IRevholusheni yeFrance
Indlela, hlangana kwaka-1789 no-1815, iFrance eyaketula ngayo umbuso wamakhosi (monarchy) weminyaka eyikulungwana, yasabalalisa imibono yekululeko, yekulingana nobubanjani (citizenship) ephasini loke.
Speaker notes
Vula ngokubuza bona abafundi bahlobanisa ini nebizo elithi 'irevholusheni'. Yenza kucace bona iRevholusheni yeFrance sisenzakalo esisekelo sephasi lanamhlanjesi: yaqalekisa umbono wokobana amakhosi abusa ngelungelo elivela kuZimu, yethula umbono wokobana amandla ngeweembanjani. Bonisa umkhondo wesifundo: iimbangi, ka-1789, amaLungelo waBantu, iRiphabhliki neSabhokobho (Terror), uNapoleon, kunye nethonya leRevholusheni ephasini loke.
IFrance ngaphasi kwe-Ancien Regime
Ngaphambi kwaka-1789, iFrance beyimbuso wekhosi elipheleleko (absolute monarchy) obuswa yiKhosi uLouis XVI, elathi libusa ngentando kaZimu.
I-Ancien Regime ('umnqophiso omdala') beyimphakathi enonya lapho amalungelo womuntu bekathembele eqenjini azalelwe kilo. Ikhosi belinamandla apheze woke, bekunganawo iphalamende elikhethiweko, begodu abantu abavamileko bebanelizwi elincani endleleni ababuswa ngayo.
- IFrance beyimbuso onabantu abanengi khulu e-Yurophu kodwana enokungalingani okukhulu.
- Ikhosi belingabophela abantu ngaphandle kokungqwanywa (nge-lettre de cachet).
- Ubunjinga, amalungelo akhethekileko nokungakhokhi imithelo bekudluliselwa ngokuzalwa, kungabizwa.
Speaker notes
Chaza kuhle bona 'absolute monarchy' (umbuso wekhosi elipheleleko) kanye 'divine right' (ilungelo elivela kuZimu) kutjho ini - umfundi we-FET kufuze akwazi ukumadanisa nombuso onomthetho-sisekelo namkha owentando yenengi. Gcizelela bona umraro bekungasi ikhosi elimbi kwaphela kodwana wonke umumo wamalungelo akhethekileko adluliswa ngokuzalwa. Lokhu kubeka isisekelo sokuhlaziywa kweembangi eemsleyideni ezilandelako.
Umphakathi owahlukaniswa waba maqembu amathathu (amaestates)
Umphakathi weFrance wawuhlukaniswe ngokomthetho waba 'maestates' amathathu anamalungelo nemithwalo engalinganiko.
I-First Estate
Abefundisi (iBandla). Malungana ne-1% yabantu, kodwana bebanomhlaba omkhulu bebakhokhe cishe angekho imithelo.
I-Second Estate
Iindingana (amakhosana). Malungana ne-1-2% yabantu, ababambe amalungelo akhethekileko, imisebenzi ephezulu nokungakhokhi imithelo.
I-Third Estate
Woke omunye umuntu - malungana ne-97%: abalimi, abasebenzi kanye nabaphakathi (bourgeoisie). Bebakhokha inengi lemithelo.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela iphuzu lokuhlaziya: bekungasingokobana inengi labantu bebalihlwempu kwaphela, kodwana ukungalingani bekutlolwe emthethweni. I-bourgeoisie (abaphakathi abafundileko, kanengi abanjingileko) bebazonda ukukhokha imithelo nokuvinjelwa emandleni ngokuzalwa - baba ngabaqhubi abaqakathekileko beRevholusheni. Buza abafundi ukumadanisa ukungalingani okungokomthetho nokuhlelwa kwesikhathi sobandlululo abakufunda emabangeni angaphambili, kodwana batjheje ukungatheleli umahluko.
Iimbangi zeRevholusheni
Umraro wezeemali, umumo wemithelo ongakalungi kanye nemibono emitjha enesibindi kwahlanganela kwaphula umumo omdala.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yabo-1780 umbuso weFrance bewusehlwafozini (bankrupt). Iimpi ezibiza khulu - kubandakanya isekelo seRevholusheni yeMelika - zaqeda imali, kanti amaestates amabili anelungelo elikhethekileko akhamba ukukhokha imithelo. Ukuvuna okumbi kwaphakamisa intengo yesibhorodo, ukudla okuqakathekileko kwabatlhagako.
- Ezomnotho: isikweletu sombuso, umthwalo wemithelo ongakalungi owehlela ku-Third Estate, kanye nokukhuphuka kwentengo yesibhorodo.
- Ezomphakathi: ukuzonda amalungelo akhethekileko weendingana kunye namabhungezo we-bourgeoisie.
- Ezengqondo: abacabangi be-Enlightenment abanjengoRousseau, uVoltaire noMontesquieu bakhulumela ukusetjenziswa kwengqondo, amalungelo wemvelo kanye nombuso obuswa ngemvumo yabantu.
Speaker notes
Nqophisa abafundi bona bahlukanise iimbangi zesikhathi eside (ukungalingani okusekelweko, imibono ye-Enlightenment) nemikhwezeli yesikhathi esifitjhani (ukuhlwafoza, ukuhluleka kokuvuna kwaka-1788, intengo yesibhorodo). Umahluko lo wembangi-nomphumela mkghono oqakathekileko wehistori ye-FET. Qaphela bona imibono ngayodwa akhange ibangele iRevholusheni - yanikela abantu ilimi lokufuna itjhuguluko lokha umraro ufika.
Ukusuka ku-Estates-General ukuya eNational Assembly
NgoMeyi ka-1789 ikhosi labiza i-Estates-General; ngemva kwamaveke ambalwa i-Third Estate beyizibize ngokobana yilizwi lesitjhaba.
Idinga imali ngamandla, uLouis XVI wabiza i-Estates-General - ihlangano ebeyingakahlangani ukusukela ngo-1614. Lokha i-Third Estate ihlulwa ngamavowudu ngamaestates amabili anelungelo elikhethekileko, abameli bayo bazihlukanisa bazibiza bona yi-National Assembly, bathi bamele abantu beFrance.
- Bavalelwa ngaphandle kwewaladi labo, abameli bahlangana enkundleni yethenisi eseduze.
- Ku-Tennis Court Oath (Isifungo seNkundla yeThenisi, 20 Juni 1789) bafunga bona angekhe bahlakazeke bekube kunobana iFrance inomthetho-sisekelo.
- Lokhu bekuyintjhijilo eqonde ngqo egunyeni elipheleleko lekhosi.
Speaker notes
Chaza bona kubayelani indlela yokuvowuda: ngehloko namkha ngeestate. Ukuvowuda 'ngeestate' bekuvumela amaestates amabili amancani anelungelo elikhethekileko bona ahlule i-Third Estate ekulu njalo. I-Tennis Court Oath sisikhathi lapho ubukhosi bombuso (sovereignty) buqala ukusuka ekhosini buya esitjhabeni - liphuzu eliqakathekileko lokutjhuguluka. Gcizelela ukuzenzela: lo bekusenzo sezepolotiki esihleliweko nesihlelekileko, ingasi ukuvukelwa okuzenzakalelako.
Ukuthunjwa kweBastille
Lokha isiqubuthu sabantu eParis sithatha inqaba yeBastille, iRevholusheni yaba mvukelo omkhulu wabantu.
Basaba bona ikhosi lizakusebenzisa amasotja ukurhirhidla i-Assembly etja, banolaka ngendlala nangentengo ephezulu, isiqubuthu eParis sahlasela i-Bastille - ijele lekhosi nenqaba ebeyifanekisela amandla wombuso wokubophela nanyana kunini. Ukuwa kwayo kwatjengisa bona abantu abavamileko bangalufumana umbuso.
- IBastille beyithwele iinkhali nomsizi wokudubula isiqubuthu ebesizifunela ukuzivikela.
- Ukuthunjwa kwayo kwaba mfanekiso omkhulu weRevholusheni.
- 14 Julayi - iBastille Day - kusesilanga sesitjhaba seFrance.
Speaker notes
Cacisa ukufaniselwa: babambini kwaphela abantu ababophiweko ebebakhona, ngalokho iBastille beyiqakatheke njengomfanekiso wamandla wekhosi angakalungi kunanjengejele. Isleyidi lesi yindawo elungileko yokucoca ngokobana imifanekiso namazizo aqhubela njani izenzakalo zehistori. Qaphela ukutjhuguluka kusuka empikiswaneni yezepolotiki yabaphezulu kuya erevholusheni yabantu ehlanganisa abantu beParis.
ISimemezelo saMalungelo waBantu nawesiBanjani (Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen)
I-National Assembly yabeka iinkambisolawulo zomphakathi omutjha: ikululeko, ukulingana kanye nobukhosi babantu (popular sovereignty).
Abantu bazalwa bahlale bakhululekile balingana emalungelweni. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Article 1, 1789
ISimemezelo sathi ubukhosi bombuso bungewesitjhaba, ingasi bewekhosi, nokobana umbuso ukhona ukuvikela amalungelo wemvelo. Sathembisa ikululeko yokukhuluma, ukulingana phambi komthetho nokuvikelwa ekubotjhweni okungakalungi - imibono esakha imithetho-sisekelo nanamhlanjesi.
- Saqeda amalungelo akhethekileko angokomthetho weendingana nabefundisi.
- Samemezela bona zoke iimbanjani ziyalingana phambi komthetho.
- Imikhawulo yaso: akhange sinikele lungelo lokuvowuda kubo boke, begodu amalungelo wabafazi bewakhitjhwe khulu - njengombana uOlympe de Gouges wakhala ngo-1791.
Speaker notes
Linganisa ukudumisa nokuhlaziya okugxekako, njengombana i-FET ifuna. ISimemezelo sirevholusheni ngeqiniso, begodu ilimi laso liphindaphinda emitlolweni yakade - kubandakanya iimvelo emThethweni-sisekelo weSewula Afrika owentando yenengi kanye neSimemezelo saPhasi saMalungelo waBantu (1948). Kodwana khuluma iqiniso ngemikhawulo yaso: iimbanjani 'ezisebenzako' malungana 'nezingasebenziko', ukukhitjhwa kwabafazi, nokobana iFrance beyisabambe abantu abagqilaziweko emakoloni wayo. I-'Declaration of the Rights of Woman' kaOlympe de Gouges (1791) liphuzu elihle lokucoca. [SME] Qiniseka amagama akhona we-Article 1 etjhugululweni esetjenziswa sikolo.
Ukuphela kombuso wamakhosi
Njengombana iRevholusheni ikhula, iFrance yaqeda umbuso wamakhosi yabulala ikhosi layo.
Ikhosi lakhamba amatjhuguluko lazama ukubaleka enarheni ngo-1791. Ipi namanye amakhosi we-Yurophu, ebesaba bona iRevholusheni izokusabalala, yanabisa umraro. NgoSeptemba 1792 iFrance yamenyezelwa njenge-Riphabhliki, kwathi ngoJanabari 1793 uLouis XVI wabulawa nge-guillotine, kwalandela ngemva kwesikhathi iNdlovukazi uMarie Antoinette.
- Umzamo womndeni wekhosi wokubaleka wabhubhisa ithemba ekhosini.
- Ukuhlaselwa kwangaphandle kanye nobudisi bezomnotho kwathinta ipolotiki kufike emkhawulweni.
- Amaqembu anesibindi njengamaJacobin afumana amandla eRiphabhliki etja.
Speaker notes
Landelela indlela yokukhula: bona ipi, ukusaba nomraro wezomnotho kwathinta njani umnyakazo wokulungisa obumnene bona uye emanyathelweni anonya khulu. Ukubulawa kwekhosi bekusehlukaniso esikhulu - kwamemezela bona akakho umbusi ongaphezu komthetho namkha isitjhaba. Phatha ukubulawa ngeqiniso nangokuthula; iphuzu kutjhuguluko embonweni wobukhosi bombuso, ingasi imininingwana ekarisako.
ISabhokobho (The Terror)
Ukuvikela iRiphabhliki, umbuso weRevholusheni wasebenzisa ukubotjhwa nokubulawa okukhulu - waphendukela nebantwini bawo.
Uqalene nokuhlaselwa kwangaphandle nemvukelo yangaphakathi, iKomidi lokuVikeleka koMphakathi (Committee of Public Safety) elirholwa ngu-Maximilien Robespierre lathatha amandla weemuko. Ngebizo lokuvikela iRevholusheni, iinkulungwana zabantu ekwakusolwa bona baziinaba babotjhwa babulawa - abanengi nge-guillotine - kanengi ngemva kokuqulunywa okungakalungi.
- Kulinganiselwa bona abantu abamalunga we-17 000 babulawa ngokusemthethweni, kwathi amatjhumi weenkulungwana afa ejele namkha eemvukelweni zeengcenye.
- Ukusaba bekusetjenziswa ngamabomu njengethulusi lokubusa.
- NgoJulayi 1794 uRobespierre ngokwakhe waketulwa wabulawa, lokho kwaqeda iSabhokobho.
Speaker notes
Lesi sisleyidi esizwelako khulu - siphathe ngokuzibophezela ngaphandle kokudumisa ubudlhula. Umbuzo wokuhlaziya webafundi be-FET: umnyakazo owakhelwe emalungelweni nekululekweni ungakutjho na ukusabhokobho nokubulala ukuzivikela? Yethula iSabhokobho njengesixwayiso ngendlela ukusaba namandla weemuko angabhicabhica ngayo ikululeko iRevholusheni ethi iyayivikela. Gcina iinombolo zinjengeqiniso ukubalekele ihlathululo elikarisako. [SME] Qiniseka iinombolo zokubulawa ngokwencwadi-yesifundo esetjenziswako; ukuqagela kwabalandi-mlando kuyahluka.
IRevholusheni ngokurhabako, 1789-1815
- 1789 I-Estates-General; iTennis Court Oath; ukuthunjwa kweBastille; ISimemezelo saMalungelo waBantu
- 1791 Umthetho-sisekelo wokuthoma otloliweko; ukubaleka kwekhosi okwahlulekako
- 1792 IFrance yamenyezelwa njengeRiphabhliki
- 1793 Ukubulawa kukaLouis XVI; iSabhokobho iyaqala
- 1794 Ukuwa nokubulawa kukaRobespierre; iSabhokobho iyaphela
- 1799 UNapoleon uthatha amandla ngokuketula umbuso (coup)
- 1804 UNapoleon ubekwa umBusi omKhulu (Emperor); iNapoleonic Code
- 1815 UNapoleon uhlulwa eWaterloo
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa isleyidi lesi ukuhlanganisa ukulandelana ngaphambi kokuhlaziya uNapoleon nefa. Buza abafundi bona bakhombe iimphuzu zokutjhuguluka bebaqaphele iphetheni: isiqalo esinethemba (1789), ukukhula neSabhokobho (1793-94), bese kuza umbusi munye onamandla (uNapoleon). Isakhiwo sokuphakama-nokuwa lesi sivamile eerevholusheni ezinengi begodu kufanele siqanjwe ngokusobala.
UNapoleon: indlalifa nomhlubuki weRevholusheni
Ijoni elihlakaniphileko lathatha amandla, laqeda isiphithiphithi, lasabalalisa imibono yeRevholusheni - kanti lazibeka njengombusi omkhulu (emperor).
Ngo-1799 uNapoleon Bonaparte wathatha amandla ngokuketula umbuso (coup), waqeda iminyaka yokungazinzi. Ngo-1804 wazibeka isihlohlo waba mBusi omKhulu (Emperor). Wagcina eminye imiphumela emihle yeRevholusheni - khulukhulu ukulingana ngokomthetho nge-Napoleonic Code - kodwana godu wabusa njengombusi onesihluku, wavimba iindaba wakha umbuso ngepi.
- I-Napoleonic Code yasabalalisa ukulingana phambi komthetho namalungelo wepahla kiyo yoke i-Yurophu.
- Ukunqoba kwakhe kwathwala imibono yeRevholusheni - nokuyilwisa - kude khulu ngaphandle kweFrance.
- Ngemva kokuhlulwa eWaterloo ngo-1815, umbuso wamakhosi wabuyela eFrance, kodwana umumo omdala ngekhe wabuyiselwa ngokupheleleko.
Speaker notes
UNapoleon ubekwe ngamabomu njengomuntu onombili - lokhu kusikhuthazo esiqinileko sokuhlaziya. Buza: waphelelisa iRevholusheni namkha wayihlubuka? Waqinisa ukulingana ngokomthetho nokusebenza ngobukghoni, kanti wagandelela ikululeko yezepolotiki wazibeka isihlohlo saba mBusi omKhulu. Khuthaza abafundi bona babambe amaqiniso womabili ngasikhathi sinye kunokobana bambize kwaphela njengo-'omuhle' namkha 'omumbi'.
Ithonya leRevholusheni ephasini loke
Imibono yeRevholusheni yasabalala kude khulu ngaphandle kweFrance begodu iragela phambili ukwakha iphasi lanamhlanjesi.
Amalungelo wabantu
Umbono wokobana boke abantu banamalungelo ngokuba mumuntu kwaphela wathinta imitlolo yakade, kubandakanya iSimemezelo saPhasi saMalungelo waBantu sango-1948.
IHaiti
Abantu abagqilaziweko ekoloni yeFrance yeSaint-Domingue bathatha ilimi lekululeko, kwathi ngo-1804, banqoba iRevholusheni yeHaiti - irevholusheni yokuthoma ephumelelako yabantu abagqilaziweko.
Imizabalazo yokulwisana nobukoloni
Iimfuno zekululeko, zokulingana nazokuzibusa zakhuthaza imikhwelo yenkululeko nekululeko ephasini loke, kubandakanya e-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Isleyidi lesi lihlanganisa ihistori ye-Yurophu nehistori yephasi neye-Afrika, njengombana i-CAPS ihlose. IRevholusheni yeHaiti iqakathekile: yabonakalisa ukuphikisana emibonweni yeFrance, itjengisa bona abantu iFrance ebeyibakhipha bathatha izithembiso zeRevholusheni bazidlulisela ngaphambili ukudlula iFrance ngokwayo. Dweba ngokutjheja, ngaphandle kokungabi nesikhathi esilungileko, ulayini oya emizabalazweni yenkululeko yakade, kubandakanya eyeSewula Afrika, lapho ilimi lamalungelo nokulingana liphinda ka-1789. [SME] Qiniseka ubunzima bokufundwa kweRevholusheni yeHaiti okulindeleke eBangeni 10 ku-CAPS yanjesi.
Ikululeko, Ukulingana, Ubuzalwane
IRevholusheni yanikela iphasi lanamhlanjesi ilimi elitjha lezepolotiki.
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite - Ikululeko, Ukulingana, Ubuzalwane. Motto of the French Revolution, still the national motto of France
Amagama amathathu la abamba isithembiso seRevholusheni: ikululeko emandleni angakalungi, ukulingana phambi komthetho, kanye nobunye phakathi kweembanjani. Umsele phakathi kwesithembiso lesi neqiniso - ngesikhatheso nanamhlanjesi - siyingcenye yalokho okwenza iRevholusheni ifanele ukufundwa.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa isleyidi lesi ukusuka ekulandiseni uye ekucabangeni. Buza abafundi bona bahlolisise: iRevholusheni yeFrance yaphila ngezinga elingangani ngokwesiga sayo? Lokhu kubophelela izinto ezafezekiswa (amalungelo, ukulingana phambi komthetho) kanye nokuhluleka (iSabhokobho, ukukhitjhwa kwabantu, ukubusa ngesihluku kukaNapoleon) begodu kubalungiselela imibuzo yokubuyekeza.
Esikufundileko - nemibuzo okufuze siyiphendule
IRevholusheni yeFrance yabhubhisa umumo omdala yethula imibono yobubanjani namalungelo asaka iphasi lethu.
Eminyakeni edlula ilitjhumi kwaphela, iFrance yasuka ebukhosini obupheleleko yaya eriphabhliki yaya embusweni omkhulu (empire). Yahluleka ukufeza izithembiso zayo ezinengi, kodwana yatjhugulula ngokungapheliko indlela abantu abacabanga ngayo ngomandla, amalungelo nobubanjani - ithinta iirevholusheni nemithetho-sisekelo kude khulu ngaphandle kwe-Yurophu.
Q. Hlathulula bona iimbangi zesikhathi eside nemikhwezeli yesikhathi esifitjhani zahlanganela njani ukubangela iRevholusheni yeFrance ngo-1789. (8 marks)
Q. Usebenzisa iSimemezelo saMalungelo waBantu neSabhokobho, cabanga ngokungqubuzana phakathi kweenkambisolawulo zeRevholusheni nezenzo zayo. (10 marks)
Q. Imibono yeRevholusheni yathinta iphasi elikhulu ngezinga elingangani? Sekela ngeHaiti nesinye isibonelo. (8 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngokubuyela embuzweni wokuvula: iyini irevholusheni, begodu le yaphumelela na? Imibuzo emithathu ilingisa iindlela zokuhlolwa kwe-CAPS FET - ukuhlaziywa kwembangi-nomphumela, ukuhlolwa okusekelwe emithonjeni, kanye nesiphikiswano esineba 'ngezinga elingangani'. Khuthaza abafundi bona bathathe isikhundla basisekele ngobufakazi kunokobana balandise izenzakalo kwaphela. Isifundo lesi sibophelela phambili eentwenini zakade zebuzwe, amalungelo wabantu nemizabalazo yenkululeko yangeminyaka yabo-1900.
- Grade
- Grade 10
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The French Revolution
- Resource type
- Presentation