INguquko Yezimbiwa eMzantsi Afrika
Indlela iidayimani eKimberley kunye negolide kwiWitwatersrand ezawutshintsha ngayo uMzantsi Afrika ngonaphakade - kwaye ngubani owahlawula ixabiso.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubuza abafundi ukuba yintoni abanayo okanye abayisebenzisayo enegolide okanye iidayimani. Chaza ukuba le yunithi ibalisa indlela ukufunyanwa kwezi zimbiwa okwaguqula ngayo uMzantsi Afrika ukusuka kwiluntu oluphila ngokulima ukuya kuluntu lwezoshishino nezemigodi - kwaye indlela olo tshintsho lwakhelwa phezu kwabasebenzi abamnyama abahlawulwa kancinci kwaye abalawulwa nzima. Bonisa kwangaphambili le mixholo mibini: (1) ukuxinana kokumbiwa kwezimbiwa eKimberley nakwiWitwatersrand, kunye (2) nenkqubo yabasebenzi abafudukayo kunye nezidubedube zoluntu eyazidalayo.
UMzantsi Afrika phambi kwezimbiwa
Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1800 uninzi lwabantu lwaluphila ngomhlaba, hayi ngemigodi okanye iifektri.
Phambi kowe-1867, umzantsi Afrika wawungenazo iishishino ezinkulu. Uninzi lwabantu - amafama angabaMnyama, iintsapho zamaBhulu kunye nabahlali baseBritane - babephila ngokulima nokwalusa iinkomo. Kwakukho iindawo zezopolitiko ezine eziphambili: iikoloni zaseBritane iKoloni yeKapa (Cape) neNatal (Natal), kunye neerippabhlikhi zamaBhulu iTransvaal (Transvaal) neOrange Free State (Orange Free State).
- Iintlanga zase-Afrika zazisalawula umhlaba nomsebenzi wazo omninzi.
- Kwakukho iidolophu ezimbalwa, iihighway zololiwe ezimbalwa nemali encinci esasetyenziswa.
- Ukufunyanwa kwezimbiwa kwakuza kutshintsha konke oku ngesizukulwana esinye.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa ukuqhubeka notshintsho. Beka umgangatho osisiseko ukuze abafundi bakwazi ukulinganisa ukuba yayimangalisa kangakanani iNguquko Yezimbiwa. Bonisa ukuba iinkosi zase-Afrika zazisazimela ngokwazo - abantu babengekaxhomekeki emivuzweni. Nxulumanisa kwiXesha 1 (iNguquko Yezoshishino eBritane), kuba imfuno yaseBritane yezinto eziluhlaza notyalo-mali yinxalenye yesizathu sokuba ukumba kwakhula ngokukhawuleza apha.
Kufunyanwa iidayimani
Ilitye elimenyezelayo elachotshwa kufuphi noMlambo iOrange laqalisa ukuxinana kokuqala okukhulu kwezimbiwa.
Ngo-1867 inkwenkwe encinci, uErasmus Jacobs, wafumana idayimani efama kufuphi neHopetown (Hopetown) kuMlambo iOrange. Emva kweminyaka emibini idayimani enkulu ngakumbi, eyabizwa kamva ngokuba yiStar of South Africa (Star of South Africa), yangqina ukuba le ndawo yayityebile ziidayimani. Amawaka abantu abafuna ubutyebi angena ngokukhawuleza.
- Iindawo ezityebileyo zokumba zazingqonge oko kwaba yidolophu ekwakuthiwa yiKimberley (Kimberley).
- Abantu beza bevela kwihlabathi liphela nakumzantsi Afrika ukuze bombe.
- Iidayimani zaba kukuxinana kokuqala kwezimbiwa zoMzantsi Afrika - isiqalo senguquko.
Speaker notes
Gcina la matye mabini adumileyo elula: ukufunyanwa ngo-1867 kufuphi neHopetown, kunye neStar of South Africa ka-1869 eyaqalisa ukuxinana. [SME] Qinisekisa igama elichanekileyo nomhla wamatye okuqala kunye neStar of South Africa phambi kokukhutshwa - iingxelo ezidumileyo ziyahluka kwiinkcukacha. Iphoyinti ephambili kubafundi kukuba ukufumana ngethamsanqa kwaqalisa ukumba okulungelelanisiweyo kobukhulu.
IMbombo Enkulu (The Big Hole)
Amawaka ababombi aguqula induli yaba ngumngxuma ombiwe ngezandla onzulu kunayo yonke ehlabathini.
EKimberley, ababombi bemba behla ngqo bengena kwilitye eliqulethe iidayimani. Umbombi ngamnye wayesebenza kwisabelo esincinci (claim), yaye njengoko izabelo zisiya nzulu ngakumbi yonke le ndawo yaba ngumhadi omkhulu - iMbombo Enkulu (Big Hole). Kwaba nzima kwaye kuyingozi ukusebenza ngezandla, yaye zizinkampani ezinemali eninzi kuphela ezaziqhubeka zimba.
- IKimberley yakhawuleza yaba yenye yeedolophu ezinkulu ezweni.
- Ukumba okunzulu ngakumbi kwakufuna oomatshini, imali nabasebenzi abaninzi.
- Ababombi abancinci babethengelwa kwaphela ngokuthe ngcembe zizinkampani ezinkulu.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa iBig Hole ukwenza ubungakanani bube yinto ephathekayo - liphawu abafundi basenokuba baye baliva okanye batyelela kulo. Iphoyinti yokufundisa yeyoqoqosho: ukumba ngezandla ngabantu ngabanye kwakungenakuqhubeka njengoko imigodi isiya nzulu, ngoko ke ukumba kwatshintshela kwiinkampani ezixhaswe kakhulu nakubasebenzi abahlawulwa imivuzo. Oku kubeka isiseko seslayidi elilandelayo malunga nemonopoli noRhodes.
URhodes, uBarnato neDe Beers
Ngo-1888 inkampani enye yayilawula phantse konke ukumba kweedayimani eKimberley.
UCecil John Rhodes kunye netshaba lakhe uBarney Barnato ngamnye wathenga izabelo de, ngo-1888, badibana ukwenza iDe Beers Consolidated Mines (De Beers Consolidated Mines). Oku kwanika iDe Beers ubulawuli obuphantse bube ngobuphelele (monopoly) - ulawulo phezu kokuninzi kwemveliso yeedayimani zoMzantsi Afrika. URhodes wasebenzisa ubutyebi bakhe ukuze afumane amandla amakhulu ezopolitiko eKapa.
- Imonopoly ithetha ukuba inkampani enye ilawula ishishino liphela.
- Ukulawula impahla ekhoyo kwavumela iDe Beers ukuba igcine amaxabiso eedayimani ephezulu.
- URhodes waba yiNkulumbuso yeKoloni yeKapa ngo-1890.
Speaker notes
Yazisa igama elithi monopoly ngokucacileyo - yingqiqo ebalulekileyo yeCAPS kulo mxholo. Chaza isizathu sokuba iDe Beers yayifuna ukulawula impahla: iidayimani ezimbalwa emarikeni zigcina amaxabiso ephezulu. Kwakhona bonisa unxulumano phakathi kwamandla oqoqosho nawezopolitiko: uRhodes waguqula ubutyebi bemigodi baba ngamandla ezopolitiko, into ebalulekileyo kamva kwimithetho yomhlaba nabasebenzi. Phawula iinjongo zokwanda zikaRhodes ungangeni kakhulu enkcazelweni.
Igolide eWitwatersrand
Ngo-1886 ababombi bafumana intsimi yegolide etyebileyo kunazo zonke ehlabathini kwindulana eTransvaal.
Ngo-1886 kwafunyanwa igolide kwiMain Reef (Main Reef) yeWitwatersrand (Witwatersrand) ('Indulana yaManzi aMhlophe') kwirippabhlikhi yamaBhulu iTransvaal. Phantse ngasuku olunye idolophu yemigodi iJohannesburg (Johannesburg) yaphuma. Le ntsimi yegolide yaba yeyona inkulu ehlabathini yaza yatsala imali, abantu nololiwe ukuza kuyo.
- Igolide yenza irippabhlikhi ehluphekileyo iTransvaal ngephanyazo yaba sisityebi kwaye ibaluleke.
- IJohannesburg yakhula ukusuka kumatha ovulekileyo yaba sisixeko esixakekileyo kwiminyaka embalwa nje.
- IBritane ngoku yayinesizathu esomeleleyo sokufuna ukulawula iTransvaal.
Speaker notes
Nika intsingiselo yeWitwatersrand ('indulana yamanzi amhlophe') nomhla ka-1886. [SME] Imbali edumileyo ithi nguGeorge Harrison owafumana ngo-1886 efama iLanglaagte; qinisekisa lo mba negama elichanekileyo lefama phambi kokukhutshwa, kuba imithombo iyahluka. Iphoyinti enkulu yokufundisa kukuba igolide yatshintshela umbindi woqoqosho eTransvaal yaza yabeka uMzantsi Afrika endleleni esa engxabanweni phakathi kweBritane neerippabhlikhi zamaBhulu.
Kutheni igolide yayifuna imali eninzi
Igolide yeWitwatersrand yayilele nzulu kwaye imbecambeca, ngoko ukuyimba kwakufuna utyalo-mali olukhulu.
Kunzulu
Igolide yayihamba nzulu ngaphantsi komhlaba, ngoko iishafti kwakufuneka zimbiwe zihle iikhulu leemitha ezantsi.
Kuyabiza
Oomatshini, iziqhushumbisi nokusetyenzwa kwegolide kwakufuna imali eyayisezandleni zeenkampani ezityebileyo kuphela.
Kulawulwa
Iindlu zemigodi ezimbalwa kunye 'namaRandlord' (Randlords) zeza kulawula intsimi yegolide iphela.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuba ngokungafaniyo needayimani zomlambo owawusenokuzichola ngamanye amaxesha, igolide yeWitwatersrand yayivalelwe elityeni nzulu ngaphantsi komhlaba kwaye ikwinani elincinci. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba abantu ngabanye babengenakuyimba - kwakufuna imali-ntengiselwano, ubunjineli nabasebenzi abahlawulwa kancinci ngobukhulu. Yazisa igama elithi 'Randlords' ngabanini bemigodi abasisityebi. Eli slayidi libhulorho eya kumbuzo wabasebenzi: ukuze igolide yenzulu ihlawule, abanini babefuna ukugcina imivuzo iphantsi.
Inkqubo yabasebenzi abafudukayo
Imigodi yayiqhutywa ngomsebenzi wamadoda amnyama awayehamba umgama omde ukusuka ekhaya ukuze asebenze.
Imigodi yayifuna amawaka abasebenzi abaya kuvuma imivuzo ephantsi. Abanini babeqesha amadoda amnyama kuwo wonke umzantsi Afrika ngamakhontrakthi (contracts) amafutshane. Aba basebenzi abafudukayo babeshiya iintsapho zabo, basebenze emigodini iinyanga, baze babuyele ekhaya. Iintsapho zabo zazishiyeka emaphandleni.
- Abasebenzi babehlawulwa kancinci kakhulu kunababombi abamhlophe kwimisebenzi enzima neyingozi ngakumbi.
- Ngenxa yokuba babesiza besuka, abanini babengadingi ukuhlawulela indawo yokuhlala kweentsapho.
- Le nkqubo yahlula iintsapho yaza yakhupha amadoda aselula emaphandleni.
Speaker notes
Le yintliziyo yentlalo yalo mxholo - uyiphathe ngokuzimiseleyo nangovelwano. Yenza kucace ingqiqo eyayenzelweyo: abasebenzi abafudukayo babegcina imivuzo iphantsi kwaye bavumela abanini ukuba baphephe ukuhlawulela iindlu zeentsapho zabasebenzi. Gxininisa iindleko zabantu - ukwahlukana okude, iintsapho ezahlukanisiweyo, namaphandle ashiywe eswele amadoda aselula. Nxulumanisa nenkqubo yeziqulathi (reserves) eyayondla abasebenzi emigodini.
Inkqubo yeekhampu (compound system)
Abasebenzi abafudukayo babehlaliswa kwiikhampu ezivaliweyo, ezinamadoda kuphela, phantsi kolawulo oluqinileyo.
EKimberley kwaza kamva nakwimigodi yegolide, abasebenzi abamnyama babehlaliswa kwiikhampu (compounds) (ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziihostele) - iibhotari ezibiyelweyo apho amadoda amaninzi ayehlala exinene... exinene ndawonye, ekude neentsapho zawo. Kwimigodi yeedayimani iikhampu zazivaliwe (closed), ngokuyinxenye ukuthintela abasebenzi ekufihleni iidayimani. Ubomi ngaphakathi babulawulwa ngokungqongqo.
- Abasebenzi babohlulwe kwiintsapho nakwidolophu ngokubanzi.
- Iimeko zazixinene, kwaye umsebenzi ongaphantsi komhlaba wawuyingozi.
- Inkqubo yeekhampu yenza kube lula kubanini ukulawula abasebenzi.
Speaker notes
Chaza izizathu ezibini zokuba iikhampu zazibaluleke kubanini: ulawulo lwabasebenzi kwaye, kwimigodi yeedayimani, ukuthintela ukubiwa kweedayimani. Gcina ithoni ingeyonyani kodwa ungathomalalisi ubunzima - iibhotari ezixinene, ukwahlukana kweentsapho nomsebenzi oyingozi ongaphantsi komhlaba. Phawula ukuba inkqubo yeekhampu neyeehostele yayila izixeko zoMzantsi Afrika nemigodi kangangenkulungwane emva koko. Phepha iinkcukacha ezingeyomfuneko; yigcine ilungele ubudala.
Iirhafu, umhlaba nemithetho yamapasi
Oorhulumente basebenzisa imithetho ukuze basuse abantu base-Afrika emhlabeni bababeke emigodini.
Ukuze baqinisekise ukuba imigodi inabasebenzi abaneleyo abahlawulwa kancinci, oorhulumente basebenzisa umthetho. Iirhafu (Taxes) (ezinjengerhafu yendlu nerhafu yentloko) kwakufuneka zihlawulwe ngemali, oku kunyanzela amadoda ase-Afrika ukuba afumane imivuzo. Imithetho yamapasi (Pass laws) yayilawula ukuba abantu abamnyama banokuhamba baze bahlale phi, kwaye ukulahlekelwa ngumhlaba kwathetha ukuba babambalwa abantu abanokuphila ngokulima kuphela.
- UGlen Grey Act (1894) kaRhodes wasebenzisa irhafu yomsebenzi ukunyanzela amadoda emsebenzini.
- Imithetho yamapasi yenza kube lulwaphulo-mthetho ukuhamba ngaphandle kwamaphepha achanekileyo.
- Kamva u1913 Natives Land Act wathabatha uninzi lomhlaba wokulima kubantu base-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Eli slayidi libonisa oomatshini bolawulo lwabasebenzi - ingqiqo esisiseko yeCAPS: iNguquko Yezimbiwa ayizange iqhutywe ngabasebenzi abazithandelayo kuphela, kodwa ngemithetho eyayibanika abantu ukhetho oluncinci. Chaza sisixhobo ngasinye ngokulula: iirhafu zemali zazinyanzela umsebenzi wemivuzo, imithetho yamapasi yayilawula intshukumo, ukulahleka komhlaba kwakhupha ithuba lokulima ukuzimela. U-1913 Land Act uza emva kweli xesha kodwa ubonisa apho iphethelela khona le patheni; uphawule njengebhulorho eya kwimixholo yakamva.
INguquko Yezimbiwa, 1867-1913
- 1867 Kufunyanwa idayimani yokuqala kufuphi neHopetown
- 1871 Ukuxinana kweedayimani nokumba eKimberley
- 1886 Kufunyanwa igolide eWitwatersrand; kusekwa iJohannesburg
- 1888 Kusekwa iDe Beers Consolidated Mines
- 1894 U-Glen Grey Act unyanzela abantu base-Afrika emsebenzini wemivuzo
- 1899-1902 IMfazwe yoMzantsi Afrika (yamaNgesi namaBhulu) malunga nolawulo lwemigodi
- 1913 U-Natives Land Act wandisa ukuhluthwa komhlaba
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa oku ukuqinisa ulandelelwano phambi kokutsala iziphelo. Cela abafundi baqaphele ukuxinana okubini (iidayimani emva koko igolide) nendlela ulawulo olwadlulela ngokukhawuleza kwiinkampani ezinkulu. Bonisa imfazwe ka-1899-1902 njengenxalenye yomzabalazo malunga nokuba ngubani oya kulawula iintsimi zegolide, nakuma-1913 njengomzuzu apho ukulahleka komhlaba kwaba ngumthetho kazwelonke. [SME] Qinisekisa umhla wokumba eKimberley (odla ngokunikwa njengo-1871) uhambelana neseti yeencwadi zokufunda esetyenziswayo.
Ilizwe elaguqulwa laba lubhukuqo
Kwisizukulwana esinye, ukumba kwatshintsha apho abantu babehlala khona, indlela ababesebenza ngayo nokuba ngubani obambe amandla.
INguquko Yezimbiwa yenza uMzantsi Afrika waba lilizwe lezoshishino. Izixeko, oololiwe neebhanki zakhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ubutyebi obukhulu bahamba busiya kubanini bemigodi naseBritane. Kodwa obo butyebi bakhelwe phezu kwabasebenzi abamnyama abahlawulwa kancinci nabalawulwayo, ukwahlukana okukhulu ngokobuhlanga nokwahlukaniswa kobomi bosapho lwasemaphandleni. Oku kwahlukana kwayila uMzantsi Afrika ixesha elide kwikamva.
- Oololiwe, iidolophu neebhanki zasasazeka kulo lonke ilizwe.
- Iintlanga zase-Afrika zalahlekelwa ngumhlaba, iinkomo nolawulo lomsebenzi wazo.
- Ukhuphiswano ngeentsimi zegolide lwanceda ekubangeleni iMfazwe yoMzantsi Afrika (1899-1902).
Speaker notes
Tsala isiphelo esikhulu: iNguquko Yezimbiwa yalungisa uqoqosho kodwa yakwenza oko ngokungalinganiyo, imilisela ucwangco lobuhlanga apho abemi abamnyama boMzantsi Afrika babonelela ngabasebenzi baze balahlekelwe ngumhlaba ngeli xesha abanini neBritane bafumana ubutyebi. Nxulumanisa phambili neMfazwe yoMzantsi Afrika (ukhuphiswano ngegolide) nakwinkqubo yocalucalulo yakamva, eyakhela phezu kwezi patheni zabasebenzi nomhlaba. Gcina uhlalutyo lulungile lusekwe kubungqina.
Esikufundileyo
INguquko Yezimbiwa yenza uMzantsi Afrika wanamhlanje - kwaye yabeka ipatheni yokungalingani eyalandelayo.
Iidayimani eKimberley (Kimberley) negolide eWitwatersrand (Witwatersrand) zaguqula uluntu lokulima zaba luluntu lwezoshishino kwisizukulwana esinye. Ukumba kwadala ubutyebi obukhulu, izixeko noololiwe, kodwa kwaxhomekeka kwinkqubo yabasebenzi abafudukayo (migrant labour), inkqubo yeekhampu (compound) nemithetho eyayinyanzela abantu base-Afrika emsebenzini ohlawulwa kancinci.
Q. Chaza ukuba kutheni ukufunyanwa kwegolide eWitwatersrand kwakubaluleke kangaka kuMzantsi Afrika. (4 marks)
Q. Yayiyintoni inkqubo yabasebenzi abafudukayo, kwaye yazichaphazela njani iintsapho zase-Afrika nemimandla yasemaphandleni? (6 marks)
Q. Chaza iindlela ezimbini oorhulumente ababesebenzisa ngayo imithetho (efana neerhafu okanye imithetho yamapasi) ukunyanzela abantu ukuba basebenze emigodini. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala umsonto phakathi kwemixholo emibini: ukuxinana kwezimbiwa kunye nenkqubo yabasebenzi eyawenza inzuzo. Sebenzisa le mibuzo mithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliweyo okanye ingxoxo yeklasi; ukwabelwa kwamamaki kubonisa iindlela zeCAPS ezisekelwe kumthombo nokubhala okwandisiweyo. Khumbuza abafundi ukuba lo mxholo ubeka isiseko seziyunithi zakamva - iMfazwe yoMzantsi Afrika, ucalucalulo nekugqibeleni ucalucalulo lobuhlanga zonke zakhela phezu kwepatheni yomhlaba nabasebenzi eyadalwa apha.
- Grade
- Grade 8
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Mineral Revolution in South Africa
- Resource type
- Presentation