Umbuso waseMali kanye neDolobha laseTimbuktu
Umbuso ocebile waseNtshonalanga Afrika owakhelwe phezu kwegolide nosawoti - kanye nedolobha lasogwadule elaba enye yezikhungo ezinkulu zokufunda emhlabeni wenkathi ephakathi.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubeka iMali ebalazweni leNtshonalanga Afrika (eduze koMfula iNiger, endaweni yaseMali, iSenegal neGuinea yanamuhla). Buza abafundi ukuthi bacabangani kakade lapho bezwa igama elithi 'umbuso' noma 'ukuhweba'. Beka phambili imicabango emikhulu emibili yalesi sifundo: (1) indlela ukulawula igolide nosawoti okwenza ngayo iMali yaceba yaba namandla, kanye (2) nendlela idolobha laseTimbuktu eladuma ngayo kulo lonke elase-Afrika nasemhlabeni wamaSulumane njengesikhungo sokufunda. Khumbuza abafundi ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka kakhulu phakathi kwawo-1200 nawo-1500, kudala ngaphambi kokuba kufike abakoloni baseYurophu.
IMali yayikuphi futhi yayikhona nini?
IMali yakhulela eduze koMfula iNiger eNtshonalanga Afrika futhi yayingomunye wemibuso emikhulu kunayo yonke ngesikhathi sayo.
Umbuso waseMali wahlala kusukela cishe ngo-1235 kuya ku-1600. Lapho usemandleni awo aphezulu wawusukela ogwini lwe-Atlantic entshonalanga wedlula emadlelweni (iSahel) uze ufike emngceleni weGwadule iSahara enyakatho nasempumalanga.
- Wawuhlanganisa izingxenye zalokho okuyiMali, iSenegal, iGuinea namazwe angomakhelwane namuhla.
- Umfula omkhulu iNiger wawunikeza abantu amanzi, izinhlanzi kanye nendlela yokuhweba ngesikebhe.
- Inhloko-dolobha yawo kwakuyi-Niani, idolobha elimatasa eliseduze nezindawo ezikhiqiza igolide.
Speaker notes
Siza abafundi bazi ukuthi bakuphi. Le yiNtshonalanga Afrika, hhayi iningizimu ye-Afrika, futhi lezi zehlakalo zenzeka cishe eminyakeni engu-800 eyedlule. Khombisa iSahel - ibhande lamadlelo omile phakathi kogwadule namahlathi amanzi ngaseningizimu. Chaza ukuthi iMali yayihlezi kahle phakathi kwezinto ezimbili abantu ababezidinga komunye nomunye kakhulu: igolide elivela eningizimu nosawoti ovela ogwaduleni olusenyakatho. Leso simo sokuba phakathi yisona sihluthulelo sesifundo sonke.
USundiata Keita, umsunguli
IMali yaqala lapho umholi ogama lakhe linguSundiata Keita ehlanganisa abantu futhi enqoba ukunqoba okukhulu.
Cishe ngo-1235, u-Sundiata Keita wanqoba umbusi ayeqhudelana naye, uSumanguru Kante, wahlanganisa izikhulu ezincane eziningi zaba umbuso owodwa. USundiata ukhunjulwa njengenkosi-msunguli ehlakaniphile nenesibindi.
- Indaba yakhe igcinwa iphila ama-griots - abaxoxi bezindaba abaqeqeshiwe abadlulisela umlando ngomlomo.
- Ukulandisa kwama-griots ngoSundiata kungenye yezinkondlo zomlomo ezidumile kunazo zonke zase-Afrika.
- Lokhu kusikhumbuza ukuthi umlando ungagcinwa enkumbulweni nasezwini elikhulunywayo, hhayi ngokubhala kuphela.
Speaker notes
Ethula umlando womlomo ngama-griots (abuye abizwe ngokuthi ama-jeli). Leli iphuzu eliqinile lokufundisa le-CAPS: hhayi wonke umlando othembekile obhalwe phansi. Chaza ukuthi ama-griots ayekhumbula imilando emide yemindeni neyobukhosi bese eyihlabelela emicimbini. 'I-Epic kaSundiata' yadluliselwa ngale ndlela amakhulu eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba ibhalwe. Mema abafundi ukuba baqhathanise lokhu nendlela umlando womndeni noma womphakathi wabo okhunjulwa futhi olandiswa kabusha ngayo.
Igolide elivela eningizimu, usawoti ovela enyakatho
IMali yaceba ngokulawula ukuhweba phakathi kwezinto ezimbili abantu ababengeke baphile ngaphandle kwazo.
Speaker notes
Lena yinhliziyo yesifundo: 'ukuhweba kwegolide nosawoti'. Yenza ukushintshaniswa kucace - abantu ezindaweni zegolide babenegolide kodwa bengenawo usawoti; abantu basogwaduleni babenosawoti kodwa bengenalo igolide, ngakho uhlangothi ngalunye lwalufuna lokho olunye olwalunakho. IMali yayihlezi phakathi futhi ithela intela ezimpahleni ezazidlula khona, yiyo indlela ababusi abaceba ngayo bengazembeli igolide noma bengambeli usawoti ngokwabo. Gcizelela umbono omangalisayo wokuthi usawoti wawungaba yigugu njengegolide.
Ukuhweba kudlula iSahara
Impahla yayihamba amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ngodwendwe lwamakamela iwela ugwadule.
Amakamela
Amakamela angahamba amabanga amade ngaphandle kwamanzi futhi abekezelele ukushisa kogwadule, ngakho ayeyizilwane ezithwala kahle imithwalo.
Izindwendwe
Abahwebi babehamba ndawonye ngezindwendwe ezinkulu - ngokuvamile cishe amakamela ayinkulungwane, ngezinye izikhathi maningi kakhulu - ukuze baphephe.
Impahla yokuhweba
Igolide, izinyo lendlovu namantongomane e-kola kwaya enyakatho; usawoti, indwangu, izincwadi nengilazi kweza eningizimu eMali.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi kungani iSahara yayiyisithiyo esikhulu kangaka nokuthi kungani ikamela laliyithekhinoloji eyenza ukuhweba kudlula iSahara kwaba nokwenzeka - izazi-mlando ngezinye izikhathi zibiza ikamela ngokuthi 'umkhumbi wogwadule'. Qaphela ukuthi abahwebi ikakhulukazi kwakungabahwebi abangamaSulumane abavela eNyakatho Afrika, futhi kanye nempahla babethwala nemibono, ulimi lwesi-Arabhu kanye nenkolo yobuIslam. Ukuhweba kwakungekona nje okwengcebo kuphela; kwaxhumanisa iMali nomhlaba obanzi.
UMansa Musa
UMansa Musa wabusa iMali ekuqaleni kwawo-1300 futhi uvame ukubizwa ngomunye wabantu abacebe kunabo bonke emlandweni.
'UMansa' usho 'inkosi' noma 'umbusi omkhulu'. UMansa Musa wabusa lapho iMali isemandleni ayo aphezulu. Ngaphansi kwakhe umbuso wawunokuthula, uhlelekile kahle futhi udume kude nangale kwe-Afrika ngenxa yegolide lawo.
- Wayengumbusi ongumSulumane owakhuthaza ukufunda, imisikiti nezikole.
- Wenza iMali yaziwa eNyakatho Afrika, eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseYurophu.
- Wabuya nezifundiswa, izincwadi nabakhi bezakhiwo ukuze akhe amadolobha akhe.
Speaker notes
Ethula incazelo yegama elithi 'Mansa' ukuze isihloko singadidaniswa negama. Lungiselela isilayidi esilandelayo (uhambo lwakhe olwaziwayo) ngokugcizelela ukuthi ingcebo kaMansa Musa yayinkulu kangangokuthi yamangaza abantu emazweni akude. Yiba noqaphelo futhi ufanele izinga leminyaka: 'umuntu ocebe kunabo bonke emlandweni' kuyisitatimende esikhumbulekayo, kodwa kuyisilinganiso esenziwe kamuva kakhulu - kwethule njengento 'okuvame ukushiwo' kunokuthi kube yiqiniso eliqinisekisiwe. Lokhu kubonisa ukucabanga okuhle ngomlando mayelana nemithombo.
Uhambo lokuya eMecca, ngo-1324
Uhambo lukaMansa Musa oluwela i-Afrika luya edolobheni elingcwele iMecca lwakhombisa umhlaba wonke ukuthi iMali yayicebe kangakanani.
NjengomSulumane, uMansa Musa wenza i-hajj - uhambo lokuya eMecca - cishe ngo-1324. Wahamba nexuku elikhulu labantu kanye negolide eliningi, enikeza izipho endleleni.
Inkosi yaseMali yahamba yaya eMecca nexuku elikhulu negolide eliningi kangaka kangangokuthi izindaba zengcebo yayo zasakazeka emhlabeni wonke. Kususelwa ekulandiseni kwababhali-mlando benkathi ephakathi ngohambo lwe-hajj lukaMansa Musa
- Wanikela futhi wachitha igolide eliningi kangaka eGibhithe kangangokuthi kuthiwa inani lalo lehla khona iminyaka.
- Ngemva kohambo lwakhe, iMali yaqala ukuvela emabalazweni aseYurophu omhlaba.
- Uhambo lokuhambela indawo engcwele lwaxhumanisa iMali ngokusondelene nomhlaba obanzi wamaSulumane wokuhweba nokufunda.
Speaker notes
Chaza i-hajj kalula njengomsebenzi wenkolo wamaSulumane wokuhamba baye eMecca. Sebenzisa lesi silayidi ukuxhumanisa ingcebo, inkolo nedumela. Indaba yokuthi igolide likaMansa Musa labangela ukwehla kwamanani eCairo iphindwa yizazi-mlando eziningi futhi iyisibonelo esihle sembangela nomphumela. [SME] Izinsuku eziqondile nezibalo (unyaka we-1324, ubungako bexuku lakhe, ubude besikhathi sokuphazamiseka kwamanani) kuvela kubabhali bakamuva futhi kuyahluka phakathi kwemithombo - kwethule njengokubikwe kabanzi kunokuthi kube okunembile. Gcizelela umphumela ohlala njalo: iMali yaba yaziwa kulo lonke elomhlaba wenkathi ephakathi.
ITimbuktu, idolobha elikhulu lokuhweba
ITimbuktu yakhula lapho uMfula iNiger uhlangana khona nezindlela zokuhweba zogwadule, okuyenza yaba yindawo yemvelo yokuhlangana.
ITimbuktu yayiseduze nendawo lapho ukuhweba komfula kwakuhlangana khona nezindwendwe zogwadule. Impahla, abantu nemibono evela ezindaweni eziningi kwahlangana khona, futhi idolobha laceba laba matasa ngaphansi kokubusa kweMali.
- Abahwebi babeshintshaniselana igolide, usawoti, indwangu, nezinye izimpahla eziningi ezimakethe zayo.
- Kwakhiwa khona imisikiti emihle, eminye eyakhiwe ngesitini sodaka esisamile nanamuhla.
- ITimbuktu manje iyiNdawo yeFa leMhlaba ye-UNESCO, ivikelwe ngenxa yomlando wayo.
Speaker notes
Khombisa ukuthi indawo yenza iTimbuktu yaba ekhethekile: kwakuyindawo yokuhlangana kwezinhlelo ezimbili zezokuthutha, umfula nodwendwe lwamakamela lwasogwaduleni. Khombisa ukwakhiwa okukhethekile kwesitini sodaka (i-adobe) okunemishayo yokhuni, njengoMsikiti iDjinguereber owakhiwa ngesikhathi sikaMansa Musa. Sho ukuthi lezi zakhiwo zintekenteke futhi bezidinga ukuvikelwa, okuyisizathu sokuthi iTimbuktu ibe yiNdawo yeFa leMhlaba ye-UNESCO - isixhumanisi esihle nombono wefa nokuthi kungani sigcina okwedlule.
ITimbuktu, idolobha lezifundiswa
ITimbuktu yaba enye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu e-Afrika zokutadisha nokufunda.
Eduze kwemisikiti yayo, ikakhulukazi iSankore, kwakhula izikole namanyuvesi. Abafundi babevela kulo lonke elase-Afrika ukuzofunda inkolo, umthetho, izibalo, isayensi yezinkanyezi nezokwelapha.
- Lapho imatasa kakhulu, izinkulungwane zabafundi zazifunda edolobheni ngasikhathi sinye.
- Othisha babeyizifundiswa ezihlonishwayo, futhi ukufunda kwaletha udumo edolobheni.
- ITimbuktu yaba uphawu lolwazi nemfundo yase-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Lesi silayidi sibhekana nokugxila kwe-CAPS eTimbuktu njengesikhungo sokufunda. Lungisa umqondo ovamile ongelona iqiniso: i-Afrika yenkathi ephakathi yayinamadolobha ezifundiswa nemitapo yolwazi, hhayi imizana kuphela. Inyuvesi-msikiti iSankore yayaziwa kakhulu. [SME] Isibalo sabafundi sivame ukushiwo njengecishe abangu-25,000, kodwa lesi sibalo sivela ezilinganisweni zakamuva futhi kufanele siphathwe njengesilinganiselwe. Buza abafundi ukuthi kungani indawo edume ngengcebo ingase iphinde idume ngokufunda - ingcebo nokuhweba kwaheha izifundiswa futhi kwakhokhela izincwadi nezikole.
Imibhalo yesandla yaseTimbuktu
Izifundiswa zaseTimbuktu zabhala futhi zaqoqa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezincwadi ezibhalwe ngesandla.
Izincwadi zazikopishwa ngesandla ngesi-Arabhu nangezinye izilimi futhi zaziphathwa njengegugu yimindeni izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Kwakhiqizwa eziningi kangangokuthi, ngezinye izikhathi, ukuhweba ngezincwadi kwakungenye yamabhizinisi anenzuzo enkulu kunawo wonke edolobheni.
- Le mibhalo yayihlanganisa isayensi, umlando, izinkondlo, ukuhweba nenkolo.
- Iwubufakazi bokuthi iNtshonalanga Afrika yayinomlando obhaliweyo ocebile, hhayi isiko lomlomo kuphela.
- INingizimu Afrika kamuva yasiza ukulondoloza le mibhalo ngephrojekthi iTimbuktu.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibhalo yesandla ukuphikisa inganekwane yokuthi i-Afrika 'yayingenamlando' ngaphambi kokuba abaseYurophu babhale ngayo. Imitapo yolwazi yaseTimbuktu iqukethe amashumi ezinkulungwane - ngokwezinye izibalo amakhulu ezinkulungwane - zemibhalo yesandla. [SME] Isamba semibhalo yesandla siyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwemithombo (kusukela emashumini ezinkulungwane kuya emakhulwini ezinkulungwane) futhi kufanele sinikezwe njengebanga elibanzi. Lokhu kuyisixhumanisi seNingizimu Afrika esiziqhenyayo: ngemva kuka-2001 iNingizimu Afrika yasekela iphrojekthi yokwakha inqolobane nokusiza ukulondoloza imibhalo yesandla yaseTimbuktu, othisha abangayisho ukuze baxhumanise lesi sihloko nezwe labafundi.
IMali neTimbuktu kudlula isikhathi
- c.1235 USundiata Keita usungula uMbuso waseMali
- early 1300s UMansa Musa ubusa lapho umbuso usemandleni awo aphezulu
- c.1324 Uhambo lukaMansa Musa (i-hajj) lokuya eMecca
- 1320s-1330s Kwakhiwa umsikiti omkhulu eTimbuktu; ukufunda kuyakhula
- 1400s IMali iyaba buthaka; iTimbuktu iyashintsha abaphathi
- c.1600 UMbuso waseSonghai usuthathe indawo yeMali njengamandla amakhulu
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa umugqa wesikhathi ukuqinisa indaba kuze kube manje nokuzijwayeza ukusebenza nezinsuku namakhulu eminyaka - ikhono elibalulekile le-CAPS. Khombisa ukuthi lezi zilinganiselwe ('c.' isho 'cishe') ngoba iningi lomlando luvela esikweni lomlomo nasekubhaleni kwakamuva. Cela abafundi ukuba babeke uhambo lokuhambela indawo engcwele ngaphakathi kokubusa kukaMansa Musa nokuthi babone ukuthi umbuso wahlala isikhathi eside kangakanani - ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-300.
Ukuphela kweMali - kodwa hhayi indaba yayo
IMali yaba buthaka kancane kancane, kodwa imibono yayo, izindlela zokuhweba nedolobha layo lokufunda kwaphila kwedlula umbuso.
Ngemva kwawo-1300, ukuxabana ngamandla, ukuhlaselwa ngabantu basogwaduleni kanye nokuvela koMbuso waseSonghai ongomakhelwane kwaqhekeza iMali kancane kancane. Cishe ngo-1600 iSonghai nabanye base belawula izindlela zokuhweba namadolobha amadala.
- ITimbuktu yaqhubeka iyisikhungo sokuhweba nokufunda ngaphansi kwababusi abasha.
- Indaba yeMali ikhombisa ukuthi i-Afrika yayinemibuso enamandla, ecebile nehlelekile kahle.
- Namuhla sifunda iMali ukuze siqonde umlando ocebile we-Afrika ngokwayo.
Speaker notes
Vala indaba yomlando bese ukhipha ukubaluleka. Iphuzu eliyinhloko lokufundisa ushintsho nokuqhubeka: uMbuso waseMali wawa, kodwa izindlela zokuhweba nendima yeTimbuktu njengendawo yokufunda kwaqhubeka ngaphansi kweSonghai. Phetha ngombono omkhulu we-CAPS wesihloko sonke: i-Afrika yangaphambi kokukolonishwa yayinemibuso emikhulu, ecebile nesezingeni eliphakeme enamadolobha, izinkambu zokuhweba nezikhungo zezifundiswa. Lokhu kusiza abafundi bawuhloniphe umlando we-Afrika ngokwayo.
Esikufundile
IMali yaceba ngokulawula ukuhweba kwegolide nosawoti, futhi iTimbuktu yaba yisikhungo esidumile sokufunda.
Sibonile indlela u-Sundiata Keita asungula ngayo iMali, indlela u-Mansa Musa ayenza ngayo yaduma, indlela ukuhweba kwegolide nosawoti okwadala ngayo ingcebo yayo, nendlela i-Timbuktu eyaba ngayo idolobha lezifundiswa nezincwadi. Manje hlola ukuthi ukhumbulani.
Q. Chaza ukuthi ukuhweba ngegolide nosawoti kwawenza kanjani umbuso waseMali waceba. (6 marks)
Q. Kungani uhambo lukaMansa Musa lokuya eMecca lwenza iMali yaduma kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba? (4 marks)
Q. Chaza izizathu ezimbili zokuthi kungani iTimbuktu yaziwa njengesikhungo esibalulekile sokufunda. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa le mibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhalwayo noma ingxoxo yasekilasini; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulandela isitayela se-CAPS, kuxuba ukukhumbula nokuchaza. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba baphendule ngemisho ephelele futhi basebenzise amagama abalulekile esifundo (iSahel, udwendwe, i-hajj, iSankore, umbhalo wesandla, i-griot). Bakhumbuze ngesifundo esiphezulu: iNtshonalanga Afrika yangaphambi kokukolonishwa yayiyikhaya lombuso ocebile, onamandla nedolobha elidumile emhlabeni wonke lokufunda.
- Grade
- Grade 7
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The kingdom of Mali and the city of Timbuktu
- Resource type
- Presentation