Inguquko Yetimbiwa eNingizimu Afrika
Kutsi emadayimane eKimberley neligolide eWitwatersrand ayiguqula kanjani iNingizimu Afrika phakadze naphakadze - futsi kutsi ngubani lowakhokha inani.
Speaker notes
Cala ngekubuta bafundzi kutsi yini labase banayo nobe labayisebentisako lenaligolide nobe emadayimane. Chaza kutsi lesifundvo sikhuluma ngekutsi kutfolakala kwaletimbiwa kwayiguqula kanjani iNingizimu Afrika kusuka kubantfu lababekakhulu balima baba ngumnotfo wetimboni netimayini - nekutsi lolutjintjo lwakhelwa etikwekusebenta lokushibhile, lokulawulwako kwebantfu labamnyama. Bonisa tintfo letimbili: (1) kugijimela timbiwa eKimberley naseWitwatersrand, kanye (2) nendlela yekusebenta kwebafuduki nekuphazamiseka kwemphilo yemmango lekwadalwa nguko.
INingizimu Afrika ngaphambi kwetimbiwa
Emkhatsini weminyaka yabo-1800 bantfu labanyenti bebaphila ngemhlaba, hhayi ngetimayini nobe timboni.
Ngaphambi kwe-1867, iNingizimu Afrika beyingenato timboni letinkhulu. Bantfu labanyenti - balimi base-Afrika, imindeni yemaBhunu (Boer) nebahlali baseBhilithani (British) - bebaphila ngekulima nekwelusa tinkhomo. Bekunetindzawo letine letinkhulu tetepolitiki: emakoloni emaBhilithani i-Cape ne-Natal, netiphundvu (republics) temaBhunu i-Transvaal ne-Orange Free State.
- Imiphakatsi yase-Afrika beyisalawula lokunyenti kwemhlaba nekusebenta kwayo.
- Bekunemadolobha lamancane, imizila yesitimela lemincane nemali lencane leyayihamba emmangweni.
- Kutfolakala kwetimbiwa bekutayikuguqula konkhe loku esitukulwaneni sinye.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela kuchubeka nekuguquka. Beka lisiseko kuze bafundzi bakhone kulinganisa kutsi Inguquko Yetimbiwa beyimangaza kangakanani. Veta kutsi imibuso yebukhosi base-Afrika beyisatimela ngayodwa - bantfu bebangakayi kuncika emiholweni. Chumanisa neTerm 1 (Inguquko Yezimboni eBhilithani), ngobe imfuno yeBhilithani yetintfo letiluhlaza netimali tekutfola yingenye yetizatfu tekutsi kungani kumba kwakhula ngekushesha kangaka lapha.
Kutfolakala emadayimane
Litjana lelicwebetelako lelacoshwa eceleni koMfula i-Orange lacala kugijimela timbiwa kwekucala lokukhulu.
Nga-1867 umfana losemncane, Erasmus Jacobs, watfola lidayimane epulazini eduze kwe-Hopetown eMfuleni i-Orange. Emva kweminyaka lemibili lidayimane lelikhulu kakhulu, lelabese libitwa ngekutsi yi-Star of South Africa (Inkhanyeti yeNingizimu Afrika), lakhombisa kutsi lendzawo beyicebe ngemadayimane. Titinkhulungwane tebafuni benhlanhla tagijimela ngaphakatsi.
- Tindzawo tekumba letivutsakako kakhulu betiseduze kwaleyo leyabese iba lidolobha lase-Kimberley.
- Bantfu befika bavela emhlabeni wonkhe naseNingizimu Afrika bezokumba.
- Emadayimane abeyi-'rush' yekucala yetimbiwa yaseNingizimu Afrika - sicalo senguquko.
Speaker notes
Gcina lamatje lamabili ladvumile alula: kutfolakala kwanga-1867 eduze kwe-Hopetown, ne-Star of South Africa yanga-1869 leyacala kugijimela. [SME] Cinisekisa emagama nemalanga lachanekile ematje ekucala ne-Star of South Africa ngaphambi kwekukhicita - tindzaba letatiwako tehlukene ngemininingwane. Liphuzu leliyinhloko kubafundzi kutsi kutfolakala ngengoti kwacala kumba lokukhulu, lokuhleliwe.
Umgodzi Lomkhulu (The Big Hole)
Titinkhulungwane tebambi taguqula ligcuma laba ngumgodzi lojulile kunayo yonkhe emhlabeni lombiwe ngetandla.
E-Kimberley, bambi bamba baya phansi ngco elidwaleni lelinemadayimane. Umbi ngamunye bekasebenta isicelo (claim) lesincane, futsi njengoba ticelo tijula yonkhe lendzawo yaba ngumgodzi lomkhulu kakhulu - Umgodzi Lomkhulu. Kwaba lukhuni futsi kwaba nengoti kusebenta ngetandla, futsi tinkhampani letinemali lenyenti kuphela letatikwati kuchubeka timba.
- I-Kimberley yaba ngesinye setidolobha letinkhulu ezweni ngekushesha.
- Kumba lokujulile bekudzinga imishini, imali netisebenti letinyenti.
- Bambi labancane bathengwa kancane kancane tinkhampani letinkhulu.
Speaker notes
Sebentisa Umgodzi Lomkhulu kwenta bukhulu bucace - kuyindzawo ledvumile bafundzi lokungenteka bake beva ngayo nobe bayivakashele. Liphuzu lekufundzisa lelemnotfo: kumba ngetandla ngumuntfu ngamunye bekungeke kuchubeke njengoba timayini tijula, ngako kumba kwadlulisela etinkhampanini letinemali netisebenti letiholelwako. Loku kubeka lisayidi lelandzelako ngemonopoli naRhodes.
Rhodes, Barnato ne-De Beers
Ngo-1888 inkhampani yinye beyilawula cishe konkhe kumba kwemadayimane eKimberley.
Cecil John Rhodes nemncintiswano wakhe Barney Barnato ngamunye bathenga ticelo kwaze kwatsi, nga-1888, bahlangana bakha De Beers Consolidated Mines. Loku kwanika i-De Beers monopoli (bunikati bemunye) lobucishe babonkhe - kulawula linyenti lekukhicitwa kwemadayimane aseNingizimu Afrika. Rhodes wasebentisa umnotfo wakhe kutsi atfole emandla lamakhulu etepolitiki eCape.
- I-monopoli isho kutsi inkhampani yinye ilawula lonkhe lucobo lweshishini.
- Kulawula kutfolakala kwemadayimane kwenta i-De Beers yagcina emanani emadayimane aphakeme.
- Rhodes waba nguNdvunankhulu weKoloni yaseCape nga-1890.
Speaker notes
Yetfula ligama monopoli ngekucaca - kungumcondvo lobalulekile weCAPS kulesihloko. Chaza kutsi kungani i-De Beers beyifuna kulawula kutfolakala: emadayimane lambalwa emmakethe agcina emanani aphakeme. Phindze ukhombise buhlobo emkhatsini wemandla emnotfo newetepolitiki: Rhodes waguqula umnotfo wetimayini waba ngemandla etepolitiki, lokubalulekile ngokuhamba kwesikhatsi emitsetfweni yemhlaba newekusebenta. Caphela tinhloso taRhodes tekwandzisa emandla ngaphandle kwekuchaza kakhulu.
Ligolide eWitwatersrand
Nga-1886 bambi batfola insimi yeligolide lecebe kunayo yonkhe emhlabeni egcumeni eTransvaal.
Nga-1886 ligolide latfolakala e-Main Reef ye-Witwatersrand ('Igcuma Lemanti Lamhlophe') esiphundvu semaBhunu iTransvaal. Cishe ngobusuku bunye lidolobha lelimayini i-Johannesburg lavela. Lensimi yeligolide yaba yinkhulu kunayo yonkhe emhlabeni futsi yadonsela imali, bantfu nemizila yesitimela kuyo.
- Ligolide lenta siphundvu lesihluphekile iTransvaal saba nemnotfo futsi sabaluleka ngekushesha.
- I-Johannesburg yakhula kusukela edlelweni leliluhlaza yaba lidolobha lelimatasatasa eminyakeni lembalwa nje.
- IBhilithani manje beyinesizatfu lesicinile sekufuna kulawula iTransvaal.
Speaker notes
Niketa incazelo ye-Witwatersrand ('igcuma lemanti lamhlophe') nelilanga 1886. [SME] Umlando lowatiwako unika George Harrison kutfolakala kwanga-1886 epulazini iLanglaagte; cinisekisa lokunikwa neligama lelichanekile lepulazi ngaphambi kwekukhicita, njengoba imitfombo yehlukene. Liphuzu leliyinhloko lekufundzisa kutsi ligolide ladlulisela sikhungo semnotfo eTransvaal futsi labeka iNingizimu Afrika endleleni yembango phakatsi kweBhilithani netiphundvu temaBhunu.
Kungani ligolide belidzinga imali lenyenti
Ligolide leWitwatersrand belisekujuleni futsi lincipha, ngako kulimba bekudzinga imali lenkhulu.
Kujulile
Ligolide belihamba kude ngaphansi kwemhlaba, ngako imigodzi (shafts) beyifanele imbelwe emakhulu emamitha phansi.
Kudula
Imishini, tico letiqhumako nekucubungula bekudzinga imali lebeyinetinkhampani letinjinjile kuphela.
Kulawulwa
Tinkhampani letimbalwa tetimayini kanye 'nemaRandlords' tatolawula yonkhe insimi yeligolide.
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi ngokungafani nemadayimane etfusi lobewangawacosha ngesinye sikhatsi, ligolide leWitwatersrand belikhiyelwe edwaleni ngaphansi kwemhlaba kakhulu futsi lisilinganiso lesincane. Loku kwasho kutsi bantfu ngamunye bebangeke bakwati kulimba - bekudzinga imali lenkhulu, bunjiniyela nekusebenta lokushibhile ngesikali lesikhulu. Yetfula ligama 'emaRandlords' kubaninitimayini labanjinjile. Lesayidi liyibhuloho kumbuto wekusebenta: kwenta ligolide lelijulile likhokhe, baninitimayini bebadzinga kugcina imiholo iphansi.
Indlela yekusebenta kwebafuduki
Timayini betisebenta ngemsebenti wemadvodza lamnyama labebahamba libanga lelidze basuka emakhaya bayosebenta.
Timayini betidzinga titinkhulungwane tetisebenti letatatemukela imiholo lephansi. Baninitimayini bebaqasha emadvodza lamnyama kuyo yonkhe iNingizimu Afrika ngemakhontilaka lamafisha (contracts). Laba basebenti labafudukako bebashiya imindeni yabo, basebente etimayini titinyanga, bese babuyela emakhaya. Imindeni yabo beyisala emuva etindzaweni tasemakhaya.
- Tisebenti betikhokhelwa kancane kakhulu kunebambi labamhlophe emisebentini lelukhuni, lenengoti kakhulu.
- Ngenca yekutsi bebafika bahambe, baninitimayini bebangadzingi kukhokhela tindlu temindeni.
- Lendlela yahlukanisa imindeni futsi yakhipha emadvodza lasakhula emakhaya.
Speaker notes
Lena yinhliziyo yemmango yalesihloko - siphatse ngekutimbandzakanya nangebubele. Yenta kucace kuhleleka lokuhlosiwe: kusebenta kwebafuduki kwagcina imiholo iphansi futsi kwavumela baninitimayini kutsi bagweme kukhokhela tindlu temindeni yetisebenti. Gcizelela intsengo yebantfu - kwehlukana sikhatsi lesidze, imindeni lehlukanisiwe, nemakhaya lasala aswele emadvodza lasesigabeni sekusebenta. Chumanisa nendlela yema-reserves labekaphakela tisebenti etimayini.
Indlela yemakhempu (compounds)
Tisebenti letifudukako betihlaliswa emakhempu lavaliwe, laemadvodza kuphela, ngaphansi kwekulawulwa lokucinile.
E-Kimberley nangemuva etimayini teligolide, tisebenti letimnyama betihlaliswa emakhempu (labuye abitwe ngemahositela) - tindlu letibiyelwe lapho khona emadvodza lamanyenti bekahlala aminyene ndzawonye, kude nemindeni yawo. Etimayini temadayimane emakhempu abe avaliwe, ngalenye indlela kuvimba tisebenti kutsi tingafihli emadayimane. Imphilo ngekhatsi beyilawulwa ngekchacile.
- Tisebenti betehlukaniswa nemindeni yato kanye nelidolobha lonkhe.
- Timo betiminyene, futsi umsebenti wangaphansi kwemhlaba bewunengoti.
- Indlela yemakhempu yenta kwaba lula kubaninitimayini kutsi balawule tisebenti.
Speaker notes
Chaza tizatfu letimbili lekwenta emakhempu abaluleke kubaninitimayini: kulawula tisebenti kanye, etimayini temadayimane, nekuvimba kwebiwa kwemadayimane. Gcina indlela yekukhuluma iliciniso kodvwa ungabuthisi bunzima - tindlu letiminyene, kwehlukaniswa kwemindeni nemsebenti wangaphansi kwemhlaba lonengoti. Caphela kutsi indlela yemakhempu nemahositela yabumba emadolobha aseNingizimu Afrika nekumba iminyaka lelikhulu ngemuva kwaloko. Gwema imininingwane lengadzingeki; kugcine kufanele iminyaka yebafundzi.
Intsela, umhlaba nemitsetfo yemaphasi
Bohulumende basebentisa imitsetfo kuphusha bantfu base-Afrika kutsi baphume emhlabeni bangene etimayini.
Kucinisekisa kutsi timayini tinetisebenti letishibhile letenele, bohulumende basebentisa umtsetfo. Intsela (njengentsela yendlu neyekhanda) beyifanele ikhokhwe ngemali, kuphocelela emadvodza ase-Afrika kutsi ahole imiholo. Imitsetfo yemaphasi yayilawula lapho bantfu labamnyama bebangahamba baphile khona, kanti nekulahlekelwa ngumhlaba kwasho kutsi bantfu labambalwa bebangaphila ngekulima kuphela.
- Umtsetfo waRhodes i-Glen Grey Act (1894) wasebentisa intsela yekusebenta kuphusha emadvodza kutsi angene emsebentini.
- Imitsetfo yemaphasi yenta kwaba licala kuhamba ungenawo emaphepha lafanele.
- Ngokuhamba kwesikhatsi umtsetfo we-1913 Natives Land Act watsatsa linyenti lemhlaba wekulima kubantfu base-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Lesayidi likhombisa imishini yekulawula kusebenta - umcondvo losemcondvweni weCAPS: Inguquko Yetimbiwa ayizange isebente ngetisebenti letitimisele todwa, kodvwa ngemitsetfo leyanika bantfu litfuba lelincane. Chaza sisetjentiswa ngasinye kalula: intsela yemali yaphocelela umsebenti weholo, imitsetfo yemaphasi yalawula kuhamba, kulahlekelwa ngumhlaba kwasusa litfuba lekulima ngekutimela. Umtsetfo we-1913 Land Act wefika ngemuva kwalesikhatsi kodvwa ukhombisa lapho lendlela yaholela khona; ukhombise njengelibhuloho etihlokweni letitako.
Inguquko Yetimbiwa, 1867-1913
- 1867 Lidayimane lekucala latfolakala eduze kwe-Hopetown
- 1871 Kugijimela emadayimane nekumba eKimberley
- 1886 Ligolide latfolakala eWitwatersrand; kwasungulwa iJohannesburg
- 1888 Kwakhiwa i-De Beers Consolidated Mines
- 1894 I-Glen Grey Act iphusha base-Afrika ekusebenteni ngemholo
- 1899-1902 Impi yaseNingizimu Afrika (Anglo-Boer) ngekulawula timayini
- 1913 I-Natives Land Act yandzisa kwephucwa umhlaba
Speaker notes
Sebentisa loku kucinisa kulandzelana ngaphambi kwekwenta tiphetfo. Cela bafundzi kutsi baphawule kugijimela lokubili (emadayimane bese ligolide) nekutsi kulawula kwadlulela ngekushesha kanjani etinkhampanini letinkhulu. Khomba impi yanga-1899-1902 njengembango ngalinye ledlela ngekutsi ngubani lotawulawula tinsimi teligolide, kanye na-1913 njengesikhatsi lapho kulahlekelwa ngumhlaba kwaba ngumtsetfo wavelonkhe. [SME] Cinisekisa lilanga lekumba eKimberley (lelivame kunikwa njenga-1871) livumelana nencwadzi yesikolo lesetjentiswako.
Live leliphendvuke laba ngetulu ngephansi
Esitukulwaneni sinye, kumba kwaguqula lapho bantfu bebahlala khona, indlela lababesebenta ngayo nekutsi ngubani lobenemandla.
Inguquko Yetimbiwa yenta iNingizimu Afrika live letimboni. Emadolobha, imizila yesitimela nemabhange kwakhula ngekushesha, kwaphindze umnotfo lomkhulu wahambela baninitimayini neBhilithani. Kodvwa lomnotfo wakhelwa etikwe kusebenta lokushibhile, lokulawulwako kwebantfu labamnyama, kwehlukana lokujulile ngebuhlanga nekubhidlika kwemphilo yemindeni yasemakhaya. Loku kwehlukana kwabumba iNingizimu Afrika sikhatsi lesidze esikhatsini lesitako.
- Imizila yesitimela, emadolobha nemabhange kwasakateka kulo lonkhe live.
- Imiphakatsi yase-Afrika yalahlekelwa ngumhlaba, tinkhomo nekulawula kusebenta kwayo.
- Umncintiswano ngetinsimi teligolide wasita ekudaleni Impi yaseNingizimu Afrika (1899-1902).
Speaker notes
Yenta siphetfo lesikhulu: Inguquko Yetimbiwa yenta umnotfo waba wanamuhla kodvwa yakwenta ngekungalingani, yacinisa luhlelo lwebuhlanga lapho khona bantfu labamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika bebaphakela kusebenta balahlekelwe ngumhlaba kant baninitimayini neBhilithani bebatfola umnotfo. Chumanisa nangembili neMpi yaseNingizimu Afrika (umbango ngeligolide) neluhlelo lwelubandlululo (apartheid) lolwalandzela, lolwakhelwa etikwaletindlela tekusebenta netemhlaba. Gcina kuhlatiywa kulungile futsi kusekelwe etikwebufakazi.
Lesikufundzile
Inguquko Yetimbiwa yakha iNingizimu Afrika yanamuhla - futsi yabeka indlela yekungalingani lokwalandzela.
Emadayimane e-Kimberley neligolide e-Witwatersrand kwaguqula umphakatsi wekulima kwaba ngewetimboni esitukulwaneni sinye. Kumba kwadala umnotfo lomkhulu, emadolobha nemizila yesitimela, kodvwa kwakuncike endleleni yekusebenta kwebafuduki, indlela yemakhempu nemitsetfo leyaphocelela bantfu base-Afrika emsebentini loholelwa kancane.
Q. Chaza kutsi kungani kutfolakala kweligolide eWitwatersrand bekubaluleke kangaka eNingizimu Afrika. (4 marks)
Q. Beyiyini indlela yekusebenta kwebafuduki, futsi yayitsintsa kanjani imindeni yase-Afrika netindzawo tasemakhaya? (6 marks)
Q. Chaza tindlela letimbili bohulumende labasebentisa ngato imitsetfo (njengentsela nobe imitsetfo yemaphasi) kuphocelela bantfu kutsi basebente etimayini. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala luhambo emkhatsini wetintfo letimbili: kugijimela timbiwa nendlela yekusebenta leyayenta tiba nenzuzo. Sebentisa lemibuto lemitsatfu njengemsebenti lobhaliwe nobe ingxoxo yeklasi; kwabiwa kwemamaki kufuzisa tindlela teCAPS letisekelwe emtfonjeni nekubhala lokwendlaliwe. Khumbuta bafundzi kutsi lesihloko sibeka tifundvo letitako - Impi yaseNingizimu Afrika, kwehlukaniswa (segregation) nasekugcineni lubandlululo konkhe kwakhelwa etikwetindlela temhlaba nekusebenta letadalwa lapha.
- Grade
- Grade 8
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Mineral Revolution in South Africa
- Resource type
- Presentation