Uhwebo Lwezigqila Oluwela Ulwandle I-Atlantic
Indlela izigidi zabantu base-Afrika ababathunjwa ngayo, bathunyelwa ngemikhumbi bewela uLwandle i-Atlantic, baphoqelelwa ebugqileni - nendlela lolo hwebo olwagcina ngokuqedwa ngayo.
Speaker notes
Qala ngobunono. Chaza ukuthi lesi sifundo sikhuluma ngomlando obuhlungu lapho abantu bangempela bahlupheka kakhulu, futhi siwufunda ngenhlonipho. Beka izingxenye ezine zendaba esizolandela zona: ukuthunjwa e-Afrika, uhambo lolwandle olubizwa ngeMiddle Passage (Uhambo Oluphakathi), ubugqila emaMelika, kanye nomzabalazo omude wokuqeda (abolish) uhwebo. Qaphela ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika inomlando wayo wezigqila oxhumene nawo eKapa.
Bekuyini uhwebo lwezigqila oluwela i-Atlantic?
Cishe iminyaka engu-350, abahwebi baseYurophu bathenga futhi bathumela ngemikhumbi abantu base-Afrika ababenziwe izigqila bewela uLwandle i-Atlantic.
Kusukela ngawo-1500 kuya kwawo-1800, amazwe aseYurophu afana nePortugal, iBrithani, iFrance, iSpain kanye neNetherlands athumba noma athenga abantu base-Afrika, awathumela ngemikhumbi emakoloni asemaMelika. Lapho baphoqelelwa ukusebenza bengaholi futhi bengenankululeko.
- 'Transatlantic' kusho 'ukuwela uLwandle i-Atlantic'.
- Izazi-mlando zilinganisela ukuthi cishe izigidi ezingu-12 zabantu base-Afrika zathunyelwa ngemikhumbi ziwela i-Atlantic.
- Abantu ababenziwe izigqila babephathwa njengempahla eyayingathengwa futhi ithengiswe.
Speaker notes
Qinisekisa ukuthi abafundi bayaliqonda igama elithi 'owenziwe isigqila' - umuntu owenziwe isigqila ngabanye, hhayi oyisigqila ngokwemvelo. Khetha ukusebenzisa 'umuntu owenziwe isigqila' kunelithi 'isigqila' ukuze kubonakale ubuntu bomuntu. [SME] Isibalo esicishe sibe izigidi ezingu-12 zabathunjwa abathunyelwa ngemikhumbi siyisilinganiso esisetshenziswa kabanzi esivela ku-Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database; qinisekisa amagama aqondile ofuna abafundi bawakhumbule.
Uhwebo lonxantathu
Imikhumbi yayihamba indlela enezinhlangothi ezintathu phakathi kweYurophu, i-Afrika namaMelika, yenza inzuzo kuyo yonke indawo eyayima kuyo.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa umdwebo wonxantathu ukwenza indlela icace. Gcizelela ukuthi abantu babeyimpahla eyayithwaliwe esigabeni sesibili - iMiddle Passage - ekubhekwa yiwo ama-slide alandelayo. Buza abafundi ukuthi kungani abahwebi babecabanga ukuthi le nqubo inenzuzo, ubaphonsele inselelo: inzuzo yabani, futhi ngiziphi izindleko zobuntu?
Ukuthunjwa e-Afrika
Abantu babebanjwa ekuhlaselweni nasezimpini, bese behanjiswa ogwini bathengiswe.
Iningi labantu ababenziwe izigqila lalivela eNtshonalanga naseMaphakathi ne-Afrika. Abanye babethunjwa ekuhlaselweni noma ezimpini, abanye babebanjwa ngenkani. Babephoqeleka ukuhamba amabanga amade beya ogwini, ngokuvamile bekhungwe ngamaketanga, bese bevalelwa emajele abizwa ngokuthi 'izinqaba zezigqila' noma 'imigodi' ezindaweni ezifana ne-Elmina neSiqhingi iGoree.
- Imindeni yayihlukaniswa futhi ngokuvamile ingaphindi ibonane.
- Abathunjwa babethengiswa kubahwebi baseYurophu beshintshaniswa nezimpahla.
- Babeshiswa uphawu futhi bevalelwa ezinqabeni eziminyene ngaphambi kokulayishwa emikhunjini.
Speaker notes
Phatha leli slide ngokunakekela nangozwelo. Gcizelela ukuthi abathunjwa babengabantu abavamile - abalimi, abazali, izingane - hhayi izigebengu. Sho ukuthi abanye ababusi nabahwebi base-Afrika nabo babebamba iqhaza ekuthengiseni abathunjwa, kodwa isidingo kanye nobukhulu obukhulu kwakuvela emakoloni aseYurophu. Gwema imininingwane ecacile eyesabekayo; gxila ekulahlekelweni yinkululeko nomndeni.
IMiddle Passage (Uhambo Oluphakathi)
Uhambo lolwandle olwesabekayo oluwela i-Atlantic olwalungathatha amasonto amaningi.
'IMiddle Passage' kwakuwuhambo oluwela uLwandle i-Atlantic, isigaba esiphakathi sohwebo lonxantathu. Amakhulu abantu ayecinaniswa ngokuqinile ngaphansi kombhoshongo womkhumbi enomoya, ukudla namanzi okuncane. Izifo zazibhebhetheka ngokushesha futhi abaningi abazange basinde ohambeni.
- Abathunjwa babekhungwe ndawonye ngamaketanga bengenayo cishe indawo yokunyakaza.
- Ukuwela kwakungathatha kusukela cishe emasontweni amahlanu kuya ezinyangeni ezintathu.
- Izazi-mlando zilinganisela ukuthi cishe oyedwa kwabayisikhombisa kubathunjwa wafa ngesikhathi sohambo.
Speaker notes
Lena yinhliziyo yemizwa yesifundo - siyigcine siyiqiniso futhi sihloniphekile, singagqamisi ngokweqile. Chaza ukuthi abasinda kwiMiddle Passage bafika bebuthakathaka, besaba, bekude nasekhaya, bekhuluma izilimi eziningi ezahlukene. [SME] Isibalo esithi 'cishe oyedwa kwabayisikhombisa wafa' (cishe amaphesenti angu-15, eduze kwezimpilo eziyizigidi ezingu-1.8 sezizonke) siyisilinganiso esishiwo kabanzi; qinisekisa isibalo esiqondile nobude bohambo ofuna bube semqulwini ngaphambi kokushicilela.
Bathengiswa endalini
Lapho imikhumbi ifika, abasindile babethengiswa njengempahla kothela imali ephakeme kunabo bonke.
Emachwebeni akwaBrazil, eziqhingini zaseCaribbean naseNyakatho Melika, abantu base-Afrika ababenziwe izigqila babehlolwa bathengiswe ezindalini zomphakathi. Abathengi babekhokha imali ngabantu, futhi imindeni eyayisinde ndawonye ohambeni yayivame ukuphinde ihlukaniswe endaweni yendali.
- Abantu ababenziwe izigqila babenikwa amagama amasha futhi bengenawo amalungelo ngokomthetho.
- Babengathengwa, bathengiswe, bajeziswe noma banikwe abanye ngabanikazi babo.
- Iningi labo lalithunyelwa emapulazini amakhulu ayelima ushukela, ukotini nogwayi.
Speaker notes
Qinisa umqondo wokuthi ubugqila babuncisha abantu ubuntu: abantu babephathwa njengempahla ezobekelwa intengo futhi ithengiswe. Xhumanisa nemibono yobulungiswa namalungelo abantu abafundi asebeyazi. Veza ukuthi izitshalo ezifanayo - ushukela, ukotini, ugwayi - zazibuyela eYurophu esigabeni sesithathu sonxantathu, kuhlanganisa yonke inqubo ndawonye.
Impilo emapulazini amakhulu
Abantu ababenziwe izigqila babesebenza amahora amade, anzima ngaphansi kokulawulwa ngonya.
Emapulazini, abantu ababenziwe izigqila babesebenza kusukela ekuphumeni kwelanga kuze kushone bengaholi. Abaphathi babesebenzisa isijeziso esinonya ukuphoqa abantu ukuthi balalele. Naphezu kwalobu bulwane, imiphakathi yezigqila yayigcina ubuntu bayo buphila ngomculo, ngokuxoxa izindaba, ngenkolo nangokubambelela ezinkumbulweni zasekhaya.
- Umsebenzi wawuhlanganisa ukutshala nokusika umoba, nokukha ukotini.
- Abantu ababenziwe izigqila babenokudla okuncane, izindlu ezimbi nokungabi nankululeko yokuhamba.
- Izilimi zase-Afrika, ukudla namasiko kwasinda futhi kwakha amasiko amasha.
Speaker notes
Linganisa ukuhlupheka nesithunzi sobuntu nokumelana ngamasiko: abantu ababenziwe izigqila babengezona izisulu ezingenzi lutho. Chaza ukuthi amasiko axubile akhula kanjani emaMelika (umculo, ukudla, inkolo) asabumba umhlaba namuhla. Lokhu kubeka isisekelo se-slide elilandelayo mayelana nokumelana okukhuthele kanye nokuvukela.
Ukumelana nobugqila
Abantu ababenziwe izigqila bamelana ngezindlela eziningi ezinesibindi, ezinkulu nezincane.
Ukumelana kwansuku zonke
Ukusebenza kancane, ukwephula amathuluzi, ukubaleka nokugcina amasiko ase-Afrika ephila.
Ukuvukela
Ukuvukela okunjengokuvukela komkhumbi i-Amistad (1839) nokuvukela kukaNat Turner eVirginia (1831).
Imiphakathi ekhululekile
Abantu ababalekile bakha imiphakathi efihliwe ebizwa ngokuthi ama-'maroon' futhi balwela ukuhlala bekhululekile.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela amandla okuzenzela: abantu ababenziwe izigqila babelokhu bemelana njalo. Abathunjwa be-Amistad babamba umkhumbi wabo ekugcineni bawina inkululeko yabo ecaleni lasenkantolo elidumile; uNat Turner wahola ukuvukela okuhlomile okwanyakazisa iNingizimu yaseMelika. Bobabili bavela emgcinweni wemicimbi enezinsuku we-SAHO. Gcina imininingwane ifanele iminyaka yobudala futhi ugxile esibindini nasesifisweni senkululeko.
U-Olaudah Equiano uxoxa indaba yakhe
Indoda eyayike yaba isigqila yabhala incwadi edumile echaza lokho eyayikuphile.
Ukukhala kwabesifazane, nokububula kwabafayo, kwenza konke kwaba yisigcawu sokwesabeka okucishe kungacabangeki. Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative, 1789
U-Olaudah Equiano wathunjwa e-Afrika eseyingane futhi wasinda kwiMiddle Passage. Ngemva kokuthenga inkululeko yakhe, wabhala incwadi ngempilo yakhe. Indaba yakhe yasiza abantu abaningi eBrithani ukuqonda unya lohwebo lwezigqila futhi basekele ukuluqeda.
- Incwadi yakhe kwakungenye yezindaba zokuqala ezabhalwa umuntu wase-Afrika owayeke waba isigqila.
- Wahamba futhi wakhuluma emelene nohwebo lwezigqila.
- Amazwi afana nawakhe asiza ukukhulisa umnyakazo wokuqeda ubugqila.
Speaker notes
Chaza amandla kafakazi okhuluma ngokwakhe: izibalo zingase zizwakale zikude, kodwa amazwi ka-Equiano enza iqiniso lobuntu licace. [SME] Le nkulumo ivela ku-Interesting Narrative ka-Equiano ka-1789 futhi ikhutshwa kabanzi; sicela uqinisekise amagama aqondile nenkomba yekhasi kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwezifundiswa ngaphambi kokukhiqiza, njengoba izinguqulo eziningana ezehluke kancane zisakazeka.
Ukuqeda uhwebo lwezigqila
Ngemva kweminyaka yemikhankaso, kwaphasiswa imithetho yokuqeda uhwebo bese kuqedwa nobugqila ngokwabo.
'Abolition' (ukuqedwa) kusho ukuqeda okuthile. Abakhankasi ababebizwa ngokuthi ama-abolitionist, kanye nabantu ababeke baba izigqila, baphikisa ngokuthi ubugqila bubi futhi kumele bume. EBrithani, u-William Wilberforce wahola ukulwa ePhalamende.
- 1807: iBrithani yaphasisa umthetho wokuqeda uhwebo lwezigqila (ukuthenga nokuthumela abantu ngemikhumbi).
- 1833-1834: ubugqila ngokwabo baqedwa kuwo wonke uMbuso WaseBrithani, kuhlanganisa neKapa.
- Ubugqila baphela kamuva kwamanye amazwe - e-USA ngo-1865 naseBrazil ngo-1888.
Speaker notes
Chaza umehluko phakathi kokuqeda uhwebo (1807) nokuqeda ubugqila ngokwabo (1833-1834) - indawo evame ukudida. Qaphela ukuthi ukuqedwa akuzange kulethe ukulingana ngokushesha; abantu ababeke baba izigqila basabhekana nobunzima obukhulu. Xhumanisa ngqo neNingizimu Afrika: ubugqila eKapa baphela njengengxenye yokuqedwa kuka-1834 koMbuso WaseBrithani.
Izinsuku ezibalulekile zohwebo lwezigqila oluwela i-Atlantic
- 1500s Uhwebo lwezigqila oluwela i-Atlantic luqala ukukhula
- 1789 U-Olaudah Equiano ushicilela indaba yempilo yakhe
- 1807 IBrithani iqeda uhwebo lwezigqila
- 1831 UNat Turner uhola ukuvukela eVirginia
- 1834 Ubugqila buyaqedwa eMbusweni WaseBrithani naseKapa
- 1888 IBrazil iqeda ubugqila - izwe lokugcina emaMelika
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa uhlu lwezikhathi ukuhlanganisa sonke isifundo ngaphambi kwe-slide lefa. Cela abafundi baqaphele ukuthi uhwebo lwahlala amakhulu eminyaka kodwa ukuluqeda kwathatha amashumi eminyaka emikhankaso nakho. Veza usuku lweKapa (1834) ukuze indaba ixhumane nomlando wezwe labo.
Ifa lohwebo lwezigqila
Imiphumela yohwebo lwezigqila isazwakala emhlabeni wonke namuhla.
Uhwebo lwezigqila lwahlakaza izigidi zabantu base-Afrika emaMelika nangaphandle kwawo, lwakha lokho esikubiza ngokuthi i-African diaspora (ukusabalala kwabantu base-Afrika emhlabeni). Lwaletha ukuhlupheka okwesabekayo, kodwa abantu base-Afrika baphinde babumba ulimi, umculo, ukudla namasiko amazwe amaningi. Umlando walo wobandlululo nokungalingani usabhekwana nawo namuhla.
- EKapa, abantu ababenziwe izigqila abavela e-Afrika nase-Asia basiza ukubumba umphakathi waseNingizimu Afrika kanye nomphakathi wamaCape Malay.
- Umculo namasiko ase-Afrika kwaba nomthelela kwi-jazz, i-blues nomunye umculo womhlaba.
- Ukufunda lo mlando kusisiza ukumelana nobugqila nobandlululo namuhla.
Speaker notes
Yiletha indaba ekhaya eNingizimu Afrika: iKapa yayinohwebo lwayo lwezigqila, futhi iSlave Lodge eKapa (Cape Town) ikhumbula lo mlando. Gcizelela ukuqina nomnikelo wamasiko wabantu ababenziwe izigqila nezizukulwane zabo, ukuze abafundi bahambe nombiko oqotho kanye nomuzwa wesithunzi sobuntu nethemba.
Esikufundile
Uhwebo lwezigqila oluwela i-Atlantic lwaphoqa izigidi zabantu base-Afrika ebugqileni, kodwa abantu bamelana futhi ekugcineni lwaqedwa.
Silandele indaba kusukela ekuthunjweni e-Afrika, kuwelwa iMiddle Passage, kungenwa ebugqileni emaMelika, nangomzabalazo omude wokuqedwa (abolition). Manje bonisa lokho okufundile.
Q. Chaza ukuthi 'uhwebo lonxantathu' lwaluyini futhi uchaze izigaba ezintathu zohambo. (6 marks)
Q. Kungani iMiddle Passage yaba isipiliyoni esesabeka kangaka kubantu base-Afrika ababenziwe izigqila? (4 marks)
Q. Chaza izindlela ezimbili abantu ababenziwe izigqila abamelana ngazo nobugqila, futhi uchaze ukuthi 'abolition' (ukuqedwa) kusho ukuthini. (5 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliwe noma ingxoxo yasekilasini; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulandela izindlela ze-CAPS ezisekelwe emithonjeni nokubhala izigaba. Buyela kumagama abalulekile: owenziwe isigqila, transatlantic, Middle Passage, ipulazi elikhulu, ukumelana, ukuqedwa (abolition). Vala ngokukhumbuza abafundi ukuthi ukufunda lo mlando kusisiza ukwazisa inkululeko namalungelo abantu namuhla.
- Grade
- Grade 7
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Transatlantic slave trade
- Resource type
- Presentation