Umphakatsi Wase-Afrika Wasendvulo: iGibhithe (Egypt)
Luhambo lwekwenyuka uMfula iNayili (Nile) siyohlangana nebofaro, emaphiramidi, nekubhala ngetitfombe kwenye yemiphakatsi lemidzala kunayo yonkhe e-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Buta bafundzi kutsi bavele bati ini ngeGibhithe yasendvulo - emaphiramidi, bomumi (mummies), nebofaro. Chaza kutsi iGibhithe ise-Afrika, enyakatfo-mphumalanga, nekutsi lena bekungenye yemiphakatsi yekucala emhlabeni, buyela emuva ngetulu kweminyaka lengu-5000. 'Imphucuko' isho umphakatsi lomkhulu, lohleliwe lonemadolobha, hulumende, kubhala, netinkholelo letihlanganyelwako.
Imphucuko yase-Afrika, endvulo kakhulu
iGibhithe yasendvulo yakhula enyakatfo-mphumalanga ye-Afrika ngetulu kweminyaka lengu-5000 leyendlulako.
iGibhithe live lelisenyakatfo-mphumalanga ye-Afrika. Etulu kweminyaka leyinkhulungwane, yenye yemiphucuko yekucala lemikhulu emhlabeni yakhula lapha. Yahlala sikhatsi lesidze kakhulu ngobe iGibhithe beyinemincele yemvelo - emahlane, tilwandle netiwa - lokwenta kwaba matima kutsi titsa tihlasele.
- iGibhithe iyincenye yelikhontinenti lase-Afrika, eceleni kweLwandle Lolubovu (Red Sea) neLwandle iMedithera (Mediterranean).
- Imphucuko yakhula futsi yashintja etulu kweminyaka leyinkhulungwane.
- Sifundza ngayo emanxiweni, emathuneni, imidvwebo, nekubhala kwasendvulo.
Speaker notes
Cinisa umcondvo losemcoka we-CAPS: iGibhithe ingumphakatsi wase-Afrika, awehlukaniswa ne-Afrika. Khombisa emephu kutsi iselikhontinenti letfu. Chaza kutsi bochwepheshe bemlandvo bafundza umlandvo basebentisa bufakazi - lapha lobo bufakazi takhiwo, emathuna, imidvwebo lesetibondzeni, nekubhala lokwasala. [SME] Cinisekisa emagama emephu/indzawo kutsi ayavumelana ne-athlazi yeliklasi lakho.
UMfula iNayili (Nile)
EmaGriki asendvulo atsi 'iGibhithe beyisipho seNayili'.
INayili (Nile) ngumfula lomkhulu kunayo yonkhe e-Afrika. Igeleta isuka eningizimu iye enyakatfo bese itfululela eLwandle iMedithera (Mediterranean). Incenye lenkhulu yeGibhithe yalihlane lelishisako, lelomile, ngako cishe wonkhe umuntfu bekahlala edvutane nemfula.
Onkhe ehlobo iNayili beyikhukhula. Nakwehla emanti futsi, beshiya inhlabatsi lecebile, lemnyama lebeyibitwa ngekutsi inhlabatsi yemkhukhulo (alluvial soil). Lenhlabatsi beyinhle kakhulu ekukhuliseni titjalo, ngako emasimi lafanako abengalinywa umnyaka nemnyaka.
- INayili yaniketa bantfu emanti ekunatsa nawekunisela titjalo tabo.
- Bekungumgwaco lomatasatasa wetikepe letatsitfwala bantfu nemphahla.
- Kukhukhula kwemnyaka nemnyaka kwenta inhlabatsi yavundza kwentela kulima.
Speaker notes
Loku kusenhlitiyweni yesihloko: indzawo yakha yonkhe intfo. Chaza umjikelezo wekukhukhula ngalula - emanti amboze emasimi, bese ayehla ashiye udzaka lomusha lowenta titjalo tikhule kahle. Ngaphandle kweNayili, iGibhithe ngabe yonkhe iyilihlane. Buta: kwentiwe yini cishe wonkhe umuntfu ahlala edvutane nemfula?
Kuphila nekusebenta eceleni komfula
Umfula waniketa bantfu kudla, emakhaya, nemsebenti umnyaka wonkhe.
Endvulo kakhulu bantfu bekucala lapha bekungebatingeli-nebabutsi lebebahamba bafuna kudla. Ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi bahlala phansi baba balimi, bakha emakhaya nemimango eceleni kwemincele yeNayili.
- Balimi bakhulisa likolo nebhali kwentela kwenta sinkhwa, netibhidvo tekudla.
- Bebafuya tilwane letifana netinkhomo, timbuti, netidada.
- Bantfu bebasebentisa likhwane lasemfuleni lelibitwa papyrus kwenta tikepe, emacansi, neluhlobo lwekucala lweliphepha.
- Emakhaya abakhiwa ngetitini tebudzaka lebeyoma abelukhuni elangeni.
Speaker notes
Yenta imphilo yansuku tonkhe iphile. I-papyrus liligama lelihle lekuchumana - beyikhula emfuleni futsi yayisetjentiswa kwenta luhlobo lwekucala lweliphepha, lapho ligama lelitsi 'paper' liphuma khona. Tindlu tetitini tebudzaka tichumana naloko bafundzi labangase bakwati ngekwakha. Gcizelela kutsi imphilo yansuku tonkhe beyitsembele kangakanani emfuleni nasekukhukhuleni kwawo.
iGibhithe yaseNhla neyaseNsi tihlangana ndzawonye
Tincenye letimbili teGibhithe tahlanganiswa ngaphansi kwembusi munye.
Ngobe iNayili igeleta isuka eningizimu iye enyakatfo, iGibhithe beyihlukaniswe yaba emave lamabili. Incenye leseningizimu beyibitwa ngekutsi iGibhithe yaseNhla (Upper Egypt) naleseNyakatfo, edvutane nelwandle, beyibitwa iGibhithe yaseNsi (Lower Egypt). Loku kungase kubonakale kuphambene, kodvwa 'yaseNhla' isho ngetulu emfuleni, edvutane nalapho ucala khona.
Endvulo lamave lamabili ahlanganiswa aba ngumbuso munye lobeubuswa yinkhosi yinye. Loku kwacala lomudvwa lomudze wemakhosi eGibhithe lesiwabita ngekutsi bofaro (pharaohs).
- iGibhithe yaseNhla beyiseningizimu, iGibhithe yaseNsi enyakatfo.
- Tahlanganiswa taba live linye ngaphansi kwembusi munye.
- Inkhosi beyembatsa umchele lokhetsekile lokhombisa kutsi ibusa onkhe emave omabili.
Speaker notes
Sula lokudzidzekisa lokujwayelekile: iGibhithe 'yaseNhla' iseningizimu ngobe iphakeme ngetulu enkhambweni yemfula. Sebentisa indlela umfula logeleta ngayo kuchaza loku. Kuhlangana kwemave lamabili kungumzuzu iGibhithe yaba ngumbuso munye. [SME] Bochwepheshe bemlandvo babeka lolusuku cishe nga-3000 BCE; gcina emagama atsi 'endvulo' ngaphandle kwekutsi ufuna kwetfula lolusuku.
Ifaro (pharaoh): inkhosi nankulunkulu
Ifaro bekungumuntfu lonemandla kunabo bonkhe eGibhithe yonkhe.
Inkhosi yeGibhithe beyibitwa ngekutsi ifaro (pharaoh). Leligama liphuma emagameni asendvulo eGibhithe latsi per-aa, lasho 'lindlu lenkhulu'. Ifaro bekungumholi wahulumende nemholi wenkholo ngesikhatsi sinye.
- Bantfu bebakholelwa kutsi ifaro bekungunkulunkulu ngesimo semuntfu.
- Bekunguye umnikati welive futsi lowenta imitsetfo.
- Bekahola libutfo futsi engamele kwakhiwa kwemathempeli nemaphiramidi.
- Nakubulawa ifaro, indvodzana yakhe beyivamise kuba ngufaro lolandzelako.
Speaker notes
Ifaro bekuhlanganisa inkhosi, umholi wahulumende, nemholi wenkholo. Loku kuhlangana kwembusi nankulunkulu kwaniketa ifaro emandla lamakhulu. 'Lindlu lenkhulu' (per-aa) ekucaleni beyisho lisigodlo lasebukhosini kwatsi ngemuva yasho umbusi ngekwakhe. [SME] Leminye imitfombo itsi nemaHebheru asebentisa ligama letsi 'pharaoh'; gcina inchazelo ilula eBangeni 5 unamatsele encazelweni yetsi 'lindlu lenkhulu'.
Simo semphakatsi weGibhithe
Umphakatsi weGibhithe bewufana nephiramidi: bantfu labambalwa labanemandla ngetulu, bantfu labasebentako labanyenti ngaphansi.
Ifaro
Ngetulu kakhulu, inkhosi lenkulunkulu lebeyibusa wonkhe umuntfu nayo yonkhe intfo.
Baphristi, babhali, netiphatsimandla
Bantfu labafundzile lebebaphetse emathempeli, bagcine emarekhodi, futsi basita ifaro kubusa.
Balimi, tingcweti, netisebenti
Bantfu labanyenti labajwayelekile lebebakhulisa kudla, benta imphahla, futsi bakha titfombe letinkhulu.
Speaker notes
Sebentisa simo sephiramidi njengelithuluzi lekukhumbula sihlelo semphakatsi - siyavumelana netakhiwo labatiwa ngato. Babhali bebabalulekile: bebakwati kufundza nekubhala, ngako bebagcina emarekhodi futsi banemisebenti lekhetsekile. Khombisa kutsi bantfu labanyenti bebangabalimi netisebenti lebemisebenti wabo wawusekela wonkhe umuntfu lophezulu.
Bonkulunkulu nemphilo ngemuva kwekufa
EmaGibhithe asendvulo abekholelwa kubonkulunkulu labanyenti nasemphilweni ngemuva kwekufa.
EmaGibhithe abekhonta bonkulunkulu labanyenti besilisa nabesifazane, lebebakholelwa kutsi balawula lilanga, umfula, kuvunwa, naletinye tincenye temphilo. Baphristi labanemandla bebanakekela emathempeli nemicimbi yenkholo.
Bebakholelwa ngemandla emphilweni ngemuva kwekufa - imphilo lechubekako ngemuva kwekufa. Kwentela kulungisa umtimba wemphilo ngemuva kwekufa, bebawugcina ngekucophelela njengemumi (mummy). Loku bekubita kakhulu, ngako kuphela labacebile, ikakhulukati bofaro, lebebakwati kukubhadala.
- EmaGibhithe abekholelwa kutsi umtimba udzinga kugcinwa uphephile kwentela imphilo ngemuva kwekufa.
- Imitimba beyentiwa bomumi (mummies) ifakwe emathuneni nekudla nemcebo.
- Inkholo nemandla efaro bekuhlobene kakhulu.
Speaker notes
Phatsa bomumi ngeludzaba lwekufuna kwati nangenhlonipho, hhayi njengentfo lesabekako - chaza kutsi bekungumkhuba wenkholo lomcoka wekunakekela labafile. Kukholelwa emphilweni ngemuva kwekufa ngiso sizatfu semaphiramidi nemcebo lophakatsi kwemathuna, lokuchumana netikrini letilandzelako. Caphela kutsi inkholo yasekela ligunya lefaro.
Emaphiramidi neSphinx
EmaGibhithe akha emathuna lamakhulu ematje lasesemile nalamuhla.
EmaGibhithe akha emaphiramidi lamakhulu ematje njengemathuna abofaro nemakhosikati. Ngekhatsi bekunemakamelo ekugcina, tindlela letifihliwe, nemabala. Umumi wefaro nemcebo bekufakwa ngekhatsi kwentela imphilo ngemuva kwekufa.
Edvutane nemaphiramidi eGiza kumi iSphinx, sitfombe lesikhulu lesinemtimba webhubesi nenhloko yenkhosi. Simele iGibhithe iminyaka leyinkhulungwane.
- Emaphiramidi akhiwa ngemacembu lamakhulu etingcweti netisebenti letinelikhono.
- Kwakhiwa lokunyenti kwenteka ngesikhatsi sekukhukhula, lapho balimi bebangeke basebente emasimi.
- Emaphiramidi latiwa kakhulu aseGiza, edvutane neCairo yalamuhla.
Speaker notes
Mangala ngebukhulu bato - takhiwa ngetandla, etulu kweminyaka leyinkhulungwane, futsi tisesemile. Chaza kutsi balimi labajwayelekile basita kutakha ngesikhatsi sekukhukhula, lapho emasimi abo abengaphansi kwemanti. ISphinx ibuyela emandleni efaro (emandla ebhubesi, inhloko yenkhosi). Gcina umoya wekumangala ngempumelelo yase-Afrika.
Lithuna laTutankhamen
Nga-1922 bahloli batfola lithuna leligcwele umcebo lefaro losemncane.
Tutankhamen bekungufaro lowaba yinkhosi asengumfana futsi wafa asemncane. Iminyaka leyinkhulungwane lithuna lakhe lalele lifihlekile, lingakatsintfwa. Nga-1922 latfolakala, liseligcwele umcebo wegolide, umgcele wegolide (mask), netintfo tansuku tonkhe letatimbelwe naye.
- Lithuna lasifundzisa lokunyenti ngendlela bofaro lebebangcwatjwa ngayo.
- Beligcwele igolide, bucwebe, imphahla yendlu, nekudla kwemphilo ngemuva kwekufa.
- Tutankhamen manje ungomunye wabofaro labatiwa kakhulu emhlabeni.
Speaker notes
Kutfolakala kwanga-1922 ngebochwepheshe bemivubukulo kuyajabulisa kubafundzi - umcebo lofihliwe wangempela. Kubalulekile kubochwepheshe bemlandvo ngobe emathuna labukhosi lamanyenti aphangwa kadzeni, kodvwa lelaTutankhamen belicishe liphelele, ngako lisumtfombo locebile webufakazi ngetinkholelo netintfo tansuku tonkhe. [SME] Lithuna latfolwa licembu laHoward Carter nga-1922; ngeta ligama lakhe nangabe ufuna kubita lochwepheshe wemivubukulo.
Ema-hieroglyphs: kubhala ngetitfombe
EmaGibhithe asungula luhlobo lwekubhala lolusebentisa titfombe netimphawu.
Njengobe kuhweba kwakhula, emaGibhithe abedzinga kugcina emarekhodi aloko labakutsenga nalabakutsengisako. Asungula luhlobo lwekubhala ngetitfombe lolubitwa ema-hieroglyphs, lapho ngulesinye nesinye sitfombe lesincane nome siphawu simele umsindvo nome umcondvo.
- Ema-hieroglyphs abecolwa etibondzeni temathempeli futsi abhalwa ephepheni le-papyrus.
- Babhali labaceceshelwe ngalokukhetsekile lababitwa scribes bafundza kuwafundza nekuwabhala.
- Loku kubhala kwasita emaGibhithe kurekhoda umlandvo wawo, imitsetfo, netindzaba.
Speaker notes
Chumanisa kubhala nekuhweba nekugcina emarekhodi - sidzingo lesibonakalako sadala lokusungulwa lokukhulu. Chaza 'scribe' njengemuntfu lonemsebenti lokhetsekile wekubhala, nekutsi kufundza nekubhala kwaniketa babhali indzawo lebalulekile emphakatsini. Nangabe sikhatsi sivuma, vumela bafundzi basungule siphawu-sitfombe segama labo.
Tipho letivela eGibhithe yasendvulo
Imicondvo yaseGibhithe yasendvulo yasita bantfu bakamuva emhlabeni wonkhe.
Tibalo (Mathematics)
EmaGibhithe adala luhlelo lwekucala lwetibalo asebentisa lona kulinganisa umhlaba nekuhlela takhiwo tabo.
Kwelapha (Medicine)
Bodokotela beGibhithe bahlanganisa ematsambo lephukile, batfunga tilondza, belapha kugula ngemakhambi, ngisho nekusebenta ematinyo.
Kubhala neliphepha
Kubhala kwabo ngetitfombe neliphepha le-papyrus bekungetinye tetindlela tekucala tekugcina emarekhodi.
Speaker notes
Veta kuchubeka nekushintja: imicondvo yasendvulo isabalulekile nalamuhla. EmaGibhithe alinganisa emasimi futsi asungula indlela yekwakha emaphiramidi laculekile, laqondile asebentisa tibalo. Lwati lwabo ngemtimba lwavela ngenca yekulungisa bomumi. Gcizelela kutsi lokuphumelela kwaphuma emphakatsini wase-Afrika.
iGibhithe yasendvulo ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi
- Long ago Batingeli-nebabutsi bahlala phansi baba balimi eceleni kweNayili
- About 5000 years ago iGibhithe yaseNhla neyaseNsi tihlanganiswa ngaphansi kwefaro munye
- Age of the pyramids Emaphiramidi lamakhulu neSphinx kwakhiwa eGiza
- Long line of pharaohs iGibhithe ibuswa bofaro, baphristi, nebabhali
- 1922 Lithuna laTutankhamen liyatfolakala, ligcwele umcebo
Speaker notes
Sebentisa loluhlu lwesikhatsi kubuyeketa sifundvo sonkhe ngekulandzelana. Chaza kutsi tinsuku te-'BCE' timatima eBangeni 5, ngako sisebentisa 'endvulo' na-'cishe eminyakeni lengu-5000 leyendlulako'. Buta bafundzi kutsi baphindze balandzise indzaba yeGibhithe basebentisa loluhlu lwesikhatsi njengesicondzisi. [SME] Lungisa ube tinsuku te-BCE letinembile (kuhlanganiswa c.3000 BCE, emaphiramidi eGiza c.2500 BCE) nangabe liklasi lakho lisebentisa tona.
Loko lesikufundzile
iGibhithe yasendvulo beyingumphucuko lomkhulu wase-Afrika lowakhelwa nguMfula iNayili, wabuswa bofaro, futsi ukhunjulwa ngemaphiramidi nekubhala kwawo ngetitfombe.
UMfula iNayili (Nile) waniketa emaGibhithe emanti, kudla, nendlela yekuhamba. Ifaro wabusa njengenkhosi nankulunkulu, asitwa baphristi nebabhali. EmaGibhithe abekholelwa kubonkulunkulu labanyenti nasemphilweni ngemuva kwekufa, futsi akha emaphiramidi njengemathuna. Asungula kubhala kwema-hieroglyph futsi enta kutfolakala kwetintfo etibalweni nasekwelapheni lokusabalulekile nalamuhla.
Q. Chaza tindlela letimbili uMfula iNayili lobewubalulekile ngato kumaGibhithe asendvulo. (4 marks)
Q. Bekungubani ifaro, futsi bekanemandla lamakhulu ngani? (3 marks)
Q. Bala intfo yinye emaGibhithe asendvulo layakha nome layasungula, futsi utsi kwakubalulekile ngani. (3 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngekuchumanisa tonkhe tintsambo tibuyele eNayili - indzawo yenta imphucuko yakwazi kuba khona. Sebentisa leyo mibuto lemitsatfu emsebentini lobhaliwe nome ingcikitsi yeliklasi; kwabiwa kwemamaki kulandzela indlela ye-CAPS Sigaba Semkhatsi. Khumbuta bafundzi kutsi lena beyingumphucuko wase-Afrika, uchumanisa sihloko nekufundvwa kwemlandvo we-Afrika.
- Grade
- Grade 5
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- An ancient African society: Egypt
- Resource type
- Presentation