IMvukelo yaseFransi
Indlela, phakathi ko-1789 no-1815, iFransi eyabhukuqa ngayo ubukhosi obabuneminyaka eliwaka ubudala yaza yasasaza iimbono zenkululeko, ukulingana kunye nobummi kwihlabathi liphela.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubuza abafundi ukuba yintoni abayinxulumanisa 'nemvukelo'. Misela ukuba iMvukelo yaseFransi sisiganeko esisisiseko sehlabathi lanamhlanje: yacela umngeni kwimbono yokuba ookumkani balawula ngelungelo elivela kuThixo, yaza yabeka phambili imbono yokuba amandla ngawabemi. Bonisa kwangaphambili indlela esihamba ngayo isifundo: izizathu, u-1789, aMalungelo oMntu, iRiphabhliki kunye noBunqaba, uNapoleon, kunye nempembelelo yeMvukelo kwihlabathi liphela.
IFransi phantsi kwe-Ancien Regime
Phambi ko-1789, iFransi yayibubukhosi obupheleleyo obabulawulwa nguKumkani uLouis XVI, owayebanga ukuba ulawula ngokuthanda kukaThixo.
I-Ancien Regime ('ulawulo lwakudala') yayiluluntu olungaguqukiyo apho amalungelo omntu ayexhomekeke kwiqela awazalelwa kulo. Ukumkani wayenamandla aphantse aphelele, kwakungekho palamente enyuliweyo, kwaye abantu abaqhelekileyo babenelizwi elincinci kwindlela ababelawulwa ngayo.
- IFransi yayiselelona zwe linabemi abaninzi eYurophu kodwa yayingalingani nze.
- Ukumkani wayenokuvalela abantu entolongweni ngaphandle kokuxoxwa kwetyala (nge-lettre de cachet).
- Ubutyebi, amalungelo akhethekileyo nokukhululwa kwirhafu kwakuzuzwa ngokuzalwa, kungekhona ngokusebenza.
Speaker notes
Chaza ngokucacileyo 'ubukhosi obupheleleyo' kunye 'nelungelo lobuThixo' - umfundi we-FET kufuneka akwazi ukukuchasa noko nenkqubo yolawulo olusekelwe kumgaqo-siseko okanye kwidemokhrasi. Gxininisa ukuba ingxaki yayingengokumkani ombi kuphela kodwa yayiyinkqubo yonke yamalungelo azuzwa ngokuzalwa. Oku kumisela uhlalutyo lwezizathu kumaslayidi alandelayo.
Uluntu olwahlulwe laba maqela amathathu
Uluntu lwaseFransi lwalwahlulwe ngokomthetho laba 'maqela' amathathu (estates) anamalungelo nemithwalo eyahluke kakhulu.
Iqela lokuqala (First Estate)
Abefundisi (iCawa). Malunga ne-1% yabantu, kodwa banomhlaba omkhulu kwaye behlawula phantse ngaphandle kwerhafu.
Iqela lesibini (Second Estate)
Izikhulu (isidwangube). Malunga ne-1-2% yabantu, ababambe amalungelo akhethekileyo, imisebenzi ephezulu nokukhululwa kwirhafu.
Iqela lesithathu (Third Estate)
Wonke omnye umntu - malunga ne-97%: abalimi, abasebenzi kunye nabaphakathi (i-bourgeoisie). Bahlawula uninzi lweerhafu.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa ingongoma yohlalutyo: yayingekuphela kokuba uninzi lwabantu lwalulihlwempu, kodwa ukungalingani kwakubhalwe emthethweni. I-bourgeoisie (abaphakathi abafundileyo, ngokufuthi abasisityebi) babecaphukela ukuhlawula iirhafu nokuvinjelwa kumandla ngenxa yokuzalwa - baba ngabaqhubi ababalulekileyo beMvukelo. Cela abafundi ukuba bathelekise oku kungalingani ngokomthetho nolwahlulo lwexesha localucalulo (apartheid) abalufunda kumabanga angaphambili, kodwa balumkele ukungazithelekisi ngokugqithisileyo iimeko ezahlukeneyo.
Izizathu zeMvukelo
Ingxaki yezimali, inkqubo yerhafu engekho sikweni kunye neembono ezintsha ezingqubanayo zaqhekeza ulawulo lwakudala.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1780 urhulumente waseFransi wayesetywinini (bankrupt). Iimfazwe ezibiza kakhulu - kuquka inkxaso yeMvukelo yaseMelika - zawutshabalalisa umnombo wobutyebi, ngelixa amaqela amabini anamalungelo akhethekileyo esala ukuhlawula irhafu. Ukungavuni kakuhle kwenyusa ixabiso lesonka, ukutya okusisiseko kwabahlwempuzekileyo.
- Ezoqoqosho: ityala likarhulumente, umthwalo werhafu ongekho sikweni owawela iqela lesithathu, kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso esonka.
- Ezentlalo: ukucaphukela amalungelo akhethekileyo ezikhulu kunye namabhongo e-bourgeoisie.
- Ezeengqondo: iingcali zoKhanyiselo (Enlightenment) ezinjengoRousseau, uVoltaire noMontesquieu zaphikisa ngengqiqo, amalungelo emvelo kunye nolawulo olusekelwe kwimvume yabantu.
Speaker notes
Khokela abafundi ukuba bahlule izizathu zexesha elide (ukungalingani okusekelwe kwinkqubo, iimbono zoKhanyiselo) kwizinto ezikhawulezayo ezavuselela imvukelo (ukutywina kwezimali, ukungavuni kuka-1788, ixabiso lesonka). Lo mahluko wonobangela-nesiphumo sisakhono esisiseko sembali ye-FET. Qaphela ukuba iimbono zodwa azizange zibangele iMvukelo - zanika abantu ulwimi lokufuna utshintsho xa ingxaki yafika.
Ukusuka kwi-Estates-General ukuya kwi-National Assembly
NgoMeyi ka-1789 ukumkani wabiza i-Estates-General; kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa iqela lesithathu lalizichaze njengelizwi lesizwe.
Efuna imali kakhulu, uLouis XVI wabiza i-Estates-General - indibano eyayingahlanganga ukususela ngo-1614. Xa iqela lesithathu loyisakala evotini ngamaqela amabini anamalungelo akhethekileyo, abameli balo bahlukana baza bazibiza nge-National Assembly (iNdibano yeSizwe), bebanga ukuba bamele abantu baseFransi.
- Bevalelwe ngaphandle kweholo yendibano yabo, abameli bahlangana kwinkundla yentenetya ekufuphi.
- Kwi-Tennis Court Oath (isifungo sasenkundleni yentenetya, 20 Juni 1789) bafunga ukuba abayi kuchithakala de iFransi ibe nomgaqo-siseko.
- Oku kwakungumngeni othe ngqo kwigunya elipheleleyo lokumkani.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuba kutheni indlela yokuvota yayibalulekile: ngentloko okanye ngeqela. Ukuvota 'ngeqela' kwavumela amaqela amabini amancinci anamalungelo akhethekileyo ukuba ahlale eyisa iqela lesithathu elikhulu. I-Tennis Court Oath ngumzuzu apho ulongamo (sovereignty) luqala ukusuka kukumkani lusiya esizweni - ingongoma ephambili yohlalutyo. Gxininisa ukuzenzela: le yayisisenzo sezopolitiko esicwangcisiweyo, kungekhona uqhushululu olwenzeka ngesiquphe.
Ukuhlaselwa kweBastille
Xa izihlwele eParis zathimba inqaba yeBastille, iMvukelo yaba luqhushululu lwabantu abaninzi.
Besoyika ukuba ukumkani wayeza kusebenzisa amajoni ukutyumza iNdibano entsha, becaphukiswe yindlala namaxabiso aphezulu, isihlwele eParis sahlasela i-Bastille - intolongo yasebukhosini nenqaba eyayimela amandla obukhosi okuvalela abantu ngokuthanda kwabo. Ukuwa kwayo kwabonisa ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo banokuwucela umngeni urhulumente.
- IBastille yayibambe izixhobo nomsi wompu isihlwele esasizifuna zokuzikhusela.
- Ukuthinjwa kwayo kwaba luphawu olukhulu lweMvukelo.
- U-14 Julayi - iBastille Day - useloususuku lwesizwe lwaseFransi nanamhlanje.
Speaker notes
Cacisa uphawu: ngabambalwa nje ababanjwa ababekhona apho, ngoko iBastille yayibalulekile njengophawu lwamandla obukhosi obungenamthetho ngaphezu kokuba yayiyintolongo. Eli slayidi lindawo elungileyo yokuxoxa ngendlela izimboli neemvakalelo eziqhuba ngayo iziganeko zembali. Qaphela utshintsho ukusuka kwingxabano yezopolitiko yeqela eliphezulu ukuya kwimvukelo yabantu ebandakanya abantu baseParis.
ISibhengezo saMalungelo oMntu noMmi (Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen)
I-National Assembly yabeka imigaqo yoluntu olutsha: inkululeko, ukulingana kunye nolongamo lwabantu.
Abantu bazalwa besaqhubeka bekhululekile belingana ngamalungelo. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, iNqaku 1, 1789
ISibhengezo satsho ukuba ulongamo lolwesizwe, kungekhona olukakumkani, nokuba urhulumente ukhona ukuze akhusele amalungelo emvelo. Sathembisa inkululeko yokuthetha, ukulingana phambi komthetho kunye nokukhuselwa ekubanjweni ngokungekho mthethweni - iimbono ezisabumba imigaqo-siseko nanamhlanje.
- Sapelisa amalungelo akhethekileyo asemthethweni ezikhulu nabefundisi.
- Sathi bonke abemi bayalingana phambi komthetho.
- Imida yaso: asizange sinike wonke umntu ilungelo lokuvota, kwaye amalungelo abasetyhini ashiywa ngaphandle ubukhulu becala - njengoko uOlympe de Gouges wachasa ngo-1791.
Speaker notes
Linganisa umbhiyozo nohlalutyo olugxekayo, into efunwa yi-FET. ISibhengezo siyimvukelo yokwenene, kwaye ulwimi lwaso lubuya kumaxwebhu amva - kuquka iindalo eziseMgaqweni-sisekweni wedemokhrasi waseMzantsi Afrika nakwiSibhengezo seHlabathi saMalungelo oLuntu (Universal Declaration of Human Rights). Kodwa yiba nyanisile ngemida yaso: abemi 'abasebenzayo' ngokuchasene 'nabangasebenziyo', ukushiywa ngaphandle kwabasetyhini, nokuba iFransi yayisagcina abantu abakhotyokisiweyo kwiikoloni zayo. ISibhengezo saMalungelo oMfazi sikaOlympe de Gouges (1791) yingongoma entle yengxoxo. [SME] Qinisekisa amagama achanekileyo eNqaku 1 kwinguqulelo esetyenziswa sisikolo.
Ukuphela kobukhosi
Njengoko iMvukelo yaba nkulu, iFransi yapelisa ubukhosi yaza yabulala ukumkani wayo.
Ukumkani wamelana notshintsho waza wazama ukubaleka elizweni ngo-1791. Imfazwe namanye amazwe obukhosi aseYurophu, awayesoyika ukuba iMvukelo iza kwanda, yayenza inzima ingxaki. NgoSeptemba 1792 iFransi yabhengezwa njenge-Riphabhliki, kwaye ngoJanuwari 1793 uLouis XVI wabulawa nge-guillotine, kwalandela emva kwexesha uKumkanikazi uMarie Antoinette.
- Ilinge losapho lwasebukhosini lokubaleka latshabalalisa ukuthenjwa kokumkani.
- Ukuhlaselwa ngamanye amazwe kunye nengxwabangxwaba yezoqoqosho kwatyhalela ezopolitiko kwiindawo ezigqithisileyo.
- Amaqela agqithisileyo anjengama-Jacobins azuza amandla kwiRiphabhliki entsha.
Speaker notes
Landela inkqubo yokuya kwiindawo ezigqithisileyo: indlela imfazwe, uloyiko nengxwabangxwaba yezoqoqosho eyatyhalela ngayo intshukumo yohlaziyo eziphakathi ukuya kwiindlela ezigqithisileyo. Ukubulawa kokumkani kwakuluqhekeko olukhulu - kwatsho ukuba akukho mlawuli ongaphezu komthetho okanye isizwe. Phatha ukubulawa ngokweenyani nangokuzola; ingongoma lutshintsho kwimbono yolongamo, kungekhona iinkcukacha ezothusayo.
UBunqaba (The Terror)
Ukukhusela iRiphabhliki, urhulumente weMvukelo wasebenzisa ukubanjwa nokubulawa ngobuninzi - waza wajika wachasa abantu bakhe.
Ejongene nokuhlaselwa ngamanye amazwe kunye novukelo lwangaphakathi, iKomiti yoKhuseleko loLuntu (Committee of Public Safety) ekhokelwa nguMaximilien Robespierre yathatha amandla angxamisekileyo. Egameni lokukhusela iMvukelo, amawaka abantu ekurhaneleka ukuba ziintshaba abanjwa aza abulawa - amaninzi nge-guillotine - ngokufuthi emva kokuxoxwa kwamatyala angekho sikweni.
- Kuqikelelwa ukuba abantu abangama-17,000 babulawa ngokusesikweni, aza amanye amashumi amawaka afela ezintolongweni okanye kuvukelo lwezithili.
- Uloyiko lwasetyenziswa ngabom njengesixhobo solawulo.
- NgoJulayi 1794 uRobespierre ngokwakhe wabhukuqwa waza wabulawa, kwaphela uBunqaba.
Speaker notes
Eli lelona slayidi linovakalelo - liphathe ngokunoxanduva ngaphandle kokuzukisa ubundlobongela. Umbuzo wohlalutyo kubafundi be-FET: ngaba intshukumo eyakhelwe kumalungelo nenkululeko inokuthethelela unqaba nokubulala ukuze izikhusele? Bonisa uBunqaba njengesilumkiso sendlela uloyiko namandla angxamisekileyo anokuzityhefa ngayo ezona nkululeko imvukelo ithi iyazikhusela. Gcina amanani echanekile uze uphephe inkcazelo ecacileyo. [SME] Qinisekisa amanani abo babulewe ngokuchasene nencwadi yesikolo esetyenziswayo; uqikelelo lwababhali-mbali luyahluka.
IMvukelo ngokufutshane, 1789-1815
- 1789 I-Estates-General; iTennis Court Oath; ukuhlaselwa kweBastille; iSibhengezo saMalungelo oMntu
- 1791 Umgaqo-siseko wokuqala obhaliweyo; ukubaleka kokumkani okwaphutha
- 1792 IFransi ibhengezwa njengeRiphabhliki
- 1793 Ukubulawa kukaLouis XVI; uBunqaba buyaqala
- 1794 Ukuwa nokubulawa kukaRobespierre; uBunqaba buyaphela
- 1799 UNapoleon uthatha amandla ngobhukuqo-mbuso
- 1804 UNapoleon uthweswa isithsaba njengoMlawuli; iNapoleonic Code
- 1815 UNapoleon woyiswa eWaterloo
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa eli slayidi ukudibanisa ulandelelwano phambi kokuhlalutya uNapoleon nelifa. Cela abafundi ukuba bachonge iindawo zotshintsho baze baqaphele iphethini: isiqalo esinethemba (1789), ukuya kwiindawo ezigqithisileyo noBunqaba (1793-94), emva koko umlawuli omnye onamandla (uNapoleon). Le paterni yokunyuka-nokuwa iqhelekile kwiimvukelo ezininzi kwaye kufanelekile ukuba iqanjwe ngokucacileyo.
UNapoleon: indlalifa nomngcatshi weMvukelo
Injengele ekrelekrele yathatha amandla, yaphelisa isiphithiphithi, yaza yasasaza iimbono zeMvukelo - ngelixa izenza umlawuli.
Ngo-1799 uNapoleon Bonaparte wathatha amandla ngobhukuqo-mbuso, waphelisa iminyaka yokungazinzi. Ngo-1804 wazithwesa isithsaba njengoMlawuli. Wagcina eminye imizuzu ephumeleleyo yeMvukelo - ngokukodwa ukulingana ngokomthetho nge-Napoleonic Code - kodwa walawula njengomlawuli ozimeleyo, wanqanda amaphephandaba, waza wakha ubukhosi ngemfazwe.
- INapoleonic Code yasasaza ukulingana phambi komthetho namalungelo epropati kuyo yonke iYurophu.
- Ukoyisa kwakhe kwathwala iimbono zeMvukelo - nokuchaswa kwazo - kude neFransi.
- Emva kokoyiswa eWaterloo ngo-1815, ubukhosi babuyela eFransi, kodwa ulawulo lwakudala alukwazanga ukubuyiselwa ngokupheleleyo.
Speaker notes
UNapoleon ubekwe ngabom njengomntu onamacala amabini - le yingxaki enamandla yohlalutyo. Buza: ngaba wayigqiba iMvukelo okanye wayingcatsha? Wamilisela ukulingana ngokomthetho nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa watyumza inkululeko yezopolitiko waza wazithwesa isithsaba njengomlawuli. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba babambe zombini iinyaniso ngaxeshanye kunokuba bambize ngokulula 'ngolungileyo' okanye 'ngombi'.
Impembelelo yeMvukelo kwihlabathi jikelele
Iimbono zeMvukelo zasasazeka kude neFransi kwaye ziqhubeka nokubumba ihlabathi lanamhlanje.
Amalungelo oluntu
Imbono yokuba bonke abantu banamalungelo ngokuba nje bengabantu yaphembelela amaxwebhu amva, kuquka iSibhengezo seHlabathi saMalungelo oLuntu sika-1948 (Universal Declaration of Human Rights).
IHaiti
Abantu abakhotyokisiweyo kwikoloni yaseFransi eSaint-Domingue bathatha ulwimi lwenkululeko, kwaye ngo-1804, baphumelela iMvukelo yaseHaiti - imvukelo yokuqala ephumeleleyo yabantu abakhotyokisiweyo.
Imizabalazo yokuchasa ubukoloniyali
Izikhalo zenkululeko, ukulingana nokuzilawula zaphembelela iintshukumo zenkululeko nezinkululekweni kwihlabathi liphela, kuquka nase-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Eli slayidi lidibanisa imbali yaseYurophu nembali yehlabathi neyase-Afrika, njengoko i-CAPS ijolise. IMvukelo yaseHaiti ibalulekile: yatyhila ukungqubana kwiimbono zaseFransi, ibonisa ukuba abantu iFransi eyabashiya ngaphandle bathatha izithembiso zeMvukelo ngaphaya kokuba iFransi ngokwayo. Zoba umgca onononophelo, ongekho ngaphandle kwexesha, ukuya kwimizabalazo yenkululeko yamva, kuquka neyaseMzantsi Afrika, apho ulwimi lwamalungelo nokulingana lubuya kwi-1789. [SME] Qinisekisa ubunzulu bobunzululwazi beMvukelo yaseHaiti obulindelekileyo kwiBanga le-10 kwixwebhu le-CAPS langoku.
Inkululeko, Ukulingana, Ubuzalwana
IMvukelo yanika ihlabathi lanamhlanje isigama esitsha sezopolitiko.
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite - Inkululeko, Ukulingana, Ubuzalwana. Isaqhwitho seMvukelo yaseFransi, saseloludumiso lwesizwe lwaseFransi nanamhlanje
La magama mathathu abamba isithembiso seMvukelo: inkululeko kumandla angenamthetho, ukulingana phambi komthetho, kunye nomanyano phakathi kwabemi. Umsantsa phakathi kwesi sithembiso nenyaniso - ngoko nanamhlanje - yinxalenye yoko kwenza iMvukelo ifanelekile ukufundwa.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa eli slayidi ukusuka kwibali ukuya ekucamngceni. Cela abafundi ukuba bavavanye: yayifikelela kangakanani iMvukelo yaseFransi kwisaqhwitho sayo? Oku kudibanisa impumelelo (amalungelo, ukulingana phambi komthetho) neentsilelo (uBunqaba, ukushiywa ngaphandle, ulawulo lozimele lukaNapoleon) kwaye kubalungiselela imibuzo yohlolo.
Esikufundileyo - nemibuzo emawuyiphendule
IMvukelo yaseFransi yatshabalalisa ulawulo lwakudala yaza yasungula iimbono zobummi namalungelo ezisabumba ihlabathi lethu.
Kwiminyaka engaphezulwana kweshumi, iFransi yasuka kubukhosi obupheleleyo yaya kwiriphabhliki yaya kubukhosi (empire). Yasilela ukuzalisekisa izithembiso zayo ezininzi, kodwa yaguqula ngokusisigxina indlela abantu abacinga ngayo ngomandla, amalungelo nobummi - iphembelela iimvukelo nemigaqo-siseko kude neYurophu.
Q. Chaza indlela izizathu zexesha elide nezizathu ezikhawulezayo ezadibana ngayo ukuzisa iMvukelo yaseFransi ngo-1789. (8 marks)
Q. Usebenzisa iSibhengezo saMalungelo oMntu kunye noBunqaba, xoxa ngoxinzelelo phakathi kweembono zeMvukelo nezenzo zayo. (10 marks)
Q. Yayifikelela kangakanani impembelelo yeembono zeMvukelo kwihlabathi elibanzi? Bhekisa eHaiti nakomnye umzekelo. (8 marks)
Speaker notes
Qukumbela ngokubuyela kumbuzo wokuqala: yintoni imvukelo, kwaye ngaba le yaphumelela? Le mibuzo mithathu ilinganisa iindlela zohlolo lwe-CAPS FET - uhlalutyo lonobangela-nesiphumo, uvavanyo olusekelwe kumthombo, kunye nengxoxo ebanzi ethi 'yayifikelela kangakanani'. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba bathabathe uluvo baze balixhase ngobungqina endaweni yokuchaza nje iziganeko. Esi sifundo sinxibelelanisa phambili nemixholo yamva ngobuzwe, amalungelo oluntu kunye nemizabalazo yenkululeko yenkulungwane yama-20.
- Grade
- Grade 10
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The French Revolution
- Resource type
- Presentation