UMbuso weMali neDorobho leTimbuktu
Umbuso onjingileko weTjhingalanga-Afrika owakhelwe phezu kwegolide netswayi - nedorobho lesiRhawini elaba yenye yeensenta ezikhulu zokufunda ephasini langesikhathi esimaphakathi.
Speaker notes
Thoma ngokubeka iMali ebalazweni leTjhingalanga-Afrika (eduze koMlambo iNiger, esifundeni salokho namhlanjesi okuyiMali, iSenegal neGuinea). Buza abafundi bona bacabangani nabezwa amagama athi 'umbuso' namkha 'ukuthengiselana'. Beka phambili imibono emikhulu emibili yesifundwesi: (1) indlela ukulawula igolide netswayi okwenza ngayo iMali yanjinga yaba namandla, (2) nendlela idorobho leTimbuktu eladuma ngayo kilo loke i-Afrika nephasini lamaSulumane njengesenta yokufunda. Khumbuza abafundi bona lokhu kwenzeka khulukhulu hlangana nabo-1200 nabo-1500, kade khulu ngaphambi kokobana abakholonisi be-Yurophu bafike.
IMali beyikuphi begodu beyinini?
IMali yakhula eduze koMlambo iNiger eTjhingalanga-Afrika begodu beyingenye yemibuso emikhulu khulu yesikhathi sayo.
UMbuso weMali wahlala kusukela cabe ngo-1235 ukuya ku-1600. Emandleni wawo aphezulu wanwebeka kusukela elugwini lwe-Atlantic etjhingalanga udlula emadlelweni (iSahel) uye emngceleni wesiRhawini iSahara etlhagwini nepumalanga.
- Wawuvala iingcenye zalokho namhlanjesi okuyiMali, iSenegal, iGuinea namazwe amakhelwane.
- UMlambo iNiger omkhulu wanikela abantu amanzi, iinhlambi nendlela yokuthengiselana ngeenkepe.
- Ikomkhulu lawo bekunguNiani, idorobho elimatasatasa eduze kweenarheni ezikhipha igolide.
Speaker notes
Siza abafundi bona bazi indawo lapho bakhona. Le yiTjhingalanga-Afrika, ingasi iningizimu ye-Afrika, begodu izehlakalwezi zenzeka cabe eminyakeni eyi-800 eyadlulako. Tjengisa iSahel - umgigingqi wamadlelo omile phakathi kwesiRhawini namahlathi amanzi ngeningizimu. Hlathulula bona iMali beyihlezi kuhle khulu phakathi kweento ezimbili abantu ebebazitlhoga khulu komunye nomunye: igolide elivela esewula netswayi elivela esiRhawini etlhagwini. Indawo le ephakathi siyihloko yesifundo soke.
USundiata Keita, umsunguli
IMali yathoma lokha umdosiphambili obizwa bona nguSundiata Keita ahlanganisa abantu begodu wathumba ipumelelo ekulu.
Hlangana no-1235, uSundiata Keita wehlula umbusi ophikisanako, uSumanguru Kante, wahlanganisa iinkosana ezinengi ezincani zaba mbuso munye. USundiata ukhunjulwa njengekosi-msunguli ehlakaniphileko nenesibindi.
- Indaba yakhe igcinwa iphila ma-griot - abarhali beendaba abaqeqeshiweko abadlulisela umlando ngomlomo.
- Umlando wama-griot ngoSundiata mumunye weendaba ezidumileko khulu ze-Afrika ezirhalwa ngomlomo.
- Lokhu kusikhumbuza bona umlando ungatlolwa engqondweni nangelizwi elikhulunywako, ingasi kwaphela ngokutlola.
Speaker notes
Ethula umlando womlomo ngama-griot (abuya babizwe nge-jeli). Le yindawo yokufundisa eqinileko ye-CAPS: ingasi woke umlando othembekileko otloliweko. Hlathulula bona ama-griot bewabamba ngekhanda umlando omude wemindeni newamakhosi begodu bewawurhala emicimbini. 'I-Epic kaSundiata' yadluliselwa ngale ndlela iinkulungwana zeminyaka ngaphambi kokobana itlolwe. Mema abafundi bona bamadanise lokhu nendlela umlando womndenabo namkha womphakathabo okhunjulwa begodu urhalwa kabutjha ngayo.
Igolide livela esewula, itswayi livela etlhagwini
IMali yanjinga ngokulawula ukuthengiselana hlangana neento ezimbili abantu ebebangeze baphila ngaphandle kwazo.
Speaker notes
Le yihliziyo yesifundo: 'ukuthengiselana ngegolide-netswayi'. Yenza ukutjhintjhana kucacele - abantu emasimini wegolide bebanegolide kodwana banganatswayi; abantu esiRhawini bebanetswayi kodwana banganagolide, ngalokho ihlangothi ngalinye belifuna lokho elinye ebelinakho. IMali beyihlezi hlangana begodu yathelisa iimpahla ebezidlula khona, okuyindlela ababusi abanjinga ngayo ngaphandle kokumba igolide namkha ukumba itswayi ngokwabo. Gandelela umbono orarako wokobana itswayi belingaligugu njengegolide.
Ukuthengiselana kudlula iSahara
Iimpahla bezikhamba amakhilomitha azizinkulungwana ngeenqhema zamakamela zidlula isiRhawini.
Amakamela
Amakamela angakhamba ibanga elide ngaphandle kwamanzi begodu akghone ukubekezelela ukutjhisa kwesiRhawini, ngalokho bekumanyamazana afaneleko wokuthwala imithwalo.
Iinqhema (ama-caravan)
Abathengiselani bebakhamba ndawonye ngeenqhema ezikhulu - kanengi cabe ikulungwana lamakamela, ngesinye isikhathi amanengi khulu - ngebanga lokuphepha.
Iimpahla zokuthengiselana
Igolide, izinyo lendlovu (i-ivory) namantongomani we-kola bekukhamba aya etlhagwini; itswayi, ilaphu, iincwadi neengilazi bekufika esewula eMali.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula bona kubayini iSahara beyisithiyo esikhulu kangaka nokobana kubayini ikamela belibutjhagalo (i-technology) elenza ukuthengiselana okudlula iSahara kwakghoneka - abalandi bomlando ngezinye iinkhathi babiza ikamela ngokobana 'yikepe lesiRhawini'. Tjhwaya bona abathengiselani bebamaSulumane amanengi wabathengisi abavela eTlhagwini ye-Afrika, begodu kanye neempahla bebathwele imibono, ilimi lesi-Arabhu nekolo lamaSulumane. Ukuthengiselana bekungasi ngomnotho kwaphela; kwahlanganisa iMali nephasi elikhulu.
Mansa Musa
UMansa Musa wabusa iMali ekuthomeni kwabo-1300 begodu kanengi ubizwa njengomunye wabantu abanjinge khulu emlandweni.
'Mansa' litjho 'ikosi' namkha 'umbusi omkhulu'. UMansa Musa wabusa lokha amandla weMali aphezulu khulu. Ngaphasi kwakhe umbuso bewunokuthula, uhlelekile begodu udumile ngale kwe-Afrika ngegolide yawo.
- Bekangumbusi omSulumane owakhuthaza ukufunda, ii-mosque neenkolo.
- Wenza iMali yaziwe eTlhagwini ye-Afrika, eMiddle East nase-Yurophu.
- Wabuya nezazi, iincwadi nabakhi bezakhiwo bona bakhe amadorobho wakhe.
Speaker notes
Ethula umqondo wegama elithi 'Mansa' ukuze isihloko singatjhaywa njengebizo. Lungisa isilayidi esilandelako (ikhambo lakhe elidumileko) ngokugandelela bona umnotho kaMansa Musa bemukhulu khulu kangangobana warara abantu emazweni akude. Yelela begodu ubeke ngokufaneleko ubudala: 'umuntu onjinge khulu emlandweni' silo esikhunjulwako, kodwana silinganiso elenziwa ngokukhamba kwesikhathi - siveze njengento 'ekanengi ekuthiwa yiyo' ingasi iqiniso eliqinisekisiweko. Lokhu kufundisa ukucabanga okuhle komlando ngemithombo.
Ikhambo elingcwele eleMecca, 1324
Ikhambo lakaMansa Musa elidlula i-Afrika liye edorobheni elicwengileko leMecca latjengisa iphasi loke bona iMali beyinjinge kangangani.
NjengomSulumane, uMansa Musa wenza i-hajj - ikhambo elingcwele eliya eMecca - cabe ngo-1324. Wakhamba nesiqubuthu esikhulu sabantu negolide elinengi khulu, anikela izipho endleleni.
Ikosi yeMali yakhamba yaya eMecca nesiqubuthu esikhulu negolide elinengi khulu kangangobana iindaba zomnotho wayo zarhatjheka ephasini loke. Kusekelwe emlandweni wabatloli besikhathi esimaphakathi we-hajj kaMansa Musa
- Wanikela begodu wasebenzisa igolide elinengi khulu eGibhide (Egypt) kangangobana kuthiwa ithengo layo lawohla iminyaka.
- Ngemva kwekhambo lakhe, iMali yathoma ukuvela emabalazweni we-Yurophu wephasi.
- Ikhambo elingcwele lahlanganisa iMali ngokuseduze nephasi elikhulu lamaSulumane lokuthengiselana nokufunda.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula i-hajj ngokulula njengomsebenzi wekolo wamaSulumane wokukhamba baye eMecca. Sebenzisa isilayidesi ukuhlanganisa umnotho, ikolo nedumo. Indaba yokuthi igolide lakaMansa Musa lenza amathengo eCairo (iKhero) awohla ibuyelelwa babalandi bomlando abanengi begodu simfanekiso omuhle wembangela nomphumela. [SME] Iinsuku neenbalo eziqophileko (umnyaka we-1324, ubukhulu besiqubuthu sakhe, ubude besikhathi sokuphazamiseka kwamathengo) kuvela kubatloli bakamva begodu kuhluka phakathi kwemithombo - kuveze njengokubikwe kabanzi ingasi njengokuqophileko. Gandelela umphumela ohlala nini: iMali yaziwa kilo loke iphasi langesikhathi esimaphakathi.
ITimbuktu, idorobho elikhulu lokuthengiselana
ITimbuktu yakhula lapho uMlambo iNiger uhlangana neendlela zokuthengiselana zesiRhawini, okwayenza yaba yindawo yokuhlanganela yemvelo.
ITimbuktu beyiseduze nendawo lapho ukuthengiselana komlambo bekuhlangana neenqhema zesiRhawini. Iimpahla, abantu nemibono evela eendaweni ezinengi bekuhlanganela lapho, begodu idorobho lanjinga laba matasatasa ngaphasi kombuso weMali.
- Abathengiselani bebatjhintjhana ngegolide, itswayi, ilaphu neminye iimpahla eminengi eemakethe zalo.
- Kwakhiwa ii-mosque ezihle lapho, ezinye zebumba (ye-mud brick) ezisajame nanamhlanjesi.
- ITimbuktu nje yiNdawo yeLifa lePhasi ye-UNESCO (UNESCO World Heritage Site), evikelwa ngebanga lomlando wayo.
Speaker notes
Tjengisa bona kubayini indawo yenza iTimbuktu yaba yingqophamlando: beyiyindawo yokuhlangana yeenqubo zokuthutha ezimbili, umlambo neenqhema zesiRhawini. Tjengisa ubukghwari obuhlukileko bezakhiwo zebumba (i-adobe) obunemixhaka yeenkuni, njenge-Djinguereber Mosque eyakhiwa ngesikhathi sakaMansa Musa. Khuluma bona izakhiwezi zibuthakathaka begodu bezitlhoga ukuvikelwa, okuyindaba iTimbuktu iyiNdawo yeLifa lePhasi ye-UNESCO ngayo - ukuhlangana okuhle nombono welifa nokobana kubayini sivikela okwakadeni.
ITimbuktu, idorobho lezazi
ITimbuktu yaba yenye yeendawo eziqakathekileko khulu e-Afrika zokufunda nokuragela phambili nemfundo.
Eduze kwee-mosque zayo, khulukhulu iSankore, kwakhula iinkolo namayunivesithi. Abafundi bebavela kilo loke i-Afrika bazokufunda ikolo, umthetho, izibalo, isayensi yeenkwekwezi (astronomy) nezokwelapha.
- Lokha imatasatasa khulu, izinkulungwana zabafundi bebafunda edorobheni ngesikhathi sinye.
- Abafundisi bebazizazi ezihlonitjhwako, begodu ukufunda kwaletha idumo edorobheni.
- ITimbuktu yaba luphawu lwelwazi nemfundo ye-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Isilayidesi siqalene nokugandelela kwe-CAPS ngeTimbuktu njengesenta yokufunda. Lungisa umcabango ophosileko ovamileko: i-Afrika yesikhathi esimaphakathi beyinamadorobho wezazi namalabhulali (imitholampilo yeencwadi), ingasi imizana kwaphela. I-Sankore mosque-university beyaziwa khulu. [SME] Inani labafundi kanengi liqotjhwa njenge-25,000, kodwana inanelo livela eelinganisweni zakamva begodu kufuze liphathwe njengelilinganiselweko. Buza abafundi bona kubayini indawo edumele ngomnotho ingaduma godu ngokufunda - umnotho nokuthengiselana kwakhweba izazi kwakhokhela iincwadi neenkolo.
Imitlolwana (imanuscript) yeTimbuktu
Izazi zeTimbuktu zatlola begodu zaqoqa amakhulu weenkulungwana zeencwadi ezitlolwe ngesandla.
Iincwadi bezikotjhwa ngesandla ngesi-Arabhu neminye iimlimi begodu bezigcinwa njengamagugu miindeni imilibo ngemilibo. Bekwenziwa ezinengi kangangobana, ngezinye iinkhathi, ukuthengiselana ngeencwadi bekungenye yamabhizinisi wedorobho aletha inzuzo ekulu.
- Imitlolwana beyihlanganisa isayensi, umlando, izinkondlo, ukuthengiselana nekholo.
- Ibufakazi bokuthi iTjhingalanga-Afrika beyinomlando otloliweko onjingileko, ingasi isiko lomlomo kwaphela.
- ISewula Afrika ngokukhamba kwesikhathi yasiza ukugcina imitlolwana le ngephrojekthi yeTimbuktu.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imitlolwana ukuphikisa umlando ongasiliqiniso wokobana i-Afrika beyinganawo 'umlando' ngaphambi kokobana abantu be-Yurophu batlole ngayo. Amalabhulali weTimbuktu abambe amatjhumi weenkulungwana - ngokwezinye iinbalo amakhulu weenkulungwana - wemitlolwana. [SME] Iinbalo zesitjhwaba semitlolwana zihluka kabanzi phakathi kwemithombo (kusukela ematjhumini weenkulungwana ukuya emakhulwini weenkulungwana) begodu kufuze zinikelwe njengelinani elibanzi. Le kuhlangana okuziqhenyako kweSewula Afrika: ngemva kwaka-2001 iSewula Afrika yasekela iphrojekthi yokwakha indawo yokugcina imitlolo (i-archive) nokusiza ukulondoloza imitlolwana yeTimbuktu, okuthi abafundisi bangakukhuluma ukuhlanganisa isihloko nezwe labafundi ngokwabo.
IMali neTimbuktu ngokukhamba kwesikhathi
- c.1235 USundiata Keita usungula uMbuso weMali
- early 1300s UMansa Musa ubusa lokha umbuso usemandleni aphezulu
- c.1324 Ikhambo elingcwele (hajj) lakaMansa Musa eliya eMecca
- 1320s-1330s Kwakhiwa i-mosque ekulu eTimbuktu; ukufunda kuyakhula
- 1400s IMali iyabogaboga; iTimbuktu itjhugulula abanikazi
- c.1600 UMbuso weSonghai sewuthethe indawo yeMali njengamandla amakhulu
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa ilayini yesikhathi ukuqinisa indaba lokhu kufikelele khona nokuzejwayeza ukusebenza neensuku neenkulungwana - ikghono eliqakathekileko le-CAPS. Tjengisa bona lezi zilinganiselweko ('c.' litjho 'cabe') ngombana ingcenye enkulu yomlando ivela esikweni lomlomo nakubatloli bakamva. Buza abafundi bona babeke ikhambo elingcwele ngaphakathi kokubusa kwakaMansa Musa begodu babone bona umbuso wahlala isikhathi eside kangangani - ngaphezulu kweminyaka ema-300.
Ukuphela kweMali - kodwana ingasi indaba yayo
IMali yabogaboga kancanikancani, kodwana imibono yayo, iindlela zokuthengiselana nedorobho lokufunda kwaphila isikhathi eside kunombuso.
Ngemva kwabo-1300, ukuphikisana ngamandla, ukuhlaselwa babantu besiRhawini nokuvela koMbuso weSonghai omakhelwane kwapharhaza iMali kancanikancani. Cabe ngo-1600 iSonghai nabanye balawula iindlela zokuthengiselana ezidala namadorobho.
- ITimbuktu yahlala iyisenta yokuthengiselana nokufunda ngaphasi kwababusi abatjha.
- Indaba yeMali itjengisa bona i-Afrika beyinemibuso enamandla, enjingileko nehlelekileko.
- Namhlanjesi sifunda ngeMali bona sizwisise umlando wakade onjingileko we-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Vala umlando begodu ukhuphe ukuqakatheka kwawo. Indawo yokufundisa eyihloko kutjhuguluko nokuraga: uMbuso weMali wawa, kodwana iindlela zokuthengiselana nendima yeTimbuktu njengendawo yokufunda kwaragela phambili ngaphasi kweSonghai. Phetha ngombono omkhulu we-CAPS wesihloko soke: i-Afrika yangaphambi kwekholoni beyinemibuso emikhulu, enjingileko nehlakaniphileko enamadorobho, amanetjhwaka wokuthengiselana neensenta zokufunda. Lokhu kusiza abafundi bona baqakathekise umlando we-Afrika ngokwayo.
Esikufundileko
IMali yanjinga ngokulawula ukuthengiselana ngegolide-netswayi, begodu iTimbuktu yaba yisenta yokufunda edumileko.
Sibonile indlela uSundiata Keita asungula ngayo iMali, indlela uMansa Musa ayenza ngayo yaduma, indlela ukuthengiselana ngegolide-netswayi okwakha ngayo umnotho wayo, nendlela iTimbuktu eyaba ngayo idorobho lezazi neencwadi. Nje hlola lokho okukhumbulako.
Q. Hlathulula indlela ukuthengiselana ngegolide netswayi okwenza ngayo umbuso weMali wanjinga. (6 marks)
Q. Kubayini ikhambo elingcwele lakaMansa Musa eliya eMecca lenza iMali yaduma kezinye iingcenye zephasi? (4 marks)
Q. Hlathulula amabanga amabili wokobana kubayini iTimbuktu yaziwa njengesenta eqakathekileko yokufunda. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi otloliweko namkha ipingeno yekilasi; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulandela isitayela se-CAPS, kuhlanganisa ukukhumbula nokuhlathulula. Khuthaza abafundi bona baphendule ngemitjho ephelele begodu basebenzise amagama aqakathekileko wesifundo (iSahel, i-caravan, i-hajj, iSankore, i-manuscript, i-griot). Bakhumbuze ngesifundo esiphakemeko: iTjhingalanga-Afrika yangaphambi kwekholoni beyikhaya lombuso onjingileko, onamandla nedorobho lokufunda elidume ephasini loke.
- Grade
- Grade 7
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The kingdom of Mali and the city of Timbuktu
- Resource type
- Presentation