Ukurhweba Ngeengqila Ngaphetjheya kwe-Atlantiki
Indlela iingidi zabantu be-Afrika ezathunjwa ngayo, zathwalwa ngeenkepe zawela ilwandle i-Atlantiki, begodu zabotjhelelwa ebugqileni - nendlela irhwebo leli elagcina liphelisiwe ngayo.
Speaker notes
Vula ngokutjhejisisa. Hlathulula bona isifundwesi siqalene nomlando obuhlungu lapho abantu bamambala batlhaga khulu khona, begodu sisifunda ngehlonipho. Beka iimpheko ezine zendaba esizoyilandela: ukuthunjwa e-Afrika, ikhambo lelwandle elibizwa nge-Middle Passage, ubugqila e-Amerika, nomzabalazo omude wokuqeda (ukuphelisa) irhwebo. Tjheja bona iSewula Afrika inomlando wayo wobugqila ohlobene nalo eKapa.
Bekuyini ukurhweba ngeengqila ngaphetjheya kwe-Atlantiki?
Iminyaka engaba ma-350, abarhwebi be-Yurophu bathenga bathwala ngeenkepe abantu be-Afrika ababuthwe ebugqileni bawela ilwandle i-Atlantiki.
Kusukela ngeenkulungwana zabo-1500 kuya kwezabo-1800, amazwe we-Yurophu njenge-Portugal, i-Britain, i-France, i-Spain ne-Netherlands athumba namkha athenga abantu be-Afrika bawathwala ngeenkepe bawasa eemkolonini e-Amerika. Lapho babotjhelelwa bona basebenze ngaphandle kokubhadelwa nangaphandle kwekululeko.
- 'Transatlantic' kutjho 'ngaphetjheya kwelwandle i-Atlantiki'.
- Abezomlando balinganisa bona ama-Afrika angaba yisigidi ezili-12 athwalwa ngeenkepe awela i-Atlantiki.
- Abantu ababuthwe ebugqileni bebaphathwa njengempahla ebeyingathengwa ithengiswe.
Speaker notes
Qinisekisa bona abafundi bayalizwisisa ibizo elithi 'obuthwe ebugqileni' - umuntu owenziwe igqila ngabanye, ingasi igqila ngokwemvelo. Sebenzisa 'umuntu obuthwe ebugqileni' kunokuthi 'igqila' ukugcina ubuntu bomuntu bubonakala. [SME] Isibalo esingaba yisigidi ezili-12 zabathunjiweyo esathwalwa ngeenkepe silinganiso esisetjenziswa kabanzi esivela ku-Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database; qinisekisa amagama wamambala owafunako bona abafundi bawakhumbule.
Irhwebo lonxantathu
Iinkepe bezikhamba indlela enamahlangothi amathathu hlangana ne-Yurophu, i-Afrika ne-Amerika, zenza inzuzo esiteshini ngasinye.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa umdwebo wonxantathu ukwenza indlela ibonakale kuhle. Gandelela bona abantu bebayimithwalo ephekweni yesibili - i-Middle Passage - okuhlolwa ziislayidi ezilandelako. Buza abafundi bona kubayini abarhwebi bebacabanga bona indlelakwenza le izuzisa, uwabize inyaya: izuzisa bani, begodu ngeendleko zabantu ezinganani?
Ukuthunjwa e-Afrika
Abantu bebabanjwa emahlaselweni neempini, bese baqhutjhwa baya ngelwandle bathengiswe.
Inengi labantu ababuthwe ebugqileni bebavela eTjhingalanga naphakathi ne-Afrika. Abanye bebathunjwa emahlaselweni namkha eempini, abanye babiwa. Bebabotjhelelwa bona bakhambe amabanga amade ukuya ngelwandle, kanengi baboshwe ngeenketani, babotjhwe eentronkweni ezibizwa nge-'slave forts' namkha 'dungeons' eendaweni njenge-Elmina ne-Goree Island.
- Imindeni beyihlukaniswa begodu bebangasabonani kuhle.
- Abathunjiweyo bebathengiselwa abarhwebi be-Yurophu ngokutjhintjhiselana ngeempahla.
- Bebatjhiswa ngophawu babotjhwe eenqabeni ezigcweleko ngaphambi kokulayitjhwa eenkepeni.
Speaker notes
Phatha islayidi lesi ngokutjhejisisa nangokuzwelana. Gandelela bona abathunjiweyo bebabantu abajayelekileko - abalimi, ababelethi, abantwana - ingasi izigebengu. Tjho bona abanye ababusi nabarhwebi be-Afrika nabo bebahlanganyela ekuthengiseni abathunjiweyo, kodwana isidingo nobukhulu obukhulu bebuvela eemkolonini ze-Yurophu. Balekela iinathamba ezicacileko; nyala ekulahlekelweni yikululeko nomndeni.
I-Middle Passage
Ikhambo lelwandle elimbi eliwela i-Atlantiki ebeligcina amaveke amanengi.
I-'Middle Passage' bekulikhambo lokuwela ilwandle i-Atlantiki, ipheko ephakathi yerhwebo lonxantathu. Amakhulu wabantu bebafakwa gxishagxisha ngaphasi kwedeki banommoya, ukudla namanzi okumancani. Amalwelwe bekusabalala msinyana begodu abanengi abazange baphile ekhambeni.
- Abathunjiweyo bebaboshwe ndawonye ngeenketani banganandawo yokunyakaza.
- Ukuwela bekungathatha amaveke amahlanu ukuya eenyangeni ezintathu.
- Abezomlando balinganisa bona munye kwabalikhomba babathunjiweyo wahlongakala ngesikhathi sekhambo.
Speaker notes
Le yihliziyo yamazizo yesifundo - yigcine iliqiniso begodu inehlonipho, ingabi yikaringo. Hlathulula bona abasindileyo be-Middle Passage bafika babuthakathaka, bethukiwe begodu bakude nekhaya, bakhuluma iindimi ezinengi ezihlukeneko. [SME] Isibalo esithi 'munye kwabalikhomba wahlongakala' (malungana namaphesenti ali-15, malungana neengidi ezi-1.8 zabahlongakeleko sekusekoke) silinganiso esikhulunywa kabanzi; qinisekisa isibalo esiqinileko nobude bekhambo obufunako ngaphambi kokugadangisa.
Bathengiswa efandisini
Nekufika iinkepe, abasindileyo bebathengiswa njengeempahla kolo obhida ngokuphezulu khulu.
Emazibukweni we-Brazil, iimhlengele ye-Caribbean neTlhagwini ye-Amerika, ama-Afrika abuthwe ebugqileni bewahlolwa athengiselwe emafandisini womphakathi. Abathengi bebabhadela imali ngabantu, begodu imindeni ebeyisindile ekhambeni ndawonye beyihlukaniswa godu efandisini.
- Abantu ababuthwe ebugqileni bebanikelwa amabizo amatjha begodu bebanganamalungelo ngokomthetho.
- Bebangathengwa, bathengiswe, bajeziswe namkha baphiwe ngabanikazi babo.
- Inengi bewathunyelwa eemsimini ebeyitjala ushukela, ukotini nogwayi.
Speaker notes
Qinisa umbono wokuthi ubugqila bebususa ubuntu: abantu baphathwa njengempahla ebekwa intengo bese ithengiswe. Hlanganisa nemibono yobulungiswa namalungelo wabantu abafundi asele bawazi. Veza bona iimvuno efanako - ushukela, ukotini, ugwayi - ibuyela e-Yurophu ngepheko yesithathu yonxantathu, kubophelele indlelakwenza yoke ndawonye.
Ipilo eemsimini
Abantu ababuthwe ebugqileni bebasebenza amahora amade, abudisi ngaphasi kokulawulwa okunzima.
Eemsimini, abantu ababuthwe ebugqileni bebasebenza kusukela ekuphumeni kwelanga bekulitjhona ngaphandle kokubhadelwa. Ababonisi bebasebenzisa isijeziso esibukhali ukubotjhelela abantu bona balalele. Nanyana kunelunya leli, imiphakathi ebuthwe ebugqileni yagcina ubuntu bayo buphila ngomculo, ngokuhloma iindaba, ngekolo nangokubambelela eenkhumbulweni zekhaya.
- Umsebenzi bewuhlanganisa ukutjala nokusika umoba, nokukha ukotini.
- Abantu ababuthwe ebugqileni bebanokudla okumancani, indawo yokuhlala embi begodu banganakululeko yokukhamba.
- Iindimi, ukudla namasiko we-Afrika kwasinda kwabumba amasiko amatjha.
Speaker notes
Linganisa itlhago nesithunzi sabantu nokujamelana ngamasiko: abantu ababuthwe ebugqileni bebangasi zisulu ezingenzikutho. Hlathulula bona amasiko ahlanganisiweko akhula njani e-Amerika (umculo, ukudla, ikolo) asabumba iphasi nanamhlanjesi. Lokhu kubeka islayidi esilandelako sokujamelana okusebenzako neenhlubuko.
Ukujamelana nobugqila
Abantu ababuthwe ebugqileni bajamelana ngeendlela ezinengi zesibindi, ezikhulu nezincani.
Ukujamelana kwaqobe langa
Ukusebenza kancani, ukuphula amathulusi, ukubaleka nokugcina amasiko we-Afrika aphila.
Iinhlubuko
Iinhlubuko njengokuhlubuka kwekepe i-Amistad (1839) nokuhlubuka kwaka-Nat Turner e-Virginia (1831).
Imiphakathi ekhululekileko
Abantu ababalekileko bakha imiphakathi efihliweko ye-'maroon' balwela ukuhlala bakhululekile.
Speaker notes
Gandelela ikghono lokuzenzela: abantu ababuthwe ebugqileni bebahlala bajamelana. Abathunjiweyo be-Amistad bathumba ikepe yabo bagcina baphumelele ikululeko yabo ecaleni lekhotho elidumileko; u-Nat Turner wahlahla ihlubuko elinehlomo elarhirhidla iSewula ye-Amerika. Bobabili bavela endaweni yokugcina i-SAHO yeenehlakalo ezinamalanga. Gcina imininingwana ilingene ubudala begodu unyale isibindi nesifiso sekululeko.
U-Olaudah Equiano ulandisa indaba yakhe
Indoda ebeyibuthwe ebugqileni yatlola incwadi edumileko ehlathulula lokho eyaphila kikho.
Imikghonyo yabafazi, nokububula kwabahlongakalako, kwenza yoke into ibe sibonakalo sokwesabeka okumangaliso okungathelekelelekiko. Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative, 1789
U-Olaudah Equiano wathunjwa e-Afrika asesemntwana wasinda i-Middle Passage. Ngemva kokuthenga ikululeko yakhe, watlola incwadi ngepilo yakhe. Indaba yakhe yasiza abantu abanengi eBritain bona bazwisise ilunya lerhwebo leengqila begodu basekele ukuliphelisa.
- Incwadi yakhe beyingenye yeendaba zokuthoma ezatlolwa ngum-Afrika obekabuthwe ebugqileni.
- Wakhamba wakhuluma aphikisa irhwebo leengqila.
- Amalizwi njengelakhe asiza ukukhulisa umnyakazo wokuqeda ubugqila.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula amandla wofakazi wokuthoma: iimbalo zingazwakala zikude, kodwana amagama ka-Equiano enza iqiniso labantu licace. [SME] Umumo lo uvela ku-Interesting Narrative ka-Equiano yango-1789 begodu ukhitjhwa kabanzi; sibawa uqinisekise amagama wamambala nesitho sekhasi maqondana nomhlobo osayensi ngaphambi kokuveza, ngombana kunemihlobo eminengi ehlukene kancani ejikelezako.
Ukuqeda irhwebo leengqila
Ngemva kweminyaka yomkhankaso, kwaphasiswa imithetho yokuqeda (ukuphelisa) irhwebo bese kwaqedwa ubugqila ngokwabo.
'Ukuqedwa' kutjho ukuphelisa into. Abakhankasi ababizwa ngaboqedubugqila, kunye nabantu ababukade babuthwe ebugqileni, baphikisa bathi ubugqila bebumbi begodu bekufuze buqedwe. EBritain, u-William Wilberforce wahlahla ilwelo ePalamende.
- 1807: iBritain yaphasisa umthetho wokuqeda irhwebo leengqila (ukuthenga nokuthwala abantu ngeenkepe).
- 1833-1834: ubugqila ngokwabo baqedwa kiyo yoke i-British Empire, kubandakanya iKapa.
- Ubugqila baphela ngemva kwesikhathi kwamanye amazwe - i-USA ngo-1865 ne-Brazil ngo-1888.
Speaker notes
Hlathulula umahluko phakathi kokuqeda irhwebo (1807) nokuqeda ubugqila ngokwabo (1833-1834) - indawo yokudideka ejayelekileko. Tjheja bona ukuqedwa akhenge kulethe ukulingana ngokurhabako; abantu ababukade babuthwe ebugqileni basese bebaqalene netlhago elikhulu. Hlanganisa ngokunqophileko neSewula Afrika: ubugqila eKapa baphela njengengcenye yokuqedwa kwe-British Empire ngo-1834.
Amalanga aqakathekileko werhwebo leengqila laphetjheya kwe-Atlantiki
- 1500s Irhwebo leengqila laphetjheya kwe-Atlantiki liyathoma ukukhula
- 1789 U-Olaudah Equiano ugadangisa indaba yepilo yakhe
- 1807 IBritain iqeda irhwebo leengqila
- 1831 U-Nat Turner uhlahla ihlubuko e-Virginia
- 1834 Ubugqila buyaqedwa e-British Empire naseKapa
- 1888 I-Brazil iqeda ubugqila - inarha yokugcina e-Amerika
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa ihla-landelano ukuhlanganisa isifundo soke ngaphambi kweslayidi selifa. Bawa abafundi bona batjheje bona irhwebo laphila iinkulungwana kodwana ukuliqeda kwathatha amashumi weminyaka womkhankaso nawo. Veza ilanga leKapa (1834) ukuze indaba ihlangane nomlando wenarha yabo.
Ilifa lerhwebo leengqila
Imithelela yerhwebo leengqila isezwakala ephasini loke nanamhlanjesi.
Irhwebo leengqila lahlakaza iingidi zabantu be-Afrika e-Amerika nangaphetjheya, lakha lokho esikubiza nge-African diaspora (ukuhlakazeka kwama-Afrika ephasini loke). Laletha itlhago elimbi, kodwana abantu be-Afrika godu babumba ilimi, umculo, ukudla namasiko wamazwe amanengi. Umlando walo webandlululo nokungalingani usaqalwana nawo nanamhlanjesi.
- EKapa, abantu ababuthwe ebugqileni abavela e-Afrika ne-Asia basiza ukubumba umphakathi weSewula Afrika nomphakathi we-Cape Malay.
- Umculo namasiko we-Afrika kwathinta i-jazz, i-blues nomunye umculo wephasi.
- Ukufunda umlando lo kusisiza ukujamelana nobugqila nebandlululo nanamhlanjesi.
Speaker notes
Yisa indaba ekhaya eSewula Afrika: iKapa beyinerhwebo layo leengqila, begodu i-Slave Lodge eKapa ikhumbula umlando lo. Gandelela ukuqina nomnikelo wesiko wabantu ababuthwe ebugqileni nezizukulwana zabo, ukuze abafundi bakhambe nendaba eneqiniso kunye nomuzwa wesithunzi sabantu nethemba.
Lokho esikufundileko
Irhwebo leengqila laphetjheya kwe-Atlantiki labotjhelela iingidi zama-Afrika ebugqileni, kodwana abantu bajamelana begodu ekugcineni laqedwa.
Silandele indaba kusukela ekuthunjweni e-Afrika, sawela i-Middle Passage, sangena ebugqileni e-Amerika, sadlula nomzabalazo omude wokuqedwa. Nje-ke tjengisa lokho okufundileko.
Q. Hlathulula bona 'irhwebo lonxantathu' bekuyini begodu uhlathulule iimpheko ezintathu zekhambo. (6 marks)
Q. Kubayini i-Middle Passage beyisipiliyoni esimbi kangaka ema-Afrikeni abuthwe ebugqileni? (4 marks)
Q. Hlathulula iindlela ezimbili abantu ababuthwe ebugqileni abajamelana ngazo nobugqila, begodu uhlathulule bona 'ukuqedwa' kutjho ukuthini. (5 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi otloliweko namkha ingxoxo yeklasi; ukwabiwa kwamaphuzu kulandela iindlela ze-CAPS ezisekelwe emithonjeni nokutlola isigaba. Buyela emagameni aqakathekileko: obuthwe ebugqileni, transatlantic, Middle Passage, isimu, ukujamelana, ukuqedwa. Phetha ngokukhumbuza abafundi bona ukufunda umlando lo kusisiza ukuqakathekisa ikululeko namalungelo wabantu nanamhlanjesi.
- Grade
- Grade 7
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- The Transatlantic slave trade
- Resource type
- Presentation