Umbuso weMali Nelidolobha laseTimbuktu
Umbuso lonjingile wase-Afrika yaseNshonalanga (West Africa) lowakhelwe etikwegolide neluswayi - kanye nelidolobha lelisogwadvule lelaba ngulesinye setikhungo letinkhulu tekufundza emhlabeni wasendvulo.
Speaker notes
Cala ngekubeka iMali emephini yase-Afrika yaseNshonalanga (eduze koMfula iNiger, endzaweni yaseMali, Senegal neGuinea yanamuhla). Buta bafundzi kutsi bacabangani nabeva ligama lelitsi 'umbuso' nome 'kutsengiselana'. Beka phansi imicondvo lemibili lemikhulu yalesifundvo: (1) kutsi kulawula igolide neluswayi kwenta njani iMali yaba nemcebo nemandla, futsi (2) kutsi lidolobha laseTimbuktu laba njani ludvumo kulo lonkhe lwe-Afrika nasemhlabeni wemaSulumane (Islamic) njengesikhungo sekufundza. Khumbuta bafundzi kutsi loku kwenteka kakhulu ngema-1200 kuya ema-1500, ngaphambi kwekufika kwabacolonisi baseYurophu.
IMali beyikuphi futsi kunini?
IMali yakhula ecaleni koMfula iNiger e-Afrika yaseNshonalanga futsi yayingulomunye wemibuso lemikhulu kunayo yonkhe ngesikhatsi sayo.
Umbuso weMali wachubeka kusukela cishe nga-1235 kuya ku-1600. Nase usemandleni awo laphakeme wawubhincile kusukela elugwini lwaseAtlantic enshonalanga wewelela etjanini (iSahel) kuya emngceleni weSahara Desert enyakatfo nasemphumalanga.
- Wawuhlanganisa tincenye taleto lamuhla kutsiwa yiMali, Senegal, Guinea kanye nemave lakhelene nawo.
- UMfula iNiger lomkhulu wawunika bantfu emanti, tinhlanti kanye nendlela yekutsengiselana ngesikebhe.
- Linhloko-dolobha lawo bekuyi Niani, lidolobha leliphitsitelako leduze nemhlaba lokhicita igolide.
Speaker notes
Siza bafundzi batibeke endzaweni. Lena yi-Afrika yaseNshonalanga, hhayi iningizimu ye-Afrika, futsi tehlakalo tenteka cishe eminyakeni lengu-800 leyendlulile. Khombisa iSahel - libhande letjani lelomile lelisemkhatsini welugwadvule nemahlatsi lamanti ngaseningizimu. Chaza kutsi iMali yayihleti kahle emkhatsini wetintfo letimbili bantfu bebatidzinga komunye nomunye: igolide leliphuma eningizimu neluswayi loluphuma elugwadvuleni enyakatfo. Lendzawo yasemkhatsini isikhiye salo lonkhe lesifundvo.
Sundiata Keita, umsunguli
IMali yacala ngesikhatsi umholi lobitwa Sundiata Keita ahlanganisa bantfu wase unqoba ekulweni lokukhulu.
Cishe nga-1235, Sundiata Keita wanqoba umbusi lobekancintisana naye, uSumanguru Kante, wase uhlanganisa tinhloko letincane letinyenti taba ngumbuso munye. USundiata ukhunjulwa njengenkhosi lesunguli lehlakaniphile nelenesibindzi.
- Indzaba yakhe igcinwa iphila ngemagriots - bacoci bemalandvo labaceceshiwe labadlulisela umlando ngemlomo.
- Kulandzisa kwemagriots ngaSundiata kungenye yetindzaba tase-Afrika letidvumile letidluliswa ngemlomo.
- Loku kusikhumbuta kutsi umlando ungabhalwa enkhumbulweni nasemlonyeni, hhayi kuphela ngekubhala.
Speaker notes
Yetfula umlando wemlomo ngemagriots (labuye babitwe ngekutsi ma-jeli). Lena yindzaba yekufundzisa lebalulekile ye-CAPS: hhayi wonkhe umlando lotsembekile ubhaliwe phansi. Chaza kutsi emagriots ayebamba ngenhloko umlando lomude wemindeni newebukhosi bese awucoca emicimbini. 'I-Epic of Sundiata' yadluliswa ngalendlela emakhulu eminyaka ngaphambi kutsi ibhalwe. Mema bafundzi kutsi bacatsanise loku nekutsi umlando wemindeni nome wemmango wabo ukhunjulwa futsi uphindze ucocwe njani.
Igolide livela eningizimu, luswayi luvela enyakatfo
IMali yaba nemcebo ngekulawula kutsengiselana kwetintfo letimbili bantfu bebangeke baphile ngaphandle kwato.
Speaker notes
Lena yinhlitiyo yalesifundvo: 'kutsengiselana kwegolide neluswayi'. Yenta lokushintjiselana kucace - bantfu basemhlabeni wegolide bebanegolide kodvwa bangenaluswayi; bantfu belugwadvule bebaneluswayi kodvwa bangenagolide, ngako lohlangotsi ngalunye lwalufuna loko lolunye lwalunako. IMali yayihleti emkhatsini futsi ithela intsela (tax) etimphahleni letedlula khona, ngiko babusi baba nemcebo ngaphandle kwekumba igolide nome luswayi ngokwabo. Gcizelela umcondvo lomangalisako wekutsi luswayi belungaba ligugu njengegolide.
Kutsengiselana kwesehla kweSahara
Timphahla betihamba emakhilomitha layinkhulungwane ngemcondvo wetinkamela tincabela lugwadvule.
Tinkamela
Tinkamela tingahamba libanga lelidze ngaphandle kwemanti futsi tikwati kubekezelela kushisa kwelugwadvule, ngako betitilwane letihle tekutfwala imitfwalo.
Imicondvo (caravans)
Batsengisi bebahamba ndzawonye ngemicondvo lemikhulu (caravans) - ngalesinye sikhatsi cishe inkhulungwane yetinkamela, ngalesinye sikhatsi tingetulu kakhulu - ngenca yekuphepha.
Timphahla tekutsengisa
Igolide, umboko wendlovu (ivory) kanye nemantongomane e-kola behamba enyakatfo; luswayi, indvwangu, tincwadzi kanye nengilazi behla eta eMali.
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi kungani iSahara beyisitsiyo lesikhulu nekutsi kungani inkamela beyisisetjentiswa lesenta kutsengiselana kwelugwadvule kwenteka - bahluleti ngalesinye sikhatsi babita inkamela ngekutsi 'umkhumbi welugwadvule'. Yaziswa kutsi batsengisi bebayinyenti bangebatsengisi labangemaSulumane labavela e-Afrika yaseNyakatfo, futsi kanye netimphahla batfwala imibono, lulwimi lwesiArabhu kanye nenkholo yebuSulumane (Islam). Kutsengiselana bekungakhulumi kuphela ngemcebo; kwahlanganisa iMali nemhlaba lobanti.
Mansa Musa
UMansa Musa wabusa iMali ekucaleni kwema-1300 futsi uvame kubitwa ngulomunye webantfu labanjingile kakhulu emlandvweni.
'Mansa' kusho 'inkhosi' nome 'imphero (emperor)'. UMansa Musa wabusa nase iMali isemandleni ayo laphakeme. Ngaphansi kwakhe umbuso bewunekuthula, wuhleleke kahle futsi wudvumile kakhulu ngaphandle kwe-Afrika ngenca yegolide lawo.
- Bekungumbusi longumSulumane (Muslim) loyaya wakhutsata kufundza, emamosque (emasondvo emaSulumane) netikolo.
- Wenta iMali yatiwa e-Afrika yaseNyakatfo, eMbombo yeMphumalanga naseYurophu.
- Waletsa titfundzisi, tincwadzi kanye nebakhi kutsi bakhe emadolobha akhe.
Speaker notes
Yetfula incazelo yaligama lelitsi 'Mansa' kuze lelibito lingacatjangwa kutsi ligama lemuntfu. Lungisela isilayidi lesilandzelako (luhambo lwakhe loludvumile) ngekugcizelela kutsi umcebo waMansa Musa bewumkhulu kangangoba wamangalisa bantfu emaveni lakhashane. Caphela futsi ufanele bafundzi ngemnyaka wabo: 'muntfu lonjinge kakhulu emlandvweni' kungumbono lokhumbulekako, kodvwa kucabangelwa lokwentiwa emvakwesikhatsi - kwetfule njengaloku 'lokuvame kutsiwa' hhayi njengeliciniso leliqinisekisiwe. Loku kubukisa kucabanga lokuhle kwemlando ngemitfombo.
Luhambo lolungcwele lolubheke eMecca, nga-1324
Luhambo lwaMansa Musa loluncabela i-Afrika luya edolobheni lelingcwele laseMecca lwakhombisa umhlaba wonkhe kutsi iMali beyinjinge kangakanani.
NjengomSulumane, uMansa Musa wenta i-hajj - luhambo lolungcwele lwekuya eMecca - cishe nga-1324. Wahamba nesicumbi lesikhulu sebantfu kanye negolide lelinyenti, aphana ngetipho endleleni.
Inkhosi yeMali yahamba yaya eMecca nesicumbi lesikhulu negolide lelinyenti kangangoba tindzaba temcebo wayo tasakateka umhlaba wonkhe. Kususelwa etindzabeni tebabhali bendvulo ngeluhambo lwe-hajj lwaMansa Musa
- Waphana futsi wachitsa igolide lelinyenti eGibhithe (Egypt) kangangoba kutsiwa linani lalo lehla iminyaka leminyenti.
- Ngemuva kweluhambo lwakhe, iMali yacala kuvela etimephini taseYurophu temhlaba.
- Loluhambo lolungcwele lwahlanganisa iMali ngalokusatjalene nemhlaba lobanti wemaSulumane wekutsengiselana nekufundza.
Speaker notes
Chaza i-hajj ngalula njengemsebenti wenkholo webemaSulumane wekuya eMecca. Sebentisa lesilayidi kuhlanganisa umcebo, inkholo neludvumo. Indzaba yekutsi igolide laMansa Musa lenta emanani eKhayiro (Cairo) ehla iphindzwa bahluleti labanyenti futsi isibonelo lesihle sembangela nemphumela. [SME] Emalanga langempela nemanani (umnyaka wa-1324, bukhulu besicumbi sakhe, budze bekuphazamiseka kwemanani) kuvela kubabhali bemvakwesikhatsi futsi kuyehluka emkhatsini wemitfombo - kwetfule njengaloku lokubikwe kabanti hhayi njengaloko lokunembile. Gcizelela umphumela lohlala: iMali yatiwa kulo lonkhe lwemhlaba wasendvulo.
Timbuktu, lidolobha lelikhulu lekutsengiselana
ITimbuktu yakhula lapho uMfula iNiger uhlangana khona nemicondvo yekutsengiselana yelugwadvule, kwayenta yaba yindzawo yekuhlangana yemvelo.
ITimbuktu beyiseduze nendzawo lapho kutsengiselana kwasemfuleni kwahlangana khona netinkamela telugwadvule. Timphahla, bantfu nemibono levela etindzaweni letinyenti behlangana khona, futsi lelidolobha laba nemcebo futsi lachuma ngaphansi kwekubusa kweMali.
- Batsengisi bebashintjisana ngegolide, luswayi, indvwangu, netinye timphahla letinyenti etimakethe talo.
- Kwakhelwa emamosque (emasondvo emaSulumane) lamahle khona, lamanye enziwe ngesitini semdzaka lasesemile nanamuhla.
- ITimbuktu manje iyiNdzawo yeLifa leMhlaba yeUNESCO (UNESCO World Heritage Site), ivikelwe ngenca yemlando wayo.
Speaker notes
Khombisa kutsi kungani indzawo yayenta iTimbuktu yaba yindzawo lekhetsekile: beyiyindzawo yekuhlangana yetinhlelo tekutfutsa letimbili, umfula netinkamela telugwadvule. Khombisa umklamo lohlukile wesitini semdzaka (adobe) lonetigodo, njengeDjinguereber Mosque leyakhiwa ngesikhatsi saMansa Musa. Yaziswa kutsi letakhiwo tibutsakatsaka futsi tidzinge kuvikelwa, ngiko iTimbuktu iyiNdzawo yeLifa leMhlaba yeUNESCO - luhlangotsi loluhle lwemcondvo welifa nekutsi kungani silondvolota lokwadlula.
Timbuktu, lidolobha letitfundzi
ITimbuktu yaba ngulenye yetindzawo letibaluleke kakhulu e-Afrika tekufundza.
Etungeletane nemamosque ayo, ikakhulukati iSankore, kwakhula tikolo netiyunivesithi. Bafundzi bebavela kulo lonkhe lwe-Afrika kutewufundza inkholo, umtsetfo, ithimatiki, isayensi yetinkhanyeti (astronomy) kanye nemphilo (medicine).
- Nase iphitsitele kakhulu, tinkhulungwane tebafundzi betifundza kulelidolobha ngasikhatsi sinye.
- Batitfundzisi bebangetitfundzi letihlonishwako, futsi kufundza kwaletsa ludvumo kulelidolobha.
- ITimbuktu yaba luphawu lwelwati nemfundvo yase-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Lesilayidi sibhekana nekugcizelela kwe-CAPS ngeTimbuktu njengesikhungo sekufundza. Lungisa umbono lophambene lovamile: i-Afrika yasendvulo beyinemadolobha etitfundzi nemitfulunyawo yetincwadzi (libraries), hhayi kuphela imiti. Imosque-yunivesithi yeSankore beyatiwa kunato tonkhe. [SME] Linani lebafundzi livame kubalwa cishe ku-25,000, kodvwa lelinani livela ekucabangeleni kwemvakwesikhatsi futsi kufanele libhekwe njengelicishe. Buta bafundzi kutsi kungani indzawo ledvumile ngemcebo ingaphindze idvume ngekufundza - umcebo nekutsengiselana kwaheha titfundzi futsi kwakhokhela tincwadzi netikolo.
Timanuscript taseTimbuktu
Titfundzi taseTimbuktu tabhala futsi tabutselela emakhulu etinkhulungwane tetincwadzi letibhalwe ngesandla.
Tincwadzi betikoshelwa (copied) ngesandla ngesiArabhu (Arabic) naletinye tilwimi futsi tigcinwa njengeligugu ngemindeni titukulwane ngetitukulwane. Betenteka tinyenti kangangoba, ngaletinye tikhatsi, kutsengiselana ngetincwadzi bekungumsebenti lokhokha kakhulu kunayo yonkhe kulelidolobha.
- Letimanuscript betikhuluma ngesayensi, umlando, tinkondlo, kutsengiselana kanye nenkholo.
- Tibufakazi bekutsi i-Afrika yaseNshonalanga beyinemlando lobhaliwe locebile, hhayi kuphela lomlomo.
- INingizimu Afrika ngemuva kwaloko yasita kulondvolota letimanuscript ngephrojekthi yaseTimbuktu (Timbuktu project).
Speaker notes
Sebentisa timanuscript kuphikisa inganekwane yekutsi i-Afrika beyingenawo 'umlando' ngaphambi kwekutsi emaYurophu abhale ngayo. Imitfulunyawo yetincwadzi yaseTimbuktu igcine emashumi etinkhulungwane - ngalokunye kubalwa emakhulu etinkhulungwane - etimanuscript. [SME] Emanani ekugcina emanuscript ayehluka kakhulu emkhatsini wemitfombo (kusukela emashumini etinkhulungwane kuya emakhulwini etinkhulungwane) futsi kufanele aniketwe njengeluhla lolubanti. Lena yindzaba yekutigcabha yaseNingizimu Afrika: ngemuva kwa-2001 iNingizimu Afrika yasekela phrojekthi yekwakha indzawo yekugcina nekusita kulondvolota timanuscript taseTimbuktu, lokungakhulunywa ngako batitfundzisi kuze bahlanganise lesihloko nelive lebafundzi.
IMali neTimbuktu ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi
- c.1235 Sundiata Keita usungula umbuso weMali
- early 1300s Mansa Musa ubusa nase umbuso usemandleni awo laphakeme
- c.1324 Luhambo lolungcwele (hajj) lwaMansa Musa lolubheke eMecca
- 1320s-1330s Kwakhelwa imosque lenkhulu eTimbuktu; kufundza kuyakhula
- 1400s IMali iyaba butsakatsaka; iTimbuktu ishintja babusi
- c.1600 Umbuso weSonghai usutsatsele indzawo yeMali njengemandla lamakhulu
Speaker notes
Sebentisa umugca wesikhatsi kuhlanganisa indzaba kuze kube nyalo nekutsi bafundzi bacwaninge ngemalanga nemakhulu eminyaka - likhono leCAPS lelibalulekile. Khombisa kutsi lawa manani acishe ('c.' kusho 'cishe') ngoba incenye lenkhulu yemlando ivela emlandvweni wemlomo nakubabhali bemvakwesikhatsi. Buta bafundzi kutsi babeke luhambo lolungcwele ngekhatsi kwekubusa kwaMansa Musa futsi babone kutsi umbuso wachubeka isikhatsi lesingakanani - ngetulu kweminyaka lengu-300.
Kuphela kweMali - kodvwa hhayi indzaba yayo
IMali yaba butsakatsaka kancane kancane, kodvwa imibono yayo, imicondvo yekutsengiselana kanye nelidolobha lekufundza kwaphila kwendlula umbuso.
Ngemuva kwema-1300, tingxabano ngemandla, kuhlaselwa ngebantfu belugwadvule kanye nekukhula kwembuso lokhelene weSonghai kancane kancane kwaphula iMali yaba ticucu. Cishe nga-1600 iSonghai naletinye babusa imicondvo yekutsengiselana yakadeni nemadolobha.
- ITimbuktu yasala isikhungo sekutsengiselana nekufundza ngaphansi kwebabusi labasha.
- Indzaba yeMali ikhombisa kutsi i-Afrika beyinawo emave lanemandla, lanjingile futsi lahleleke kahle.
- Namuhla sifundza ngeMali kuze sicondze umlando wase-Afrika locebile.
Speaker notes
Vala indzaba yemlando futsi ukhiphe kubaluleka. Umcondvo lomkhulu wekufundzisa kushintja nekuchubeka: umbuso weMali wawa, kodvwa imicondvo yekutsengiselana neligcumo leTimbuktu njengendzawo yekufundza kwachubeka ngaphansi kweSonghai. Phetsa ngemcondvo lomkhulu we-CAPS wesihloko sonkhe: i-Afrika yangaphambi kwekucoloniswa beyinemave lamakhulu, lanjingile futsi lahlakaniphile lanemadolobha, imicondvo yekutsengiselana netikhungo tekufundza. Loku kusita bafundzi kutsi babuke umlando wase-Afrika ngekwabo.
Lesikufundzile
IMali yaba nemcebo ngekulawula kutsengiselana kwegolide neluswayi, kantsi iTimbuktu yaba sikhungo sekufundza lesidvumile.
Sibonile kutsi Sundiata Keita wasungula njani iMali, kutsi Mansa Musa wayenta njani yadvuma, kutsi kutsengiselana kwegolide neluswayi kwadala njani umcebo wayo, nekutsi iTimbuktu yaba njani lidolobha letitfundzi netincwadzi. Manje hlola kutsi ukhumbulani.
Q. Chaza kutsi kutsengiselana ngegolide neluswayi kwayenta njani umbuso weMali waba nemcebo. (6 marks)
Q. Kungani luhambo lolungcwele lwaMansa Musa lolubheke eMecca lwenta iMali yadvuma kuletinye tincenye temhlaba? (4 marks)
Q. Chaza tizatfu letimbili tekutsi kungani iTimbuktu yatiwa njengesikhungo lesibalulekile sekufundza. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lemibuto lemitsatfu njengemsebenti lobhaliwe nome ingxoxo yeklasi; kwabiwa kwemamaki kulandzela sitayela seCAPS, kuhlanganisa kukhumbula nekuchaza. Khutsata bafundzi kutsi baphendvule ngemisho lephelele futsi basebentise emagama labalulekile yalesifundvo (Sahel, caravan, hajj, Sankore, manuscript, griot). Bakhumbute ngesifundvo lesikhulu: i-Afrika yaseNshonalanga yangaphambi kwekucoloniswa beyilikhaya lembuso lonjingile, lonemandla nelidolobha lelidvumile emhlabeni lekufundza.
- Grade
- Grade 7
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The kingdom of Mali and the city of Timbuktu
- Resource type
- Presentation