IGuquko Lweminerali eSewula Afrika
Indlela amadayimani eKimberley negolide eWitwatersrand aguqula ngayo iSewula Afrika unomphela - nokobana ngubani owakhokhela intengo.
Speaker notes
Vula ngokubuza abafundi bona banamuphi umnotho abawubambako namkha abawusebenzisako oqukethe igolide namkha amadayimani. Hlathulula bona iyunithi le itjho indlela ukutholakala kweminerali le okwaguqula ngayo iSewula Afrika isuka ekubeni umphakathi wezokulima kwaba ngumphakathi wemboni yemayini - nokuthi itjhuguluko leli lakhelwe phezu kwabasebenzi abanzima abamnyama abarholelwa kancani begodu balawulwa kabuhlungu. Veza iindlela eembili: (1) ukuphuthuma kweminerali eKimberley naseWitwatersrand, kanye (2) ihlelo labasebenzi abafudukako nokuphazamiseka komphakathi elakubangelako.
ISewula Afrika ngaphambi kweminerali
Hlangana neminyaka yabo-1800 abantu abanengi bebaphila ngomhlaba, ingasi ngeemayini namkha iimboni.
Ngaphambi kwango-1867, umazantsi we-Afrika bewungenazo iimboni ezikhulu. Abantu abanengi - abalimi be-Afrika, imindeni yamaBhunu nabakhi bamaNgisi - bebaphila ngokulima nokufuya iinkomo. Bekunemikhawulo emine emikhulu yezepolotiki: iikoloni zamaNgisi iKapa neNatal, nemirephabliki yamaBhunu iTransvaal neOrange Free State.
- Imiphakathi ye-Afrika beyisalawula ihlanganisela yayo yomhlaba nomsebenzi.
- Bekunamadorobho ambalwa, ujantji omncani wesitimela nemali encani ejikelezako.
- Ukutholakala kweminerali bekuzokuguqula koke lokhu esizukulwaneni sinye.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela ukuraga notjhuguluko. Beka isisekelo ukuze abafundi bakwazi ukulinganisa bona iGuquko Lweminerali beligadanga kangangani. Veza bona amakhosi we-Afrika bewasazibusa woma - abantu bebangakathembeli emirholweni. Hlanganisa ne-Term 1 (iGuquko Lezoshishino eBritani), ngombana isidingo samaNgisi seemitha eziluhlaza notjaliso mali kuyingcenye yobana kubayini imayini yakhula msinya kangaka lapha.
Kutholakala amadayimani
Ilitje elikhazimulako elakhwetjhulwa eduze koMlambo i-Orange lasungula ukuphuthuma kweminerali kokuthoma okukhulu.
Ngo-1867 umsana omncani, u-Erasmus Jacobs, wathola idayimani epulazini eliseduze ne-Hopetown eMlanjeni i-Orange. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili idayimani elikhulu khulu, elathi ngokukhamba lathiwa yi-Star of South Africa, latjengisa bona indawo le izele amadayimani. Iinkulungwana zabafuni bamathamsanqa zaphuthuma lapho.
- Iimgodi ecebe khulu beyiseduze nalokho okwaba lidorobho i-Kimberley.
- Abantu beza bavela ephasini loke nakiwo woke umazantsi we-Afrika bezokumba.
- Amadayimani bekukuphuthuma kokuthoma kweminerali eSewula Afrika - ukuthoma kweguquko.
Speaker notes
Gcina amatje amabili aziwako alula: ukutholakala kwango-1867 eduze ne-Hopetown, kanye ne-Star of South Africa yango-1869 eyabangela ukuphuthuma. [SME] Qinisekisa ukubizwa nedatha yamatje wokuthoma ne-Star of South Africa ngaphambi kokukhiqiza - iindaba ezaziwako zihluka ngemininingwana. Iphuzu eliqakathekileko ebafundini kukuthi ukutholakala kwethamsanqa kwasungula imayini ekhulu, ehleliweko.
IBig Hole (uMgodi Omkhulu)
Iinkulungwana zabambi zenza umqhikazo waba mgodi otjhonako khulu owambiwa ngezandla ephasini loke.
E-Kimberley, abambi bamba baqonge phasi elitjeni elinamadayimani. Umumbi ngamunye bekasebenza i-claim encani, begodu njengombana ama-claim atjhonela phasi indawo yoke yaba mgodi munye omkhulu - i-Big Hole. Kwaba budisi begodu kuyingozi ukusebenza ngezandla, begodu ngiziinkampani ezinemali enengi kwaphela ezakwazi ukuraga imayini.
- I-Kimberley yaphangisa yaba lelinye lamadorobho amakhulu enarheni.
- Ukumba okutjhonako bekufuna imitjhini, imali nabasebenzi abanengi.
- Abambi abancani bathengwa kancanikancani ziinkampani ezikhulu.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa iBig Hole ukwenza ubukhulu bube nokubonakalako - liyindawo yokukhumbula abafundi abangayizwa namkha abayivakatjhelileko. Iphuzu lokufundisa lelezomnotho: ukumba ngezandla ngabantu ngamunye bekungeze kwaragela phambili njengombana iimayini zitjhonela phasi, ngalokho imayini yatjhugulukela eenkampanini ezinemali kanye nabasebenzi abarholelwako. Lokhu kubeka isislayidi esilandelako sokulawula koke (monopoly) noRhodes.
URhodes, uBarnato ne-De Beers
Ngo-1888 inkampani yinye beyilawula cofe yoke imayini yamadayimani e-Kimberley.
Cecil John Rhodes nomncintiswani wakhe Barney Barnato ngamunye wabo wathenga ama-claim bekwathi, ngo-1888, bahlangana bakha i-De Beers Consolidated Mines. Lokhu kwanikela i-De Beers umonopoli ophelele cofe - ukulawula ingcenye enengi yokukhiqizwa kwamadayimani weSewula Afrika. URhodes wasebenzisa umnotho wakhe ukuzuza amandla amakhulu wezepolotiki eKapa.
- Umonopoli utjho inkampani yinye elawula imboni yoke.
- Ukulawula ukuthumela kwavumela i-De Beers bona igcine iintengo zamadayimani ziphakeme.
- URhodes waba nguNdunakulu weKoloni yeKapa ngo-1890.
Speaker notes
Ethula ibizo elithi monopoli ngokukhanyako - kumqondo omqakathekileko we-CAPS ngesihloko lesi. Hlathulula bona kubayini i-De Beers beyifuna ukulawula ukuthumela: amadayimani ambalwa emarageni agcina iintengo ziphakeme. Godu veza ukuhlangana phakathi kwamandla wezomnotho newezepolotiki: uRhodes waguqula umnotho wemayini waba mandla wezepolotiki, okuqakathekile ngokuya emithethweni yomhlaba nabasebenzi. Qaphela iinhloso zoRhodes zokwanda ngaphandle kokuraga imininingwana.
Igolide eWitwatersrand
Ngo-1886 abambi bathola indawo yegolide ecebe khulu ephasini phezu komqhikazo eTransvaal.
Ngo-1886 igolide latholakala e-Main Reef ye-Witwatersrand ('umQhikazo waManzi aMhlophe') emrephablikini yamaBhunu iTransvaal. Cofe masinyana kwavela idorobho lemayini i-Johannesburg. Indawo le yegolide yaba yinkulu khulu ephasini begodu yadonsa imali, abantu nojantji wesitimela.
- Igolide lenza umrephabliki weTransvaal obudisi waba nomnotho begodu waqakatheka msinyana.
- IJohannesburg yakhula isuka ekubeni liveldi elivulekileko yaba sidorobho esimatasa eminyakeni embalwa kwaphela.
- IBritani beyisele nesizathu esiqinileko sokufuna ukulawula iTransvaal.
Speaker notes
Nikela incazelo ye-Witwatersrand ('umqhikazo wamanzi amhlophe') kanye nedatha ka-1886. [SME] Umlando owaziwako unikela u-George Harrison ukutholakala kwango-1886 epulazini iLanglaagte; qinisekisa ukunikelwa nebizo eliqinileko lepulazi ngaphambi kokukhiqiza, ngombana iindaba zihluka. Iphuzu elikhulu lokufundisa kukuthi igolide latjhuguluza isikhungo somnotho selisa eTransvaal begodu labeka iSewula Afrika endleleni yepikiswano hlangana neBritani nemirephabliki yamaBhunu.
Kubayini igolide belifuna imali enengi
Igolide leWitwatersrand belisitjhingene phasi begodu lisondelene, ngalokho ukulimba kwakho bekufuna itjaliso mali elikhulu.
Kutjhonile
Igolide belisebanzi phasi khulu ehlabathini, ngalokho iimgodi bekumele igawulwe ithe amakhulu wemitha phasi.
Kudurako
Imitjhini, ama-explosive nokucubungula bekufuna imali abekunayo iinkampani ezinjingako kwaphela.
Kulawulwe
Iinkampani zemayini ezimbalwa nama-'Randlords' zeza zalawula indawo yoke yegolide.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula bona ngokungafani namadayimani we-alluvial obekungenzeka uwakhwetjhule, igolide leWitwatersrand belikhiyekhiye elitjeni phasi khulu begodu lisondelene. Lokhu kutjho abantu ngamunye bebangeze bakwazi ukulimba - bekufuna imali, ubunjiniyela kanye nabasebenzi abarholelwa kancani ngobukhulu obukhulu. Ethula ibizo elithi 'Randlords' abanikazi bemayini abanjingileko. Isislayidi lesi sibhoro eliya embuzweni wabasebenzi: ukwenza igolide elitjhonileko lithele, abanikazi bebafuna ukugcina imirholo iphasi.
Ihlelo labasebenzi abafudukako
Iimayini beziragwa ngomsebenzi wamadoda amnyama akhamba ikhambo elide asuka ekhaya ukuyokusebenza.
Iimayini bezifuna iinkulungwana zabasebenzi ebebazokwamukela imirholo ephasi. Abanikazi bebaqatjha amadoda amnyama avela kuwo woke umazantsi we-Afrika ngeenkontraga ezifitjhani. Abasebenzi abafudukako laba bebatjhiya imindeni yabo, basebenze eemayini iinyanga, bese babuyele ekhaya. Imindeni yabo yasala emakhaya emakhaya.
- Abasebenzi bebarholelwa kancani khulu kunabambi abamhlophe emisebenzini ebudisi neyingozi khulu.
- Ngombana bebeza bahambe, abanikazi bebangakabhadeli izindlu zomndeni.
- Ihlelo leli lahlukanisa imindeni begodu lakhuphula amadoda asakhulako emaphandleni.
Speaker notes
Le yihliziyo yomphakathi wesihloko - yiphathe ngokungqongqo begodu ngesirhawu. Yenza kukhanye umqondo ohleliweko: umsebenzi wokufuduka wagcina imirholo iphasi begodu wavumela abanikazi bona bagege ukubhadela izindlu zabasebenzi. Gcizelela ubudisi ebantwini - ukuhlukaniswa okude, imindeni ehlukanisiweko, nelizwe elisele lingenamadoda asebenzako. Hlanganisa nehlelo lama-reserve elathumela abasebenzi eemayini.
Ihlelo lama-compound
Abasebenzi abafudukako bebahlaliswa emakhampini avaliweko amadoda kwaphela ngaphasi kokulawula okuqinileko.
E-Kimberley bese kwathi eemayini zegolide, abasebenzi abamnyama bebahlaliswa ema-compound (abizwa nangokobana ama-hostel) - amabharaka arhonjiweko lapho amadoda amanengi bewahlala eminyene khona, kude nemindeni yawo. Eemayini zamadayimani ama-compound bekawa-valiweko, kancani ukuvimbela abasebenzi bona bafihle amadayimani. Ipilo ngaphakathi beyilawulwa kabuhlungu.
- Abasebenzi bebahlukaniswe nemindeni nedorobho elikhulu.
- Iimo beziminyene, begodu umsebenzi ophasi bekuyingozi.
- Ihlelo lama-compound lenza kwaba lula ebanikazini ukulawula abasebenzi.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula amabanga amabili wokobana ama-compound bekaqakatheke kanjani ebanikazini: ukulawula abasebenzi kanye, eemayini zamadayimani, ukuvimbela ukutjhontjhwa kwamadayimani. Gcina ilizwi liliqiniso kodwana ungathambisi ubudisi - amabharaka aminyene, ukuhlukaniswa komndeni nomsebenzi oyingozi phasi. Qaphela bona ihlelo lama-compound nama-hostel lakha amadorobho weSewula Afrika nemayini iminyaka elikhulu ngemva kwalokho. Balekela imininingwana engatlhogekiko; likugcine kufaneleka ubudala.
Imithelo, umhlaba nemithetho yamapasi
Amaphuya bewasebenzisa imithetho ukukhupha abantu be-Afrika emhlabeni bawagandelele eemayini.
Ukuqinisekisa bona iimayini zinabasebenzi abarholelwa kancani abaneleko, amaphuya bewasebenzisa umthetho. Imithelo (njengomthelo weendlu nowekhanda) bekumele ibhadelwe ngemali, kugandelela amadoda we-Afrika bona arhole. Imithetho yamapasi yalawula lapho abantu abamnyama abangakhamba khona bahlale khona, begodu ukulahleka komhlaba kwatjho abantu abambalwa abangaphila ngokulima kwaphela.
- IGlen Grey Act (1894) kaRhodes yasebenzisa umthelo womsebenzi ukugandelela amadoda ukobana asebenze.
- Imithetho yamapasi yenza kwaba licala ukukhamba ngaphandle kwamaphepha afaneleko.
- Ngokukhamba iNatives Land Act ka-1913 yathatha ingcenye enengi yomhlaba wokulima ebantwini be-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Isislayidi lesi sitjengisa umutjhini wokulawula abasebenzi - umqondo oqakathekileko we-CAPS: iGuquko Lweminerali beligaragi ngabasebenzi abazithandelako kwaphela, kodwana ngemithetho ebanikela abantu ukhetho oluncani. Hlathulula ithulusi ngalinye lilula: imithelo yemali yagandelela umsebenzi orholelwako, imithetho yamapasi yalawula ukukhamba, ukulahleka komhlaba kwasusa ithuba lokulima ozimeleko. ILand Act ka-1913 iza ngemva kwesikhathi lesi kodwana itjengisa lapho ipateni le eyaya khona; yiveze njengebhoro eliya kwezinye izihloko zangokukhamba.
IGuquko Lweminerali, 1867-1913
- 1867 Kutholakala idayimani lokuthoma eduze ne-Hopetown
- 1871 Ukuphuthuma kwamadayimani nemgodi e-Kimberley
- 1886 Kutholakala igolide eWitwatersrand; kwasungulwa iJohannesburg
- 1888 Kwakhiwa i-De Beers Consolidated Mines
- 1894 IGlen Grey Act igandelela ama-Afrika emsebenzini orholelwako
- 1899-1902 IPi yeSewula Afrika (Anglo-Boer) ngokulawulwa kweemayini
- 1913 INatives Land Act yajulisa ukwephucwa komhlaba
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lokhu ukuqinisa ukulandelana ngaphambi kokudweba iimphetho. Buza abafundi bona baqaphele ukuphuthuma okubili (amadayimani bese igolide) nokobana ukulawula kwadlulela msinyana eenkampanini ezikhulu. Khomba iPi yango-1899-1902 njengengcenye yepikiswano ngokobana ngubani ozokulawula iindawo zegolide, kanye no-1913 njengesikhathi lapho ukulahleka komhlaba kwaba mthetho wesitjhaba. [SME] Qinisekisa idatha yemgodi ye-Kimberley (evamise ukunikelwa njengo-1871) ivumelana neencwadi ezisetjenziswako.
Inarha eyaphenduka ngaphasi
Esizukulwaneni sinye, imayini yaguqula lapho abantu bahlala khona, indlela abasebenza ngayo nokobana ngubani onamandla.
IGuquko Lweminerali lenza iSewula Afrika yaba inarha yemboni. Amadorobho, ojantji wesitimela namabhanga akhula msinyana, begodu umnotho omkhulu wagelezela ebanikazini bemayini nase-Britani. Kodwana umnotho loyo wakhelwa phezu kwabasebenzi abamnyama abarholelwa kancani nabalawulwa kabuhlungu, ukwahlukana kwebala okujulileko nokuphuka kwepilo yomndeni wemakhaya. Ukwahlukana lokhu kwabumba iSewula Afrika ithe yaya khatjhana ngokukhamba.
- Ojantji wesitimela, amadorobho namabhanga arhaba enarheni yoke.
- Imiphakathi ye-Afrika yalahlekelwa mhlaba, iinkomo nokulawula umsebenzi wayo.
- Umncintiswano ngeendawo zegolide wasiza ukubangela iPi yeSewula Afrika (1899-1902).
Speaker notes
Dweba isiphetho esikhulu: iGuquko Lweminerali yenza umnotho waba wesimanjemanje kodwana yakwenza ngokungalingani, iqinisa ihlelo lebala lapho abantu bomnyama beSewula Afrika bebanikela umsebenzi balahlekelwe mhlaba kukulapho abanikazi ne-Britani bazuza umnotho. Hlanganisa phambili nePi yeSewula Afrika (umncintiswano ngegolide) nehlelo le-apartheid langokukhamba, elakhelwa phezu kwamapateni la wabasebenzi nomhlaba. Gcina ihlaziyo lililungile begodu lisekelwe ebufakazini.
Esikufundileko
IGuquko Lweminerali lenza iSewula Afrika yesimanjemanje - begodu labeka ipateni yokungalingani eyalandelako.
Amadayimani e-Kimberley negolide e-Witwatersrand aguqula umphakathi wezokulima waba ngowemboni esizukulwaneni sinye. Imayini yakha umnotho omkhulu, amadorobho nojantji wesitimela, kodwana yathembela ehlelweni labasebenzi abafudukako, ihlelo lama-compound nemithetho eyagandelela abantu be-Afrika emsebenzini orholelwa kancani.
Q. Hlathulula bona kubayini ukutholakala kwegolide eWitwatersrand kwaqakatheka kangaka eSewula Afrika. (4 marks)
Q. Bekuyini ihlelo labasebenzi abafudukako, begodu lathinta njani imindeni ye-Afrika neendawo zemakhaya? (6 marks)
Q. Hlathulula iindlela ezimbili amaphuya asebenzisa ngazo imithetho (njengemithelo namkha imithetho yamapasi) ukugandelela abantu bona basebenze eemayini. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala isikhala hlangana neentambo eembili: ukuphuthuma kweminerali nehlelo labasebenzi elakwenza kwathela. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi otlolwako namkha ikulumiswano yeklasi; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulingisa iindlela ze-CAPS ezisekelwe emithonjeni nezokutlola okwandisiweko. Khumbula abafundi bona isihloko lesi sibeka izihloko zangokukhamba - iPi yeSewula Afrika, ukwehlukaniswa nekugcineni i-apartheid koke kwakhelwa phezu kwamapateni womhlaba nabasebenzi akhiwa lapha.
- Grade
- Grade 8
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Mineral Revolution in South Africa
- Resource type
- Presentation