe phezu kwamalungelo nenkululeko ingakufanelekisa yini ukwesabisa nokubulala ukuze izivikele? Yethula iNkathi Yokwesabisa njengesixwayiso sokuthi ukwesaba namandla esimo esiphuthumayo kungazibukela phansi kanjani izinkululeko iNguquko ethi iyazivikela. Gcina izibalo ziyiqiniso futhi ugweme incazelo ecacisa udlame. [SME] Qinisekisa izibalo zokubulawa uziqhathanisa nencwadi yokufundela esetshenziswayo; izilinganiso zezazi-mlando ziyahluka.
INguquko ngokushesha, 1789-1815
- 1789 I-Estates-General; iSifungo Senkundla Yethenisi; ukuhlaselwa kweBastille; iSimemezelo Samalungelo Omuntu
- 1791 Umthethosisekelo wokuqala obhaliwe; ukubaleka kweNkosi okwehlulekayo
- 1792 IFrance imenyezelwa njengeRiphabhulikhi
- 1793 Ukubulawa kukaLouis XVI; iNkathi Yokwesabisa iyaqala
- 1794 Ukuwa nokubulawa kukaRobespierre; iNkathi Yokwesabisa iyaphela
- 1799 UNapoleon uthatha amandla ngokuketula umbuso
- 1804 UNapoleon ubekwa njengoMbusi Omkhulu (Emperor); iNapoleonic Code
- 1815 UNapoleon unqotshwa eWaterloo
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lesi slayidi ukuqinisa ukulandelana ngaphambi kokuhlaziya uNapoleon nefa. Cela abafundi bakhombe amaphuzu okuguquka baphinde baqaphele iphethini: isiqalo esinethemba (1789), ukuqina nokwesabisa (1793-94), bese kuba nombusi oyedwa onamandla (uNapoleon). Lo mumo wokukhuphuka-nokuwa uvamile ezinguqukweni eziningi futhi kufanele uqanjwe ngokusobala.
UNapoleon: indlalifa nomkhapheli weNguquko
Ujenene ohlakaniphile wathatha amandla, waqeda isiphithiphithi, wasakaza imibono yenguquko - kanti wazenza uMbusi Omkhulu (emperor).
Ngo-1799 uNapoleon Bonaparte wathatha amandla ngokuketula umbuso, waqeda iminyaka yokungazinzi. Ngo-1804 wazibeka yena uqobo njengoMbusi Omkhulu (Emperor). Wagcina ezinye izinzuzo zeNguquko - ikakhulukazi ukulingana okusemthethweni nge-Napoleonic Code - kodwa futhi wabusa njengombusi onobushiqela (dictator), wathibela abezindaba, wakha umbuso omkhulu ngempi.
- INapoleonic Code yasakaza ukulingana phambi komthetho kanye namalungelo empahla kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
- Ukunqoba kwakhe kwathwala imibono yenguquko - kanye nokumelana nayo - kude nangale kweFrance.
- Ngemva kokunqotshwa eWaterloo ngo-1815, umbuso wobukhosi wabuyela eFrance, kodwa umbuso omdala awuzange ukwazi ukubuyiselwa ngokugcwele.
Speaker notes
UNapoleon wethulwa ngamabomu njengomuntu ongacaci - lokhu kuyisikhuthazo esinamandla sokuhlaziya. Buza: ingabe wayiqedela iNguquko noma wayikhaphela? Waqinisa ukulingana okusemthethweni nokusebenza ngekhono, kodwa wachoboza inkululeko yezombusazwe wazibeka njengoMbusi Omkhulu. Khuthaza abafundi ukuthi babambe amaqiniso womabili ngasikhathi sinye kunokumbiza nje ngokuthi 'muhle' noma 'mubi'.
Ithonya leNguquko emhlabeni wonke
Imibono yeNguquko yasabalala kude nangale kweFrance futhi iyaqhubeka nokubumba umhlaba wanamuhla.
Amalungelo abantu
Umbono wokuthi bonke abantu banamalungelo ngenxa nje yokuba ngabantu wathonya imibhalo yakamuva, okuhlanganisa iSimemezelo Somhlaba Samalungelo Abantu ka-1948 (Universal Declaration of Human Rights).
IHaiti
Abantu abayizigqila ekoloni yaseFrance iSaint-Domingue bathatha ulimi lwenkululeko, kwathi ngo-1804 bawina iNguquko YaseHaiti (Haitian Revolution) - inguquko yokuqala ephumelele eyenziwa ngabantu abayizigqila.
Imizabalazo elwa nobukoloni
Izimfuno zenkululeko, ukulingana kanye nokuzibusa zagqugquzela izinhlangano zenkululeko nezokuzimela emhlabeni wonke, okuhlanganisa nase-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Lesi slayidi sixhumanisa umlando waseYurophu nomlando womhlaba kanye nowase-Afrika, njengoba i-CAPS ihlose. INguquko YaseHaiti ibalulekile: yaveza ukuphikisana emibonweni yaseFrance, ikhombisa ukuthi abantu iFrance eyabakhipha ngaphandle bazithatha izethembiso zeNguquko bazibeka phambili ngaphezu kwaseFrance uqobo. Dweba umugqa oqaphelekile, ongahambisani nesikhathi esingafanele, oya emizabalazweni yenkululeko yakamuva, okuhlanganisa neyaseNingizimu Afrika, lapho ulimi lwamalungelo nokulingana luzwakala khona kusukela ngo-1789. [SME] Qinisekisa ukujula kokufundwa kweNguquko YaseHaiti okulindelekile eBangeni le-10 kudokhumenti ye-CAPS yamanje.
Inkululeko, Ukulingana, Ubunye
INguquko yanika umhlaba wanamuhla amagama amasha ezombusazwe.
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite - Inkululeko, Ukulingana, Ubunye. Isiqubulo seNguquko YaseFrance, esiseyisiqubulo sikazwelonke saseFrance
Lawa magama amathathu abamba isethembiso seNguquko: inkululeko emandleni asetshenziswa ngokungananazi, ukulingana phambi komthetho, kanye nobumbano phakathi kwezakhamuzi. Igebe eliphakathi kwalesi sethembiso neqiniso - ngaleso sikhathi nanamuhla - liyingxenye yalokho okwenza iNguquko ifanele ukufundwa.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lesi slayidi ukusuka ekulandiseni uye ekuzindleni. Cela abafundi bahlole: ingabe iNguquko YaseFrance yasiphila kangakanani isiqubulo sayo? Lokhu kuhlanganisa impumelelo (amalungelo, ukulingana phambi komthetho) kanye nokwehluleka (iNkathi Yokwesabisa, ukukhishwa kwabanye ngaphandle, ubushiqela bukaNapoleon) futhi kubalungiselela imibuzo yokubukeza.
Esikufundile - kanye nemibuzo okumele siyiphendule
INguquko YaseFrance yabhidliza umbuso omdala yasungula imibono yobuzwe namalungelo esalokhu ibumba umhlaba wethu.
Eminyakeni engaphezudlwana kweshumi, iFrance yasuka embusweni wobukhosi ophelele yaya eriphabhulikhi yaya embusweni omkhulu (empire). Yehluleka ukugcwalisa izethembiso zayo eziningi, kodwa yaguqula unomphelo indlela abantu abacabanga ngayo ngomandla, amalungelo kanye nobuzwe - yathonya izinguquko nemithethosisekelo kude nangale kweYurophu.
Q. Chaza ukuthi izimbangela zesikhathi eside kanye nokuqalisayo kwesikhathi esifushane kwahlangana kanjani kwaletha iNguquko YaseFrance ngo-1789. (8 marks)
Q. Usebenzisa iSimemezelo Samalungelo Omuntu kanye neNkathi Yokwesabisa, xoxa ngokungqubuzana phakathi kwezimiso zeNguquko nezenzo zayo. (10 marks)
Q. Imibono yeNguquko yathonya kangakanani umhlaba obanzi? Bhekisela eHaiti kanye nesinye isibonelo. (8 marks)
Speaker notes
Phetha ngokubuyela embuzweni wokuvula: iyini inguquko, futhi ingabe le yaphumelela? Le mibuzo emithathu ibonisa izitayela zokuhlola ze-CAPS FET - ukuhlaziya imbangela-nomphumela, ukuhlola okusekwe emithonjeni, kanye nengxabano eyandisiwe ethi 'kuze kube yingabe'. Khuthaza abafundi ukuthi bathathe isikhundla basisekele ngobufakazi kunokulandisa nje izehlakalo. Lesi sifundo sixhumana phambili nezihloko zakamuva zobuzwe, amalungelo abantu kanye nemizabalazo yenkululeko yekhulu lama-20.
- Grade
- Grade 10
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The French Revolution
- Resource type
- Presentation