Kutsengiswa Kwetigcili Ngesheya kwe-Atlantic
Kutsi tigidzi tebantfu base-Afrika batfunjwa kanjani, batfunyelwa ngesheya kweLwandle lwe-Atlantic, baphocelelwa ebugcilini - nekutsi lokutsengiselana kwagcina kunjani kupheliswe.
Speaker notes
Vula ngenhlonipho. Chaza kutsi lesifundvo simayelana nemlando lobuhlungu lapho khona bantfu bangempela bahlupheka kakhulu, futsi sisifundza ngenhlonipho. Beka tigaba letine telindzaba lesitawuyilandzela: kutfunjwa e-Afrika, luhambo lwaselwandle lolubitwa nge-Middle Passage, bugcili eMelika, kanye nemzabalazo lomude wekucedza (kupelisa) lokutsengiselana. Chaza kutsi iNingizimu Afrika inemlando wayo wetigcili loxhumene eKapa (Cape).
Bekuyini kutsengiswa kwetigcili ngesheya kwe-Atlantic?
Cishe iminyaka lengu-350, batsengisi baseYurophu (Europe) babebatsenga futsi batfumele bantfu base-Afrika lababaphenduke tigcili ngesheya kweLwandle lwe-Atlantic.
Kusukela ngeminyaka yabo-1500 kuya kubo-1800, emave aseYurophu njenge-Portugal, iBrithani (Britain), iFrance, iSpain kanye neNetherlands abatfumba nome atsenga bantfu base-Afrika ababatfumela emakoloni aseMelika. Lapho babephocelelwa kutsi basebente ngaphandle kwemholo naphandle kwenkhululeko.
- 'Transatlantic' kusho 'ngesheya kweLwandle lwe-Atlantic'.
- Bo-mlando babala kutsi cishe tigidzi letingu-12 tebantfu base-Afrika tatfunyelwa ngesheya kwe-Atlantic.
- Tigcili tatiphatfwa njengempahla lengatsengwa itsengiswe.
Speaker notes
Cinisekisa kutsi bafundzi bayaliva ligama 'sigcili' - umuntfu lowentiwe sigcili ngulabanye, hhayi sigcili ngemvelo. Ncoma kusebentisa 'umuntfu lophendvulwe sigcili' kunaligama nje 'sigcili' kute bugcotfo bemuntfu bungalibaleki. [SME] Linani lelicishe libe tigidzi letingu-12 tigcili letatfunyelwa lisetjentiswa kakhulu kuvela ku-Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database; cinisekisa emagama loncamela kutsi bafundzi bawakhumbule.
Kutsengiselana kwaseNxantsatfu
Imikhumbi beyihamba indlela lenetinhlangotsi letintsatfu emkhatsini we-Europe, i-Afrika neMelika, yenta inzuzo kuwo onkhe emabango.
Speaker notes
Sebentisa idayagremu yaseNxantsatfu kwenta indlela ibonakale. Gcizelela kutsi bantfu babengumtfwalo ebangeni lesibili - i-Middle Passage - lesitawusibuka kumaslayidi lalandzelako. Buta bafundzi kutsi kungani batsengisi bebacabanga kutsi loluhlelo lunenzuzo, futsi ubacele: inzuzo yabani, futsi ngeliphi linani lebantfu?
Kutfunjwa e-Afrika
Bantfu babebanjwa etimphini nasetimphini tempi, bese bacoshelwa ogwini bese bayatsengiswa.
Iningi lebantfu lababaphendvulwa tigcili baphuma eNshonalanga nase-Afrika lesemkhatsini. Labanye babanjwa etimphini nome etimphini tempi, labanye babebulawa (bebahluthfwa). Babephocelelwa kutsi bahambe emabanga lamadze baye ogwini, kanyekanye baboshwe ngemaketanga, babovalelwa etindzaweni tekuvalelwa letatibitwa 'emabhola etigcili' nome 'tibhalu' tetindzawo letinjenge-Elmina kanye ne-Goree Island.
- Imindeni yehlukaniswa futsi ngasho iyaphindze ibonane.
- Batfunjwa batsengiselwa batsengisi baseYurophu kutsi bafinyelele timphahla.
- Babeshiselwa timaka (branded) bese bavalelwa emabholeni lagcwele ngaphambi kwekulayishwa emikhunjini.
Speaker notes
Phatsa lelislayidi ngekunakekela nangebubele. Gcizelela kutsi batfunjwa bebangebantfu labavamile - balimi, batali, bantfwana - hhayi tigebengu. Sho kutsi labanye babusi netsengisi base-Afrika nabo babambe incenye ekutsengiseni batfunjwa, kodvwa sidzingo kanye nebukhulu lobukhulu kwaphuma emakoloni aseYurophu. Gwema imininingwane leyesabekako; gcile ekulahlekelweni yinkhululeko nemndeni.
I-Middle Passage
Luhambo lolwesabekako lwaselwandle lolwewela i-Atlantic lolungatsatsa emaviki lamanyenti.
I-'Middle Passage' bekuluhambo lolwewela iLwandle lwe-Atlantic, libango lesemkhatsini kutsengiselana kwaseNxantsatfu. Emakhulu ebantfu babepakishwa bacinene ngaphansi kwesikebhe (below deck) banemoya lomncane, kudla nemanti lokuncane. Tifo betandza ngekushesha futsi labanyenti abazange basinde kuloluhambo.
- Batfunjwa babeboshwa ndzawonye baneningi lelincane lekunyakata.
- Kuwela bekungatsatsa kusukela cishe emaviki lasihlanu kuya etinyangeni letintsatfu.
- Bo-mlando babala kutsi cishe munye kubatfunjwa labasikhombisa wafa ngesikhatsi seloluhambo.
Speaker notes
Lena yinhlitiyo lenemizwa yesifundvo - yigcine iliciniso futsi inenhlonipho, ingabi yekwesabisa. Chaza kutsi labo labasinda ku-Middle Passage befika bebutsakatsaka, besaba, futsi bakhashane nasekhaya, bakhuluma tilimi letinyenti letehlukene. [SME] Linani lelitsi 'cishe munye kulabasikhombisa wafa' (cishe emaphesenti langu-15, lokucishe kufe tigidzi letingu-1.8 sekukonkhe) yisilinganiso lesivamile; cinisekisa linani leliciniso kanye nebudze beluhambo lofuna kubhala ngaphambi kwekushicelela.
Batsengiswa endzalini (auction)
Nayifika imikhumbi, labo labasinda babetsengiswa njengempahla kulodvwa lonikela ngemali lephakeme.
Emachwebeni onkhe aseBrazil, etichingini tase-Caribbean kanye naseNyakatfo Melika, bantfu base-Afrika lababaphendvulwe tigcili babehlolwa bese batsengiswa etindzalini letivulekile. Batsengi babekhokha imali ngebantfu, futsi imindeni leyayisinde ndzawonye kuloluhambo kanyekanye beyiphindze yehlukaniswe endzalini.
- Tigcili tatiniketwa emagama lamasha futsi tingenamalungelo emtsetfo.
- Tatingatsengwa, titsengiswe, tijeziswe nome tiniketwe ngabanikati bato.
- Iningi latfunyelwa emapulazini labekhulisa shukela, khotini negwayi.
Speaker notes
Cinisa imvelo lehlukanisa bugcotfo bebantfu yebugcili: bantfu baphatfwa njengempahla lefuna kubekelwa intsengo itsengiswe. Xhumanisa nemicondvo yekulunga nemalungelo ebantfu labafundzi labasavele bayayati. Veta kutsi tona letitilimo - shukela, khotini, gwayi - tatibuyela e-Europe ebangeni lesitsatfu lwaseNxantsatfu, kuhlanganisa lonkhe loluhlelo ndzawonye.
Kuphila emapulazini
Tigcili tatisebenta ema-awa lamadze, lamatima ngaphansi kwekulawulwa lokunelulaka.
Emapulazini, tigcili tatisebenta kusukela ekuphumeni kwelilanga kuya ekushoneni kwalo ngaphandle kwemholo. Baphatsi (overseers) babesebentisa kujeziswa lokunelulaka kute baphocelele bantfu kutsi bahloniphe. Naphocelela lolucalo, imiphakatsi yetigcili yagcina bugcotfo bayo buphila ngemculo, kwenta tindzaba, inkholo, kanye nekubambelela emkhumbulweni wasekhaya.
- Umsebenti bewufaka kutjala nekusika ummoba (sugar cane), kanye nekukha khotini.
- Tigcili tatinekudla lokuncane, tindlu letimbi, futsi tingenankhululeko yekuhamba.
- Tilimi tase-Afrika, kudla kanye nemasiko kwasinda kwanika sakhelo emasikweni lamasha.
Speaker notes
Linganisa kuhlupheka nesitfunti sebantfu kanye nekumelana ngemasiko: tigcili betingesibo tisulu letithulile. Chaza kutsi emasiko lahlanganisiwe akhula kanjani eMelika (umculo, kudla, inkholo) lasenika sakhelo emhlabeni namuhla. Loku kubeka sisekelo saslayidi lesilandzelako mayelana nekumelana lokusebentako kanye nekuvukela.
Kumelana nebugcili
Tigcili tamelana ngetindlela letinyenti letinesibindzi, letinkhulu naletincane.
Kumelana kwansuku tonkhe
Kusebenta kancane, kwephula emathulusi, kubaleka kanye nekugcina emasiko ase-Afrika aphila.
Kuvukela
Kuvukela njengekuvukela kwemkhumbi we-Amistad (1839) kanye nekuvukela kwa-Nat Turner e-Virginia (1831).
Imiphakatsi lekhululekile
Bantfu labaphunyulako bakha imiphakatsi lefihlekile ye-'maroon' balwela kutsi bahlale bakhululekile.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela emandla ekutentela: tigcili betihlala timelana. Batfunjwa be-Amistad babamba umkhumbi wabo bagcina bawuwinile inkhululeko yabo ngelicala leliphindze lidvume; Nat Turner wahola kuvukela kwetikhali lokwatfutfumelisa iNingizimu yaseMelika. Kokubili kuvela emlandvweni we-SAHO wemicimbi lenetikhatsi (dated-events). Gcina imininingwane ifanele budzala futsi ugcile esibindzini kanye nesifiso senkhululeko.
Olaudah Equiano ucacisa indzaba yakhe
Indvodza leyayikhe yaba sigcili yabhala incwadzi ledvumile lechaza loko lekaphila kuko.
Kuklewula kwabomake, kanye nekububula kwalabafako, kwenta konkhe kwaba sitfombe sekwesaba lokucishe kungacatjangeki. Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative, 1789
Olaudah Equiano watfunjwa e-Afrika asengumntfwana wasinda ku-Middle Passage. Ngemuva kwekutsenga inkhululeko yakhe, wabhala incwadzi ngekuphila kwakhe. Indzaba yakhe yasita bantfu labanyenti eBrithani kutsi baliqondze lubulwane lwekutsengiselana ngetigcili basekele kucedvwa kwako.
- Incwadzi yakhe beyingulomunye wekucala kwemibiko lebhalwa ngumuntfu wase-Afrika loseka waba sigcili.
- Wahamba wakhuluma kuphikisana nekutsengiselana ngetigcili.
- Emavi lanjengalakhe asita kukhulisa umnyakato wekucedza bugcili.
Speaker notes
Chaza emandla efakazi wangobunye: tibalo tingativa tikhashane, kodvwa emavi a-Equiano enta liciniso lebantfu licace. [SME] Loku lokucashuniwe kuvela ku-Interesting Narrative ya-Equiano ya-1789 futsi kuvamile kuphindvwa; sicela ucinisekise emagama laciniso kanye nesalathiso sekhasi kususela emhlolisweni lonesati ngaphambi kwekukhicita, njengoba tibalo letimbalwa letehlukene tisungca.
Kupeliswa kwekutsengiselana ngetigcili
Ngemuva kweminyaka yemkhankhaso, kwaphasiswa imitsetfo yekucedza (kupelisa) lokutsengiselana bese kucedvwa nebugcili ngekwabo.
'Abolition' kusho kupelisa intfo. Bomeli lababebitwa nge-abolitionists, kanye nebantfu labebasekhe baba tigcili, baphikisa kutsi bugcili bekungakalungi futsi kufanele bume. EBrithani, William Wilberforce wahola kulwa ePhalamende (Parliament).
- 1807: iBrithani yaphasisa umtsetfo wekucedza kutsengiselana ngetigcili (kutsenga nekutfumela bantfu).
- 1833-1834: bugcili ngekwabo bacedvwa kuwo onkhe uMbuso weBrithani (British Empire), kufaka neKapa (Cape).
- Bugcili bacedvwa emuva kwesikhatsi kulamanye emave - i-USA nga-1865 kanye ne-Brazil nga-1888.
Speaker notes
Chaza umehluko emkhatsini wekucedza kutsengiselana (1807) nekucedza bugcili ngekwabo (1833-1834) - liphuzu levame kudida. Sho kutsi kucedvwa akuzange kulethe kulingana masinyane; bantfu labebasekhe baba tigcili basadzimate babhekana nekuhlupheka lokukhulu. Xhumanisa ngco neNingizimu Afrika: bugcili eKapa bacedvwa njengencenye yekucedvwa kwaMbuso weBrithani nga-1834.
Emalanga labalulekile ekutsengiselana ngetigcili ngesheya kwe-Atlantic
- 1500s Kutsengiselana ngetigcili ngesheya kwe-Atlantic kucala kukhula
- 1789 Olaudah Equiano ushicilela indzaba yekuphila kwakhe
- 1807 IBrithani icedza kutsengiselana ngetigcili
- 1831 Nat Turner uhola kuvukela e-Virginia
- 1834 Bugcili bacedvwa eMbusweni weBrithani naseKapa
- 1888 IBrazil icedza bugcili - live lekugcina eMelika
Speaker notes
Sebentisa i-timeline kuhlanganisa sonkhe sifundvo ngaphambi kweslayidi selifa. Cela bafundzi kutsi baphawule kutsi kutsengiselana kwatsatsa emakhulu eminyaka kodvwa nekukucedza kwatsatsa emashumi eminyaka emkhankhaso. Veta lilanga leKapa (1834) kuze indzaba ixhumane nemlando welive labo.
Lifa lekutsengiselana ngetigcili
Imiphumela yekutsengiselana ngetigcili isavakala emhlabeni wonkhe namuhla.
Kutsengiselana ngetigcili kwahlakateta tigidzi tebantfu base-Afrika eMelika nangale, kwakha loko lesikubita nge-African diaspora. Kwaletsa kuhlupheka lokwesabekako, kodvwa bantfu base-Afrika baphindze banika sakhelo elulwimini, emculweni, kudla nemasikweni emave lamanyenti. Umlando wako webandlululo nekungalingani usachutjwa namuhla.
- EKapa, tigcili letiphuma e-Afrika nase-Asia tasita ekwakheni umphakatsi waseNingizimu Afrika kanye nemphakatsi waseKapa Malay (Cape Malay).
- Umculo wase-Afrika nemasiko atsindza i-jazz, i-blues kanye nalomunye umculo wemhlaba.
- Kufundza lomlando kusisita kutsi simelane nebugcili nebandlululo namuhla.
Speaker notes
Buyisela indzaba ekhaya eNingizimu Afrika: iKapa beyinekutsengiselana kwayo ngetigcili, futsi i-Slave Lodge eKapa (Cape Town) ikhumbula lomlando. Gcizelela kuchubeka nemnikelo wemasiko wetigcili netitukulwane tato, kuze bafundzi bahambe banendzaba leliciniso kanye nemuva webugcotfo bebantfu netsemba.
Loko lesikufundzile
Kutsengiselana ngetigcili ngesheya kwe-Atlantic kwaphocelela tigidzi tebantfu base-Afrika ebugcilini, kodvwa bantfu bamelana futsi kwagcina kucedvwa.
Silandzele indzaba kusukela ku-kutfunjwa e-Afrika, kwewela i-Middle Passage, kuya e-bugcilini eMelika, kanye nangemzabalazo lomude we-kucedvwa (abolition). Manje khombisa loko lokufundzile.
Q. Chaza kutsi 'kutsengiselana kwaseNxantsatfu' bekuyini futsi uchaze emabango lamatsatfu aloluhambo. (6 marks)
Q. Kungani i-Middle Passage yayilulokwesabeka kangaka kubantfu base-Afrika lababaphendvulwe tigcili? (4 marks)
Q. Chaza tindlela letimbili tigcili tamelana ngato nebugcili, futsi uchaze kutsi 'abolition' isho kutsini. (5 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lemibuto lemitsatfu njengemsebenti lobhaliwe nome ingxoxo yeklasi; kwabelwa kwemamaki kulandzela tindlela te-CAPS letisekelwe emitfombeni nekubhala tindzima. Buyekeza emagama labalulekile: sigcili, transatlantic, Middle Passage, ipulazi, kumelana, abolition. Vala ngekukhumbuta bafundzi kutsi kufundza lomlando kusisita kutigcina inkhululeko nemalungelo ebantfu namuhla.
- Grade
- Grade 7
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Transatlantic slave trade
- Resource type
- Presentation