URhwebo Lwamakhoboka Olunqumla i-Atlantiki
Indlela izigidi zabantu base-Afrika ezabanjwa ngayo, zathunyelwa ngezikhephe zinqumla uLwandle i-Atlantiki, zaza zanyanzelwa ebukhobokeni - kunye nendlela olwaphela ngayo ekugqibeleni olo rhwebo.
Speaker notes
Vula ngobunono. Chaza ukuba esi sifundo sijongene nembali ebuhlungu apho abantu bokwenene babandezeleka kakhulu, kwaye siyifunda ngentlonipho. Misela iindawo ezine zebali esiza kulilandela: ukubanjwa e-Afrika, uhambo lolwandle olubizwa ngokuba yiMiddle Passage (uHambo Oluphakathi), ubukhoboka kumazwe aseMelika, kunye nomzabalazo omde wokuphelisa olu rhwebo. Qaphela ukuba uMzantsi Afrika unembali yawo yobukhoboka enxulumene neyaseKapa.
Yayiyintoni urhwebo lwamakhoboka olunqumla i-Atlantiki?
Malunga neminyaka engama-350, abarhwebi baseYurophu bathenga baza bathumela abantu base-Afrika ababekhotyokisiwe benqumla uLwandle i-Atlantiki.
Ukususela kwii-1500s ukuya kwii-1800s, amazwe aseYurophu afana nePortugal, iBritane, iFransi, iSpeyin neNetherlands abamba okanye athenga abantu base-Afrika aza abathumela kumathanga (iikoloni) amazwe aseMelika. Apho babenyanzelwa ukusebenza bengahlawulwa yaye bengenankululeko.
- 'Transatlantic' ithetha 'ukunqumla uLwandle i-Atlantiki'.
- Iingcali zembali ziqikelela ukuba malunga nezigidi ezili-12 zabantu base-Afrika zathunyelwa zinqumla i-Atlantiki.
- Abantu abakhotyokisiweyo babephathwa njengempahla enokuthengwa ithengiswe.
Speaker notes
Qinisekisa ukuba abafundi bayaliqonda igama elithi 'okhotyokisiweyo' - umntu owenziwe ikhoboka ngabanye, hayi ikhoboka ngokwendalo. Khetha ukusebenzisa 'umntu okhotyokisiweyo' endaweni 'yekhoboka' ukugcina ubuntu bomntu bubonakala. [SME] Inani lezigidi ezimalunga ne-12 zabantu ababanjiweyo abathunyelwayo lelona liqikelelo lisetyenziswa kakhulu elivela kwi-Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database; qinisekisa amagama achanekileyo ofuna abafundi bawagcine engqondweni.
Urhwebo lonxantathu
Izikhephe zazihamba ngendlela enamacala amathathu phakathi kweYurophu, i-Afrika namazwe aseMelika, zisenza inzuzo kwisitophu ngasinye.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa umzobo wonxantathu ukwenza indlela icace. Gxininisa ukuba abantu babeyimpahla ethwalwayo kwicala lesibini - iMiddle Passage - eziza kuyihlola izilayidi ezilandelayo. Buza abafundi ukuba kutheni abarhwebi babecinga ukuba le nkqubo iyanceda ngenzuzo, uze ubacele umngeni: inzuzo kabani, kwaye ngayiphi indleko kubuntu?
Ukubanjwa e-Afrika
Abantu babebanjwa kwiihlaselo neemfazwe, baze bahanjiswe ngeenyawo ukuya elunxwemeni bathengiswe.
Uninzi lwabantu abakhotyokisiweyo lwaluvela kuMntla-Ntshona nakuMbindi we-Afrika. Abanye babanjwa kwiihlaselo okanye kwiimfazwe, abanye baxwilwa. Babenyanzelwa ukuhamba imigama emide besiya elunxwemeni, ngokufuthi bekhonkxiwe ngamatyathanga, baze bavalelwe kwiintolongo ekuthiwa 'ziinqaba zamakhoboka' okanye 'imingxuma yentolongo' kwiindawo ezifana ne-Elmina neSiqithi iGoree.
- Iintsapho zazahlulwa yaye zazingaphinde zibonane.
- Abantu ababanjiweyo babethengiswa kubarhwebi baseYurophu ukutshintshiselana ngempahla.
- Babetshiswa uphawu emzimbeni baze bavalelwe kwiinqaba ezixineneyo phambi kokuba balayishwe ezikhepheni.
Speaker notes
Phatha esi silayidi ngononophelo nangovelwano. Gxininisa ukuba abantu ababanjiweyo babengabantu abaqhelekileyo - amafama, abazali, abantwana - hayi izaphuli-mthetho. Khankanya ukuba abanye abalawuli nabarhwebi base-Afrika nabo babebandakanyeka ekuthengiseni abantu ababanjiweyo, kodwa imfuno kunye nobukhulu balo mkhwa yayivela kwiikoloni zaseYurophu. Phepha iinkcukacha ezimbi kakhulu; gxila kwilahleko yenkululeko nentsapho.
IMiddle Passage (uHambo Oluphakathi)
Uhambo olumbi lolwandle olunqumla i-Atlantiki olwalunokuthatha iiveki ezininzi.
IMiddle Passage yayiluhambo olunqumla uLwandle i-Atlantiki, icala eliphakathi lorhwebo lonxantathu. Amakhulu abantu ayexineleniswa ngokuqinileyo ngaphantsi kwenqanawa enomoya, ukutya namanzi ambalwa. Izifo zazibhebhetheka ngokukhawuleza kwaye abaninzi abazange basinde kolo hambo.
- Abantu ababanjiweyo babekhonkxwe ndawonye bengenandawo yokushukuma.
- Ukunqumla kwakunokuthatha ukususela kwiiveki ezimalunga nezintlanu ukuya kwiinyanga ezintathu.
- Iingcali zembali ziqikelela ukuba malunga nomntu omnye kwabasixhenxe ababanjiweyo wayesweleka ngexesha lohambo.
Speaker notes
Le yeyona ndawo ichukumisa iimvakalelo kwesi sifundo - yigcine ineenyaniso yaye inentlonipho, ingabi yolutshisayo ngokugqithisileyo. Chaza ukuba abasindileyo kwiMiddle Passage bafika bebuthathaka, besoyika yaye bekude ekhaya, bethetha iilwimi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. [SME] Inani elithi 'malunga nomntu omnye kwabasixhenxe wasweleka' (malunga ne-15 ekhulwini, kufuphi ne-1.8 yezigidi zabasweleke bebonke) liqikelelo elikhankanywa rhoqo; qinisekisa inani elichanekileyo nobude bohambo ofuna kubhalwe phantsi phambi kokupapasha.
Bathengiswa kwifandesi
Xa izikhephe zifika, abasindileyo babethengiswa njengempahla kulowo unikela ngeyona mali iphezulu.
Kumazibuko akwiBrazil, kwiziqithi zaseCaribbean nakuMntla Melika, abantu base-Afrika abakhotyokisiweyo babehlolwa baze bathengiswe kwiifandesi zoluntu. Abathengi babehlawula imali ngabantu, kwaye iintsapho ezazisinde kunye kolo hambo zazihlala zisahlulwa kwakhona kwibhloko yefandesi.
- Abantu abakhotyokisiweyo babenikwa amagama amatsha yaye babengenamalungelo asemthethweni.
- Babenokuthengwa, bathengiswe, bohlwaywe okanye banikwe abanye ngabanini babo.
- Uninzi lwabo lwalithunyelwa kumasimi amakhulu (iiplanteshoni) ayelima iswekile, umqhaphu necuba.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa indlela ubukhoboka obabuhlutha ngayo ubuntu: abantu bephathwa njengempahla emiselwa ixabiso ithengiswe. Nxulumanisa neengcamango zobulungisa namalungelo abantu abafundi abasele bezazi. Bonisa ukuba izityalo ezifanayo - iswekile, umqhaphu, icuba - zazibuyela eYurophu kwicala lesithathu lonxantathu, zibophelela yonke inkqubo ndawonye.
Ubomi kumasimi amakhulu (iiplanteshoni)
Abantu abakhotyokisiweyo babesebenza iiyure ezinde, ezinzima phantsi kolawulo olungqongqo.
Kumasimi amakhulu, abantu abakhotyokisiweyo babesebenza ukususela ekuphumeni kwelanga ukuya ekutshoneni kwelanga bengahlawulwa. Abaphathi babesebenzisa isohlwayo esibuhlungu ukunyanzela abantu ukuba bathobele. Nangona kwakukho olu khohlakalo, abahlali abakhotyokisiweyo babugcina buphila ubuntu babo ngomculo, ngokubalisa amabali, ngonqulo nangokubambelela kwiinkumbulo zasekhaya.
- Umsebenzi wawuquka ukutyala nokusika umoba (imoba yeswekile), nokukha umqhaphu.
- Abantu abakhotyokisiweyo babenokutya okuncinane, iindawo zokuhlala ezimbi yaye bengenankululeko yokuhamba.
- Iilwimi, ukutya nezithethe zase-Afrika zasinda zaza zabumba iinkcubeko ezintsha.
Speaker notes
Linganisa iimbandezelo nesidima somntu kunye nokuchasa ngenkcubeko: abantu abakhotyokisiweyo babengengomaxhoba angenzi nto. Chaza indlela iinkcubeko ezixubeneyo ezakhula ngayo kumazwe aseMelika (umculo, ukutya, ukholo) ezisabumba ihlabathi nanamhlanje. Oku kulungiselela isilayidi esilandelayo malunga nokuchasa ngamandla nemvukelo.
Ukuchaswa kobukhoboka
Abantu abakhotyokisiweyo babechasa ngeendlela ezininzi ezinesibindi, ezinkulu nezincinane.
Ukuchasa kwemihla ngemihla
Ukusebenza kancinci, ukwaphula izixhobo, ukubaleka nokugcina iphila izithethe zase-Afrika.
Iimvukelo
Iimvukelo ezifana nemvukelo yesikhephe iAmistad (1839) nemvukelo kaNat Turner eVirginia (1831).
Uluntu olukhululekileyo
Abantu ababalekayo bavula uluntu olufihlakeleyo olubizwa 'ngamaMaroon' baza balwela ukuhlala bekhululekile.
Speaker notes
Gxininisa igalelo labo: abantu abakhotyokisiweyo babechasa ngokungapheliyo. Abantu ababanjiweyo baseAmistad bathimba isikhephe sabo baza ekugqibeleni bayiphumelela inkululeko yabo kwityala elidumileyo lasenkundleni; uNat Turner wakhokela imvukelo enezixhobo eyashukumisa uMzantsi weMelika. Bobabini bavela kuvimba weziganeko ezinemihla weSAHO. Gcina iinkcukacha zifanele ubudala kwaye ugxile kwisibindi nakunqwenelo lwenkululeko.
UOlaudah Equiano ubalisa ibali lakhe
Indoda eyayikade ikhotyokisiwe yabhala incwadi edumileyo echaza oko yayidlule kuko.
Izikhalo zabafazi, nokugcuma kwabo babesifa, kwenza yonke loo nto ibe ngumbono owoyikeka ongathethekiyo phantse. Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative, 1789
UOlaudah Equiano wabanjwa e-Afrika esengumntwana waza wasinda kwiMiddle Passage. Emva kokuthenga inkululeko yakhe, wabhala incwadi ngobomi bakhe. Ibali lakhe lanceda abantu abaninzi eBritane baqonda inkohlakalo yorhwebo lwamakhoboka baza baxhasa ukupheliswa kwalo.
- Incwadi yakhe yayingomnye wawokuqala amabali abhalwa ngumntu wase-Afrika owayekade ekhotyokisiwe.
- Wahamba amazwe waza wakhankasa echasa urhwebo lwamakhoboka.
- Amazwi afana nelakhe anceda ekukhuliseni intshukumo yokuphelisa ubukhoboka.
Speaker notes
Chaza amandla engqina elizibonele ngokwalo: amanani anokuvakala ekude, kodwa amazwi ka-Equiano enza inyaniso yobuntu icace. [SME] Eli cazelo livela kwi-Interesting Narrative ka-Equiano yowe-1789 kwaye lisetyenziswa kabanzi; nceda uqinisekise amagama achanekileyo nomhlathi wephepha ngokujonga kwishicilelo lezifundiswa phambi kokuvelisa, njengoko kukho iinguqulelo eziliqela ezahluke kancinci ezisasazwayo.
Ukuphelisa urhwebo lwamakhoboka
Emva kweminyaka yamaphulo, kwapaswa imithetho yokuphelisa urhwebo kwaza kwaphela nobukhoboka ngokwabo.
'Ukupheliswa' (Abolition) kuthetha ukuphelisa into. Amatsha-ntliziyo abizwa ngokuba ngabaphelisi (abolitionists), kunye nabantu ababekade bekhotyokisiwe, baphikisa besithi ubukhoboka babungalunganga yaye bumele buphele. EBritane, uWilliam Wilberforce wakhokela idabi ePalamente.
- 1807: iBritane yapasa umthetho wokuphelisa urhwebo lwamakhoboka (ukuthenga nokuthumela abantu).
- 1833-1834: ubukhoboka ngokwabo bapheliswa kulo lonke uBukhosi baseBritane (British Empire), kuquka neKapa.
- Ubukhoboka baphela kamva kwamanye amazwe - eUSA ngo-1865 naseBrazil ngo-1888.
Speaker notes
Chaza umahluko phakathi kokuphelisa urhwebo (1807) nokuphelisa ubukhoboka ngokwabo (1833-1834) - into eziqhele ukudida abantu. Qaphela ukuba ukupheliswa akuzange kuzise ukulingana ngoko nangoko; abantu ababekade bekhotyokisiwe basabhekana neengxaki ezinkulu. Nxulumanisa ngokuthe ngqo noMzantsi Afrika: ubukhoboka eKapa baphela njengenxalenye yokupheliswa kobukhoboka koBukhosi baseBritane ngo-1834.
Imihla ebalulekileyo yorhwebo lwamakhoboka olunqumla i-Atlantiki
- 1500s Urhwebo lwamakhoboka olunqumla i-Atlantiki luqala ukukhula
- 1789 UOlaudah Equiano upapasha ibali lobomi bakhe
- 1807 IBritane iphelisa urhwebo lwamakhoboka
- 1831 UNat Turner ukhokela imvukelo eVirginia
- 1834 Ubukhoboka buyapheliswa kuBukhosi baseBritane naseKapa
- 1888 IBrazil iphelisa ubukhoboka - ilizwe lokugqibela kumazwe aseMelika
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa ithayimlayini ukuqinisa sonke isifundo phambi kwesilayidi selifa. Cela abafundi baqaphele ukuba urhwebo lwahlala iinkulungwane kodwa nokuluphelisa kwathatha amashumi eminyaka amaphulo. Bonisa umhla weKapa (1834) ukuze ibali linxulumane nembali yelizwe labo.
Ilifa lorhwebo lwamakhoboka
Iziphumo zorhwebo lwamakhoboka zisavakala kwihlabathi jikelele nanamhlanje.
Urhwebo lwamakhoboka lwasasaza izigidi zabantu base-Afrika kumazwe aseMelika nangaphaya, lwadala oko sikubiza ngokuba yidiaspora yase-Afrika (ukusasazeka kwabantu base-Afrika). Lwazisa iimbandezelo ezimbi, kodwa abantu base-Afrika nabo babumba ulwimi, umculo, ukutya nenkcubeko yamazwe amaninzi. Imbali yalo yobuhlanga nokungalingani isasonjululwa nanamhlanje.
- EKapa, abantu abakhotyokisiweyo abavela e-Afrika naseAsia banceda ukubumba uluntu loMzantsi Afrika kunye noluntu lwamaCape Malay.
- Umculo nezithethe zase-Afrika zaphembelela ijazz, iblues nomnye umculo wehlabathi.
- Ukufunda le mbali kusinceda ukuba sichase ubukhoboka nobuhlanga namhlanje.
Speaker notes
Zisa ibali ekhaya eMzantsi Afrika: iKapa yayinorhwebo lwayo lwamakhoboka, kwaye iSlave Lodge eKapa iyayikhumbula le mbali. Gxininisa ukunyamezela negalelo lenkcubeko labantu abakhotyokisiweyo nenzala yabo, ukuze abafundi bemke nembali enyanisekileyo kunye novakalelo lwesidima somntu nethemba.
Esikufundileyo
Urhwebo lwamakhoboka olunqumla i-Atlantiki lwanyanzela izigidi zabantu base-Afrika ebukhobokeni, kodwa abantu bachasa yaye ekugqibeleni lwapheliswa.
Silandele ibali ukususela ekubanjweni e-Afrika, sinqumla iMiddle Passage, singena ebukhobokeni kumazwe aseMelika, size sidlule kumzabalazo omde wokupheliswa. Ngoku bonisa oko ukufundileyo.
Q. Chaza ukuba yayiyintoni 'urhwebo lonxantathu' uze uchaze amacala amathathu ohambo. (6 marks)
Q. Kwakutheni le nto iMiddle Passage yayingamava amabi kangaka kubantu base-Afrika abakhotyokisiweyo? (4 marks)
Q. Chaza iindlela ezimbini abantu abakhotyokisiweyo abachasa ngazo ubukhoboka, uze uchaze ukuba kuthetha ntoni 'ukupheliswa' (abolition). (5 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa le mibuzo mithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliweyo okanye ingxoxo yeklasi; ukwabiwa kwamanqaku kulandela iindlela zeCAPS ezisekelwe kwimithombo nokubhala isiqendu. Buyela kwisigama esibalulekileyo: okhotyokisiweyo, olunqumla i-Atlantiki, iMiddle Passage, iplanteshoni, ukuchasa, ukupheliswa. Vala ngokukhumbuza abafundi ukuba ukufunda le mbali kusinceda sixabise inkululeko namalungelo abantu namhlanje.
- Grade
- Grade 7
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Transatlantic slave trade
- Resource type
- Presentation