INguquko Yezimbiwa eNingizimu Afrika
Ukuthi amadayimane aseKimberley negolide leWitwatersrand aguqula kanjani iNingizimu Afrika unomphelo - futhi ubani owabhadala inani.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubuza abafundi ukuthi yini abaphethe noma abayisebenzisayo enegolide noma amadayimane. Chaza ukuthi lolu hlelo lukhuluma ngokuthi ukutholakala kwalezi zimbiwa kwaguqula kanjani iNingizimu Afrika isuka emphakathini owawuncike kakhulu ekulimeni waba umnotho wezimboni nowezimayini - futhi ukuthi lolo shintsho lwakhelwa phezu kwabasebenzi abamnyama abashibhile futhi abalawulwayo. Bonisa kusengaphambili izintambo ezimbili: (1) ukugxumeka kwezimbiwa eKimberley naseWitwatersrand, kanye (2) uhlelo lwabasebenzi abafudukayo nokuphazamiseka kwezenhlalo abakudala.
INingizimu Afrika ngaphambi kwezimbiwa
Maphakathi nawo-1800 abantu abaningi babephila ngomhlaba, hhayi ngezimayini noma izimboni.
Ngaphambi kwango-1867, iningizimu ye-Afrika yayingenazo izimboni ezinkulu. Abantu abaningi - abalimi baseAfrika, imindeni yamaBhunu nezakhamuzi zaseBrithani - babephila ngokulima nangokufuya izinkomo. Kwakukhona izifunda ezinkulu ezine zezombusazwe: amakoloni aseBrithani iKapa neNatal, nezimbuso zamaBhunu iTransvaal neOrange Free State.
- Imiphakathi yamaAfrika yayisawulawula umhlaba wayo namandla omsebenzi wayo.
- Kwakukhona amadolobha ambalwa, izitimela ezimbalwa nemali encane esebenzayo.
- Ukutholakala kwezimbiwa kwakuzoshintsha konke lokhu esizukulwaneni esisodwa.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela ukuqhubeka noshintsho. Beka isisekelo ukuze abafundi bakwazi ukukala ukuthi iNguquko Yezimbiwa yayisabekayo kangakanani. Veza ukuthi izizwe zamaAfrika zazisazimela kakhulu - abantu babengakancikile emiholweni. Xhumanisa neTerm 1 (iNguquko Yezimboni eBrithani), ngoba isidingo saseBrithani sezimpahla eziyimvelo notshalomali kuyingxenye yesizathu sokuthi ukumbiwa kwezimbiwa kwakhula ngokushesha kangaka lapha.
Kutholakala amadayimane
Itshe elicwazimulayo elicoshwe eduze koMfula i-Orange lasusa ukugxumeka kwezimbiwa kokuqala okukhulu.
Ngo-1867 insizwana encane, u-Erasmus Jacobs, yathola idayimane epulazini eliseduze kwaseHopetown oMfuleni i-Orange. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, idayimane elikhulu kakhulu, kamuva elabizwa ngokuthi iStar of South Africa, laveza ukuthi le ndawo yayicebile ngamadayimane. Izinkulungwane zabafuna inhlanhla zagijimela lapho.
- Izindawo zokumba ezicebe kakhulu zazizungeze lokho okwaba idolobha iKimberley.
- Abantu bavela emhlabeni wonke naseningizimu ye-Afrika ukuze bamba.
- Amadayimane aba 'ukugxumeka' kwezimbiwa kokuqala eNingizimu Afrika - ukuqala kwenguquko.
Speaker notes
Gcina amatshe amabili adumile elula: ukutholakala kuka-1867 eduze kwaseHopetown, kanye ne-Star of South Africa yango-1869 eyasusa ukugxumeka. [SME] Qinisekisa ukuqanjwa kwamagama nezinsuku ezinembile zamatshe okuqala kanye ne-Star of South Africa ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa - izindaba ezidumile zihluka ngemininingwane. Iphuzu elibalulekile kubafundi ukuthi ukutholakala ngenhlanhla kwasusa ukumbiwa okuhlelekile futhi okukhulu.
IBig Hole (Umgodi Omkhulu)
Izinkulungwane zabambi zaguqula igquma laba umgodi ojulile kunayo yonke owambiwe ngesandla emhlabeni.
EKimberley, abambi bamba baqonda phansi edwaleni elinamadayimane. Umbi ngamunye wayesebenza indawo encane ebizwa ngeclaim (isabelo), futhi njengoba lezi zabelo zishona phansi indawo yonke yaba umgodi owodwa omkhulu - iBig Hole. Kwaba nzima futhi kuyingozi ukusebenza ngesandla, kwaphela izinkampani ezinemali eningi kuphela ezazikwazi ukuqhubeka nokumba.
- IKimberley yaphuthuma yaba elinye lamadolobha amakhulu ezweni.
- Ukumba okujulile kwakudinga imishini, imali nabasebenzi abaningi.
- Abambi abancane bathengwa kancane kancane yizinkampani ezinkulu.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa i-Big Hole ukwenza ubukhulu bube ngokoqobo - kuyisikhonkwane abafundi abangase babe sebeke bezwa ngaso noma bavakashe kuso. Iphuzu lokufundisa lingelezomnotho: ukumba ngesandla ngabantu ngabanye kwakungeke kuqhubeke njengoba imayini ijula, ngakho ukumba kwaguqukela ezinkampanini ezinemali eningi nakubasebenzi abaholelwayo. Lokhu kubeka isisekelo seslayidi elilandelayo elikhuluma ngonopoli noRhodes.
URhodes, uBarnato neDe Beers
Ngo-1888 inkampani eyodwa yayilawula cishe konke ukumba amadayimane eKimberley.
UCecil John Rhodes nomncintiswano wakhe uBarney Barnato ngamunye wathenga izabelo (claims) kwaze kwathi, ngo-1888, bahlangana ukwakha iDe Beers Consolidated Mines. Lokhu kwanika iDe Beers cishe unopoli ophelele - ukulawula ukukhiqizwa okuningi kwamadayimane eNingizimu Afrika. URhodes wasebenzisa ingcebo yakhe ukuze athole amandla amakhulu ezombusazwe eKapa.
- Unopoli usho ukuthi inkampani eyodwa ilawula imboni yonke.
- Ukulawula ukutholakala kwenza iDe Beers igcine amanani amadayimane ephezulu.
- URhodes waba nguNdunankulu weKoloni yaseKapa ngo-1890.
Speaker notes
Ethula igama elithi unopoli ngokucacile - kungumqondo obalulekile weCAPS kulesi sihloko. Chaza ukuthi kungani iDe Beers yayifuna ukulawula ukutholakala: amadayimane ambalwa emakethe agcina amanani ephezulu. Phinda uveze ukuxhumana phakathi kwamandla ezomnotho nawezombusazwe: uRhodes waguqula ingcebo yezimayini yaba amandla ezombusazwe, okubalulekile kamuva emithethweni yomhlaba nabasebenzi. Qaphela izifiso zikaRhodes zokwandisa amandla ngaphandle kokungena kakhulu emininingwaneni.
Igolide eWitwatersrand
Ngo-1886 abambi bathola inkambu yegolide ecebe kunazo zonke emhlabeni egqumeni eTransvaal.
Ngo-1886 kwatholakala igolide eMain Reef yeWitwatersrand ('uMhlwathi Wamanzi Amhlophe') embusweni wamaBhunu iTransvaal. Cishe masinyane idolobha lezimayini iJohannesburg lavela. Le nkambu yegolide yaba enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi yadonsa imali, abantu nezitimela.
- Igolide lenza umbuso ompofu iTransvaal wacela waba nomnotho futhi ubaluleke.
- IJohannesburg yakhula isuka enkangala evulekile yaba idolobha elimatasa eminyakeni embalwa nje.
- IBrithani manje yayisinesizathu esiqinile sokufuna ukulawula iTransvaal.
Speaker notes
Nikeza incazelo yeWitwatersrand ('umhlwathi wamanzi amhlophe') kanye nosuku lwango-1886. [SME] Umlando odumile ubalela uGeorge Harrison ukutholakala kuka-1886 epulazini iLanglaagte; qinisekisa lokhu negama eliqondile lepulazi ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa, njengoba imithombo ihluka. Iphuzu elikhulu lokufundisa ukuthi igolide lashintsha isikhungo somnotho laya eTransvaal futhi labeka iNingizimu Afrika endleleni eya engxabanweni phakathi kweBrithani nemibuso yamaBhunu.
Kungani igolide lalidinga imali eningi
Igolide leWitwatersrand lalilele phansi kakhulu futhi liwuncwane, ngakho ukulimba kwakudinga utshalomali olukhulu.
Ujulile
Igolide lalihamba kude phansi komhlaba, ngakho imixhanti kwadingeka igxunyekwe amakhulu amamitha phansi.
Kubiza
Imishini, iziqhumane nokucubungula kwakudinga imali eyayinezinkampani ezicebile kuphela.
Kulawulwa
Izindlu ezimbalwa zezimayini kanye 'namaRandlords' zagcina zilawula inkambu yegolide yonke.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi ngokungafani namadayimane e-alluvial owawungawacosha ngezinye izikhathi, igolide leWitwatersrand lalivalelwe edwaleni phansi kakhulu futhi lisezingeni eliphansi. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi abantu ngabanye babengeke bakwazi ukulimba - kwakudinga utshalomali, ubunjiniyela nabasebenzi abashibhile ngesikali esikhulu. Ethula igama elithi 'Randlords' abanikazi bezimayini abacebile. Leli slayidi liyibhuloho eliya endabeni yabasebenzi: ukwenza igolide elijulile lizuze, abanikazi babedinga ukugcina imiholo iphansi.
Uhlelo lwabasebenzi abafudukayo
Izimayini zaziqhutshwa ngomsebenzi wamadoda amnyama ayehamba kude nasekhaya ukuze asebenze.
Izimayini zazidinga izinkulungwane zabasebenzi ababezokwamukela imiholo ephansi. Abanikazi baqasha amadoda amnyama kuyo yonke iningizimu ye-Afrika ngezinkontileka ezimfushane. Laba basebenzi abafudukayo bashiya imindeni yabo, basebenza ezimayini izinyanga, base bebuyela emakhaya. Imindeni yabo yasala emakhaya asemakhaya.
- Abasebenzi babeholelwa okuncane kakhulu kunabambi abamhlophe ngemisebenzi enzima neyingozi kakhulu.
- Ngoba babeza bahambe, abanikazi babengabhadali izindlu zemindeni.
- Lolu hlelo lwahlukanisa imindeni futhi lwakhipha amadoda asemasha emaphandleni.
Speaker notes
Lokhu kuyinhliziyo yezenhlalo yalesi sihloko - kuphathe ngokungathi sína nangozwelo. Yenza kucace umbono ohleliwe: umsebenzi wokufuduka wagcina imiholo iphansi futhi wavumela abanikazi ukuthi bagweme ukukhokhela izindlu zemindeni yabasebenzi. Gcizelela indleko yobuntu - ukwehlukana isikhathi eside, imindeni ehlukanisiwe, nezwe elalisele lintula amadoda aneminyaka yokusebenza. Xhumanisa nohlelo lwezindawo ezazibekelwe (reserves) ezaziletha abasebenzi ezimayini.
Uhlelo lwamakhampani (compounds)
Abasebenzi abafudukayo babehlaliswa emakhampani avaliwe amadoda kuphela ngaphansi kokulawulwa okuqinile.
EKimberley kanye kamuva ezimayini zegolide, abasebenzi abamnyama babehlaliswa emakhampani (compounds, abizwa nangokuthi amahostela) - izinqaba ezibiyelwe lapho amadoda amaningi ayehlala eminyene khona ndawonye, kude nemindeni yawo. Ezimayini zamadayimane amakhampani ayevala ngokuvinjelwe, ingxenye ukuvimba abasebenzi ukuthi bafihle amadayimane. Impilo ngaphakathi yayilawulwa ngokuqinile.
- Abasebenzi babehlukaniswa nemindeni futhi nedolobha elikhulu.
- Izimo zaziminyene, nomsebenzi ophansi komhlaba wawuyingozi.
- Uhlelo lwamakhampani lwenza kwaba lula kubanikazi ukulawula abasebenzi.
Speaker notes
Chaza izizathu ezimbili ezenza amakhampani abaluleke kubanikazi: ukulawula abasebenzi futhi, ezimayini zamadayimane, ukuvimbela ukwebiwa kwamadayimane. Gcina ithoni iyiqiniso kodwa ungawenzi buthaka ubunzima - izinqaba eziminyene, ukwehlukana kwemindeni nomsebenzi oyingozi ophansi komhlaba. Qaphela ukuthi uhlelo lwamakhampani namahostela lwabumba amadolobha aseNingizimu Afrika nokumba iminyaka eyikhulu kamuva. Gwema imininingwane engadingeki; kugcine kufanele ubudala.
Izintela, umhlaba nemithetho yamapasi
Ohulumeni basebenzisa imithetho ukuze baphushe abantu baseAfrika basuke emhlabeni bangene ezimayini.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izimayini zinabasebenzi abanele abashibhile, ohulumeni basebenzisa umthetho. Izintela (njengezintela zamaxhiba nezekhanda) kwakumele zikhokhwe ngemali, kuphoqa amadoda aseAfrika ukuthi asebenze ngemali. Imithetho yamapasi yayilawula lapho abantu abamnyama ababengahamba futhi bahlale khona, futhi ukulahlekelwa umhlaba kwakusho ukuthi bambalwa abantu abakwazi ukuphila ngokulima kuphela.
- IGlen Grey Act (1894) kaRhodes yasebenzisa intela yomsebenzi ukuphusha amadoda emsebenzini.
- Imithetho yamapasi yenza kwaba icala ukuhamba ungenawo amaphepha afanele.
- Kamuva iNatives Land Act yango-1913 yathatha umhlaba omningi wokulima kubantu baseAfrika.
Speaker notes
Leli slayidi libonisa umshini wokulawula abasebenzi - umqondo obalulekile weCAPS: iNguquko Yezimbiwa ayigijimanga ngabasebenzi abazithandelayo kuphela, kodwa ngemithetho eyayinika abantu ukukhetha okuncane. Chaza ithuluzi ngalinye kalula: izintela zemali zaphoqa umsebenzi wemali, imithetho yamapasi yalawula ukuhamba, ukulahlekelwa umhlaba kwasusa ithuba lokulima ngokuzimela. I-Land Act yango-1913 iza ngemva kwalesi sikhathi kodwa ibonisa lapho iphethini yaqhubekela khona; iveze njengebhuloho eliya ezihlokweni zakamuva.
INguquko Yezimbiwa, 1867-1913
- 1867 Kutholakala idayimane lokuqala eduze kwaseHopetown
- 1871 Ukugxumeka kwamadayimane nokumba eKimberley
- 1886 Kutholakala igolide eWitwatersrand; kusungulwa iJohannesburg
- 1888 Kwakhiwa iDe Beers Consolidated Mines
- 1894 I-Glen Grey Act iphusha abaseAfrika emsebenzini wemali
- 1899-1902 IMpi YaseNingizimu Afrika (Anglo-Boer) ngokulawula izimayini
- 1913 I-Natives Land Act yandisa ukwephucwa umhlaba
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lokhu ukuqinisa ukulandelana ngaphambi kokwenza iziphetho. Cela abafundi baqaphele ukugxumeka okubili (amadayimane bese kuba igolide) nokuthi ukulawula kwadluliselwa ngokushesha kanjani ezinkampanini ezinkulu. Khomba empini yango-1899-1902 njengengxenye yomzabalazo wokuthi ubani ozolawula izinkambu zegolide, kanye no-1913 njengomzuzu lapho ukulahlekelwa umhlaba kwaba umthetho kazwelonke. [SME] Qinisekisa ukuthi usuku lokumba eKimberley (oluvame ukunikezwa ngo-1871) luhambisana nesethi yezincwadi ezisetshenziswayo.
Izwe eliphenduka ngaphansi
Esizukulwaneni esisodwa, ukumba kwaguqula lapho abantu abahlala khona, indlela ababesebenza ngayo nokuthi ubani onamandla.
INguquko Yezimbiwa yenza iNingizimu Afrika izwe elinezimboni. Amadolobha, izitimela namabhange kwakhula ngokushesha, futhi ingcebo enkulu yagelezela kubanikazi bezimayini naseBrithani. Kodwa leyo ngcebo yakhelwa phezu komsebenzi wabamnyama oshibhile futhi olawulwayo, ukwehlukana ngokobuhlanga okujulile nokubhidlika kwempilo yomndeni yasemaphandleni. Lokhu kwehlukana kwabumba iNingizimu Afrika kwaze kwaba isikhathi eside esikhathini esizayo.
- Izitimela, amadolobha namabhange kwasakazeka ezweni lonke.
- Imiphakathi yamaAfrika yalahlekelwa umhlaba, izinkomo nokulawula umsebenzi wayo.
- Umncintiswano ngezinkambu zegolide wasiza ukubangela iMpi YaseNingizimu Afrika (1899-1902).
Speaker notes
Yenza isiphetho esikhulu: iNguquko Yezimbiwa yenza umnotho waba wesimanje kodwa yakwenza ngokungalingani, iqinisa uhlelo lobuhlanga lapho abaseNingizimu Afrika abamnyama babenikela ngomsebenzi futhi belahlekelwa umhlaba kanti abanikazi neBrithani bazuza ingcebo. Xhumanisa phambili neMpi YaseNingizimu Afrika (umncintiswano ngegolide) nakuhlelo lwakamuva lobandlululo, olwakhela phezu kwalezi zimo zomsebenzi nomhlaba. Gcina uhlaziyo lulungile lusekelwe ebufakazini.
Esikufundile
INguquko Yezimbiwa yenza iNingizimu Afrika yesimanje - futhi yabeka iphethini yokungalingani okwalandela.
Amadayimane eKimberley negolide leWitwatersrand aguqula umphakathi wokulima waba umphakathi wezimboni esizukulwaneni esisodwa. Ukumba kwadala ingcebo enkulu, amadolobha nezitimela, kodwa kwakuncike ohlelweni lomsebenzi wokufuduka (migrant labour), uhlelo lwamakhampani (compounds) nemithetho eyaphoqa abantu baseAfrika emsebenzini oholelwa kancane.
Q. Chaza ukuthi kungani ukutholakala kwegolide eWitwatersrand kwakubaluleke kangaka eNingizimu Afrika. (4 marks)
Q. Yayiyini uhlelo lwabasebenzi abafudukayo, futhi lwaziphatha kanjani imindeni yamaAfrika nezindawo zasemaphandleni? (6 marks)
Q. Chaza izindlela ezimbili ohulumeni ababesebenzisa ngazo imithetho (njengezintela noma imithetho yamapasi) ukuphoqa abantu ukuthi basebenze ezimayini. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala isikhala phakathi kwezintambo ezimbili: ukugxumeka kwezimbiwa nohlelo lwabasebenzi olwazenza zizuza. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliwe noma ingxoxo yekilasi; ukwabelwa kwamamaki kubonisa izindlela zeCAPS ezisekelwe emithonjeni nezokubhala okwandisiwe. Khumbuza abafundi ukuthi lesi sihloko sibeka isisekelo sezinhlelo zakamuva - iMpi YaseNingizimu Afrika, ukwehlukanisa ngokobuhlanga futhi ekugcineni ubandlululo konke kwakhela phezu kwezimo zomhlaba nomsebenzi ezadalwa lapha.
- Grade
- Grade 8
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Mineral Revolution in South Africa
- Resource type
- Presentation