Ubukumkani baseMali kunye neSixeko saseTimbuktu
Ubukhosi obusisityebi baseNtshona Afrika obakhelwe phezu kwegolide netyuwa - kunye nesixeko sasentlango esaba lelinye lawona maziko amakhulu emfundo kwihlabathi lamandulo (i-medieval).
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubeka iMali kwimephu yaseNtshona Afrika (kufuphi nomlambo iNiger, kummandla wanamhlanje weMali, iSenegal neGuinea). Buza abafundi ukuba bacinga ntoni xa besiva igama elithi 'ubukhosi' okanye 'urhwebo'. Misela iimbono ezimbini ezinkulu zesi sifundo: (1) indlela ulawulo lwegolide netyuwa olwenza ngayo iMali yaba sisityebi yaza yaba namandla, kunye (2) nendlela isixeko iTimbuktu esaduma ngayo kuyo yonke i-Afrika nakwihlabathi lamaSilamsi njengeziko lemfundo. Khumbuza abafundi ukuba oku kwenzeka ubukhulu becala kwiminyaka yee 1200 ukuya kwii 1500, kudala phambi kokufika kwabathathi-mihlaba baseYurophu.
IMali yayikweyiphi indawo kwaye yayikweliphi ixesha?
IMali yakhula ecaleni komlambo iNiger eNtshona Afrika kwaye yayilelinye lawona bukhosi bukhulu bexesha layo.
Ubukhosi baseMali bahlala ukususela malunga no 1235 ukuya ku 1600. Kwelona xesha lawo lokhozela, babusukela kunxweme lwe-Atlantiki entshona budlule kumadlelo (iSahel) buye kufuphi nentlango iSahara emantla nasempuma.
- Babugubungela iindawo namhlanje eziyiMali, iSenegal, iGuinea kunye namazwe angqongileyo.
- Umlambo omkhulu iNiger wawunika abantu amanzi, iintlanzi kunye nendlela yorhwebo ngesikhephe.
- Ikomkhulu layo yayilidolophu iNiani, idolophu exakekileyo kufuphi nemihlaba evelisa igolide.
Speaker notes
Nceda abafundi bazithole apho bakhoyo. Le yiNtshona Afrika, hayi umzantsi we-Afrika, kwaye eziziganeko zenzeka malunga neminyaka engama 800 eyadlulayo. Bonisa iSahel - umbhinqo wamadlelo omileyo phakathi kwentlango namahlathi amanzi ngakumbi asemazantsi. Chaza ukuba iMali yayihleli kakuhle phakathi kwezinto ezimbini abantu ababezidinga gqitha komnye komnye: igolide evela emazantsi netyuwa evela entlango emantla. Eso sikhundla sasemgama uphakathi sisitshixo saso sonke isifundo.
USundiata Keita, umsunguli
IMali yaqala xa inkokeli egama linguSundiata Keita yamanyanisa abantu yaza yaphumelela uloyiso olukhulu.
Malunga no 1235, uSundiata Keita woyisa umlawuli owayekhuphisana naye, uSumanguru Kante, waza wahlanganisa izikhulu ezininzi ezincinci zaba bukumkani bunye. USundiata ukhunjulwa njengokumkani-msunguli osisilumko nonesibindi.
- Ibali lakhe ligcinwa liphila ngabo-griots (ababalisi bamabali abaqeqeshiweyo) - abadlulisela imbali ngomlomo.
- Ingxelo yabo-griots ngoSundiata lelinye lawona mabali amakhulu adumileyo athethwa ngomlomo e-Afrika.
- Oku kusikhumbuza ukuba imbali inokugcinwa enkumbulweni nakwilizwi elithethwayo, hayi kuphela ekubhaleni.
Speaker notes
Yazisa imbali yomlomo ngabo-griots (nababizwa ngokuba yi-jeli). Le yingongoma yokufundisa enamandla ye-CAPS: ayiyiyo yonke imbali ethembekileyo ebhaliweyo phantsi. Chaza ukuba abo-griots babebamba engqondweni iimbali ezinde zeentsapho nezobukhosi baze bazibalise emisitweni. 'I-Epic kaSundiata' yadluliselwa ngale ndlela iinkulungwane ngaphambi kokuba ibhalwe phantsi. Mema abafundi ukuba bathelekise oku nendlela imbali yeentsapho zabo okanye yoluntu lwabo ekhunjulwa ibaliswe kwakhona ngayo.
Igolide evela emazantsi, ityuwa evela emantla
IMali yaba sisityebi ngokulawula urhwebo phakathi kwezinto ezimbini abantu ababengenakuphila ngaphandle kwazo.
Speaker notes
Le yintliziyo yesifundo: 'urhwebo lwegolide-netyuwa'. Yenza olu tshintshiselwano lucace - abantu kwimimandla yegolide babenegolide kodwa bengenatyuwa; abantu bentlango babenetyuwa kodwa bengenagolide, ngoko icala ngalinye lalifuna oko elinye lalinako. IMali yayihleli phakathi kwaye ihlawulisa irhafu kwiimpahla ezidlulayo, yiyo loo nto abalawuli baba sisityebi ngayo ngaphandle kokumba igolide okanye ukugrumba ityuwa ngokwabo. Gxininisa ingcinga emangalisayo yokuba ityuwa yayinokuba lixabiso njengegolide.
Urhwebo olunqumla iSahara
Iimpahla zazihamba amawaka eekhilomitha ngomgca weenkamela (i-caravan) zinqumla intlango.
Iinkamela
Iinkamela zinokuhamba umgama omde ngaphandle kwamanzi kwaye zikwazi ukumelana nobushushu bentlango, ngoko zaziizilwanyana ezigqibeleleyo zokuthwala imithwalo.
Ii-caravan (imigca yeenkamela)
Abarhwebi babehamba kunye kwimigca emikhulu (i-caravan) - ngokuqhelekileyo malunga newaka leenkamela, ngamanye amaxesha nangaphezulu kakhulu - ukuze bakhuseleke.
Iimpahla zorhwebo
Igolide, amabamba (i-ivory) neentongomane zekola zaziya emantla; ityuwa, ilaphu, iincwadi neglasi zazisiza emazantsi eMali.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuba kutheni iSahara yayingumqobo omkhulu kangaka nokuba kutheni inkamela yayiyiteknoloji eyenza urhwebo olunqumla iSahara lwenzeke - ababhali-mbali ngamanye amaxesha babiza inkamela ngokuba 'yinqanawa yentlango'. Qaphela ukuba abarhwebi ubukhulu becala babengabarhwebi abangamaSilamsi abavela kuMntla Afrika, kwaye kunye neempahla babethwala iingcinga, ulwimi lwesiArabhu kunye nenkolo yamaSilamsi. Urhwebo lwalungengobutyebi kuphela; lwadibanisa iMali nehlabathi elibanzi.
Mansa Musa
UMansa Musa walawula iMali ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee 1300 kwaye udla ngokubizwa njengomnye wabona bantu bazizityebi kwimbali.
'Mansa' kuthetha 'ukumkani' okanye 'umlawuli omkhulu'. UMansa Musa walawula kwelona xesha lokuqina kwamandla eMali. Phantsi kwakhe ubukhosi babunoxolo, bucwangcisiwe kakuhle kwaye budume kude nkqu nangaphaya kwe-Afrika ngenxa yegolide yabo.
- Wayengumlawuli ongumSilamsi owayekhuthaza imfundo, iimoski (izindlu zokunqula zamaSilamsi) nezikolo.
- Wenza iMali yaziwe kuMntla Afrika, kuMbindi Mpuma naseYurophu.
- Wabuyisa izifundiswa, iincwadi kunye noomyili bezakhiwo ukuze bakhe izixeko zakhe.
Speaker notes
Yazisa intsingiselo yegama elithi 'Mansa' ukuze esi sihloko singathathwa njengegama. Lungiselela islayidi elilandelayo (uhambo lwakhe oludumileyo) ngokugxininisa ukuba ubutyebi bukaMansa Musa babubukhulu kangangokuba bamangalisa abantu kumazwe akude. Lumka kwaye usebenzise ulwimi olufanele ubudala: 'umntu osisityebi kunabo bonke kwimbali' yingxelo ekhumbulekayo, kodwa luqikelelo olwenziwa kamva kakhulu - luvele njengento 'ekudla ngokuthiwa iyiyo' kunokuba libe yinyaniso engqiniweyo. Oku kubonisa ukucinga okuhle ngembali ngokuphathelele kwimithombo.
Uhambo olungcwele oluya eMecca, 1324
Uhambo lukaMansa Musa olunqumla i-Afrika oluya kwisixeko esingcwele iMecca lwabonisa ihlabathi liphela indlela iMali eyayisisityebi ngayo.
NjengomSilamsi, uMansa Musa wenza i hajj - uhambo olungcwele oluya eMecca - malunga no 1324. Wahamba neqela elikhulu labantu nemixhuma emikhulu yegolide, enika izipho endleleni.
Ukumkani waseMali wahamba waya eMecca neqela elikhulu negolide eninzi kangangokuba iindaba zobutyebi bakhe zasasazeka kwihlabathi liphela. Isekwe kwiingxelo zababhali-mbali bamandulo (i-medieval) ngohambo lwe-hajj lukaMansa Musa
- Wanika waza wachitha igolide eninzi kangako e Gibhite (iEgypt) kangangokuba ixabiso layo apho kuthiwa lehla iminyaka.
- Emva kohambo lwakhe, iMali yaqala ukuvela kwiimephu zaseYurophu zehlabathi.
- Uhambo olungcwele lwadibanisa iMali ngokusondeleyo nehlabathi elibanzi lamaSilamsi lorhwebo nemfundo.
Speaker notes
Chaza i-hajj ngokulula njengoxanduva lwenkolo lwamaSilamsi lokuhamba baye eMecca. Sebenzisa esi slayidi ukudibanisa ubutyebi, inkolo kunye nodumo. Ibali lokuba igolide kaMansa Musa yenza amaxabiso eCairo ehla liphindaphindwa ngababhali-mbali abaninzi kwaye ngumzekelo omhle wonobangela nesiphumo. [SME] Imihla nemininingwane echanekileyo (unyaka we 1324, ubungakanani beqela lakhe, ubude bexesha lokuphazamiseka kwamaxabiso) zivela kubabhali-mbali bakamva kwaye ziyahluka phakathi kwemithombo - zichaze njengezixelwe ngokubanzi kunokuba zichanekile. Gxininisa isiphumo esihlala ixesha elide: iMali yaziwa kwihlabathi lonke lamandulo.
ITimbuktu, isixeko esikhulu sorhwebo
ITimbuktu yakhula apho umlambo iNiger wawudibana neendlela zorhwebo zentlango, oku kwayenza indawo yendibano yendalo.
ITimbuktu yayikufuphi nendawo apho urhwebo lomlambo lwaludibana neenkamela zentlango. Iimpahla, abantu neengcinga ezivela kwiindawo ezininzi zazihlangana apho, kwaye isixeko saba sisityebi saza saxakeka phantsi kolawulo lweMali.
- Abarhwebi babetshintshiselana ngegolide, ityuwa, ilaphu, kunye nezinye iimpahla ezininzi kwiimarike zaso.
- Kwakhiwa iimoski ezintle apho, ezinye zezitena zodaka (i-mud brick) ezisamiyo nanamhlanje.
- ITimbuktu ngoku yiUNESCO World Heritage Site (indawo yelifa lehlabathi), ekhuselwe ngenxa yembali yayo.
Speaker notes
Bonisa ukuba kutheni indawo yenza iTimbuktu yaba yeyodwa: yayiyindawo yendibano yeenkqubo ezimbini zothutho, umlambo kunye nenkamela yentlango. Bonisa uyilo lwezakhiwo olwahlukileyo lwezitena zodaka (i-adobe) olunemiqadi yomthi, olunjengeMoski iDjinguereber eyakhiwa ngexesha likaMansa Musa. Khankanya ukuba ezi zakhiwo zibuthathaka kwaye ziye zafuna ukukhuselwa, yiyo loo nto iTimbuktu iyiUNESCO World Heritage Site - unxibelelwano oluhle nengcinga yelifa nokuba kutheni sigcina ixesha elidlulileyo.
ITimbuktu, isixeko sezifundiswa
ITimbuktu yaba yenye yeyona ndawo ibaluleke kakhulu e-Afrika yokufunda.
Malunga neemoski zayo, ingakumbi iSankore, kwakhula izikolo neeyunivesithi. Abafundi babevela kuwo wonke umandla we-Afrika beze kufunda inkolo, umthetho, izibalo, inzululwazi yeenkwenkwezi (i-astronomy) nezonyango.
- Ngelona xesha lokuxakeka kwayo, amawaka abafundi ayefunda kwisixeko ngexesha elinye.
- Ootitshala babeziizifundiswa ezihlonitshwayo, kwaye imfundo yazisa imbeko esixekweni.
- ITimbuktu yaba luphawu lolwazi nemfundo yase-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Esi slayidi sijongene nokugxila kwe-CAPS kwiTimbuktu njengeziko lemfundo. Lungisa impazamo eqhelekileyo: i-Afrika yamandulo yayinezixeko zezifundiswa namathala eencwadi, hayi nje iilali kuphela. Iyunivesithi-moski iSankore yayiyeyona yaziwayo. [SME] Amanani abafundi adla ngokucatshulwa njengamalunga nama 25,000, kodwa eli nani livela kuqikelelo lwakamva kwaye kufuneka liphathwe njengeliqikelelweyo. Buza abafundi ukuba kutheni indawo edume ngobutyebi inokuduma nangemfundo - ubutyebi norhwebo lwatsala izifundiswa lwaza lwahlawula iincwadi nezikolo.
Imibhalo-ngqangi (i-manuscripts) yaseTimbuktu
Izifundiswa zaseTimbuktu zabhala zaza zaqokelela amakhulu amawaka eencwadi ezibhalwe ngesandla.
Iincwadi zazikhutshelwa ngesandla ngesiArabhu nezinye iilwimi kwaye zaziligugu kwiintsapho izizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Zaziliqela kangangokuba, ngamanye amaxesha, urhwebo lweencwadi lwaluluphi olunye lweeshishini ezenza inzuzo enkulu esixekweni.
- Imibhalo-ngqangi yayiquka inzululwazi, imbali, imibongo, urhwebo nenkolo.
- Bubungqina bokuba iNtshona Afrika yayine mbali ebhaliweyo esisityebi, hayi kuphela isithethe somlomo.
- UMzantsi Afrika kamva wanceda ukulondoloza le mibhalo-ngqangi ngokusebenzisa iprojekthi yaseTimbuktu.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibhalo-ngqangi ukucel'umngeni kwintsomi ethi i-Afrika 'yayingenambali' phambi kokuba abantu baseYurophu babhale ngayo. Amathala eencwadi aseTimbuktu aqulethe amashumi amawaka - ngokwezinye iingxelo amakhulu amawaka - emibhalo-ngqangi. [SME] Amanani apheleleyo emibhalo-ngqangi ayahluka kakhulu phakathi kwemithombo (ukususela kumashumi amawaka ukuya kumakhulu amawaka) kwaye kufuneka anikwe njengoluhlu olubanzi. Olu nxibelelwano luzingca lwaseMzantsi Afrika: emva kowama 2001 uMzantsi Afrika waxhasa iprojekthi yokwakha uvimba nokunceda ukulondoloza imibhalo-ngqangi yaseTimbuktu, ootitshala abanokuyikhankanya ukudibanisa lo mxholo nelizwe labafundi.
IMali neTimbuktu ngokuhamba kwexesha
- c.1235 USundiata Keita usungula ubukhosi baseMali
- early 1300s UMansa Musa ulawula kwelona xesha lokuqina kobukhosi
- c.1324 Uhambo olungcwele (hajj) lukaMansa Musa oluya eMecca
- 1320s-1330s Imoski enkulu yakhiwa eTimbuktu; imfundo iyakhula
- 1400s IMali iyaba buthathaka; iTimbuktu itshintsha abaphathi
- c.1600 Ubukhosi baseSonghai buthathe indawo yeMali njengegunya elikhulu
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa umgca-xesha ukuqinisa ibali kude kube ngoku nokuqhelisela ukusebenza nemihla neenkulungwane - isakhono esibalulekileyo se-CAPS. Bonisa ukuba ezi ziqikelelweyo ('c.' kuthetha 'malunga') kuba uninzi lwengxelo luvela kwisithethe somlomo nakubabhali bakamva. Buza abafundi ukuba babeke uhambo olungcwele ngaphakathi kobukhosi bukaMansa Musa baze babone ukuba babuhlala ixesha elingakanani ubukhosi - ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama 300.
Ukuphela kweMali - kodwa hayi ibali layo
IMali yaba buthathaka kancinci, kodwa iingcinga zayo, iindlela zorhwebo kunye nesixeko sayo semfundo zaphila ngaphaya kobukhosi.
Emva kweminyaka yee 1300, iimpikiswano ngamandla, uhlaselo lwabantu bentlango kunye nokuvela kobukhosi baseSonghai obungabamelwane Songhai Empire bawohlula iMali kancinci. Malunga no 1600 iSonghai nabanye babelawula iindlela zorhwebo zamandulo nezixeko.
- ITimbuktu yahlala iliziko lorhwebo nemfundo phantsi kwabalawuli abatsha.
- Ibali leMali libonisa ukuba i-Afrika yayinamazwe anamandla, azizityebi kwaye acwangcisiwe kakuhle.
- Namhlanje sifunda ngeMali ukuze siqonde ixesha elidlulileyo elisisityebi le-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Vala ibali lembali kwaye ukhuphe intsingiselo. Ingongoma ephambili yokufundisa lutshintsho nokuqhubeka: ubukhosi baseMali bawa, kodwa iindlela zorhwebo nendima yeTimbuktu njengendawo yemfundo zaqhubeka phantsi kweSonghai. Phelisa ngengcinga enkulu ye-CAPS yalo mxholo uphela: i-Afrika yangaphambi kwexesha lobukoloniyali yayinamazwe amakhulu, asisityebi kwaye aphuculweyo anezixeko, iinethiwekhi zorhwebo namaziko obunzululwazi. Oku kunceda abafundi baxabise imbali yabo ye-Afrika.
Esikufundileyo
IMali yaba sisityebi ngokulawula urhwebo lwegolide-netyuwa, kwaye iTimbuktu yaba liziko lemfundo elidumileyo.
Sibonile indlela uSundiata Keita awasungula ngayo iMali, indlela uMansa Musa ayenza yaduma ngayo, indlela urhwebo lwegolide-netyuwa olwadala ubutyebi bayo, nendlela iTimbuktu eyaba ngayo isixeko sezifundiswa neencwadi. Ngoku vavanya oko ukukhumbulayo.
Q. Chaza indlela urhwebo lwegolide netyuwa olwenza ngayo ubukumkani baseMali baba sisityebi. (6 marks)
Q. Kutheni uhambo olungcwele lukaMansa Musa oluya eMecca lwenza iMali yaduma kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi? (4 marks)
Q. Chaza izizathu ezibini ezenza iTimbuktu yaziwe njengeziko lemfundo elibalulekileyo. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa le mibuzo mithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliweyo okanye ingxoxo yeklasi; ukwabiwa kwamanqaku kulandela isimbo se-CAPS, kudibanisa ukukhumbula nengcaciso. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba baphendule ngezivakalisi ezipheleleyo baze basebenzise amagama abalulekileyo esifundo (Sahel, caravan, hajj, Sankore, manuscript, griot). Bakhumbuze isifundo esibanzi: iNtshona Afrika yangaphambi kwexesha lobukoloniyali yayilikhaya lobukhosi obusisityebi nobunamandla kunye nesixeko semfundo esidume kwihlabathi liphela.
- Grade
- Grade 7
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The kingdom of Mali and the city of Timbuktu
- Resource type
- Presentation