IMpi Yezwe Yesibili (1939-1945)
IMpi ebulala kakhulu emlandweni wesintu - nendlela efinyelele ngayo eNingizimu Afrika kanye nakuyo yonke i-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubuza abafundi ukuthi bazini kakade ngeMpi Yezwe Yesibili - amamovie, izindaba zemindeni, izikhumbuzo. Beka phansi imibono emikhulu emibili yalesi sifundo: (1) kwakuyimpi yomhlaba wonke enezimbangela nezindawo eziphenduka khona ngokusobala, futhi (2) kwakungekona 'nje laphaya' eYurophu - abaseNingizimu Afrika nabanye base-Afrika balwa, bafa futhi baguqula umlando ngenxa yayo. Khumbuza abafundi ukuthi impi yezwe isho ukulwa emazwekazini amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Izimbangela zeMpi Yezwe Yesibili
IMpi Yezwe Yesibili yavela ezindabeni ezingaphelanga zeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.
Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, i-Treaty of Versailles (1919) (isivumelwano sokuthula) yajezisa iJalimane ngezinkokhelo ezinkulu nomhlaba owalahlwa. Ngesikhathi i-Great Depression (ukuwohloka komnotho) iletha ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi okukhulu ngeminyaka yawo-1930, abantu abathukuthele nabaphelelwe yithemba baphendukela koshiqela ababethembisa ukwenza izizwe zabo zibe namandla futhi.
- U-Adolf Hitler neqembu lamaNazi bathatha amandla eJalimane ngo-1933, beshumayela ubandlululo nokuziphindiselela.
- Oshiqela e-Italy (uMussolini) namasosha ase-Japan babefuna ukwakha imibuso ngenkani.
- I-League of Nations yayibuthakathaka kakhulu ukuvimba ukuhlasela, futhi amanye amazwe azama ukubalekela impi ngokuvumela izidingo zaseJalimane (i-appeasement, ukuthobelisa).
Speaker notes
Dweba umugqa wembangela nomphumela: ukuthula okulukhuni + ukuwohloka komnotho + impendulo ebuthakathaka yamazwe omhlaba = ukuvela koshiqela abanolaka. Chaza i-'appeasement' kalula - iBrithani neFrance zavumela uHitler ephula imithetho, zethemba ukuthi uzoyeka. Akayekanga. Xhumanisa nesihloko seBanga 8 ngeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ukuze abafundi babone ukuxhumana phakathi kwezimpi ezimbili.
Ukuqubuka kwempi
Ngomhla ka-1 Septhemba 1939 iJalimane yahlasela iPoland, futhi umhlaba wabuye waba sempini.
Ngemuva kokuthatha i-Austria ne-Czechoslovakia, iJalimane yahlasela i-Poland ngomhla ka-1 Septhemba 1939. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbili iBrithani neFrance zamemezela impi eJalimane. Ukuhlasela okusheshayo kweJalimane okwakusebenzisa amatanka nezindiza kwathiwa i-Blitzkrieg ('impi yombani').
- Kwathi maphakathi no-1940 iJalimane yayisinqobe iFrance nengxenye enkulu yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu.
- Izinhlangothi ezimbili zaziwa ngokuthi i-Axis (iJalimane, i-Italy, i-Japan) kanye ne-Allies (iBrithani, iFrance, kamuva i-USSR ne-USA).
- IBrithani nombuso wayo - okuhlanganisa neNingizimu Afrika - manje base bemi baqondene neJalimane lamaNazi.
Speaker notes
Beka usuku lokuqala ngokuqinile: 1 Septhemba 1939. Chaza i-Blitzkrieg ngesithombe - amatanka nezindiza ezishonayo zihamba ngokushesha kangangokuthi abavikeli babengakwazi ukuhlela. Yenza kucace ukuthi kungani iNingizimu Afrika yayibandakanyeka nhlobo: njengengxenye yoMbuso WaseBrithani ne-Commonwealth, umbuzo wokubandakanyeka empini wehlela ngqo ephalamende laseNingizimu Afrika, okuyisilayidi esilandelayo.
Izindawo ezinkulu zempi
Ukulwa kwasabalala kuzo zonke izifunda ezinkulu ezintathu, noma 'izindawo zempi' (theatres), zomhlaba.
IYurophu
IJalimane yalwa neBrithani entshonalanga, kwathi kusukela ngo-1941, yalwa neSoviet Union empumalanga - impi yasemhlabathini enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni.
INyakatho Afrika
Amabutho e-Allies ne-Axis alwa emhlane wehlane ukuze alawule i-Suez Canal namafutha. AbaseNingizimu Afrika balwa lapha.
I-Asia nePacific
Ngemuva kokuthi i-Japan ihlasele i-Pearl Harbor ngoDisemba 1941, i-USA yajoyina impi futhi yalwa ne-Japan kulo lonke ulwandle iPacific.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa amakhadi amathathu ukunika abafundi ibalazwe lengqondo. Gcizelela ukuthi lezi zindawo zempi zazixhumene: ukuhlulwa endaweni eyodwa kwakuthinta ezinye. Khomba iNyakatho Afrika ngokukhethekile, ngoba yilapho amasosha amaningi aseNingizimu Afrika akhonza khona. Qaphela isikhathi esibalulekile lapho i-USA ingena khona ngemuva kwe-Pearl Harbor (7 Disemba 1941), okwaguqula isilinganiso saya ku-Allies.
Izindawo eziphenduka khona zempi
- 1939 IJalimane ihlasela iPoland; impi iyaqala
- 1940 Ukuwa kweFrance; iMpi YaseBrithani (Battle of Britain)
- 1941 IJalimane ihlasela i-USSR; i-Japan ihlasela i-Pearl Harbor, i-USA iyajoyina
- 1942 Izimpi zaseStalingrad naseEl Alamein ziphendula isimo
- 1944 I-D-Day: i-Allies ifika eFrance ngomhla ka-6 Juni
- 1945 IJalimane iyazinikela (Meyi); amabhomu enuzi, i-Japan iyazinikela (Agasti)
Speaker notes
'Indawo ephenduka khona' isikhathi esiguqula umkhombandlela wempi. Gqamisa u-1942 njengonyaka lapho isimo saphenduka khona: iStalingrad yavimba iJalimane empumalanga, kwathi i-El Alamein (lapho abaseNingizimu Afrika balwa khona) yavimba iJalimane eNyakatho Afrika. Cela abafundi baqaphele indlela impi eyasabalala ngayo iphuma ngo-1939 base bebuyela iyovala kwiJalimane ne-Japan ngo-1945.
IHolocaust
AmaNazi enza ukubulawa okuhleliwe kwabantu abangamaJuda abayizigidi eziyisithupha.
AmaNazi ayekholelwa ukuthi ezinye 'izinhlanga' zazingcono kunezinye. Aphuca amaJuda amalungelo awo, awaphoqa ukuba angene ezindaweni ezicindezelayo (ama-ghetto), abese ebulala cishe amaJuda ayizigidi eziyisithupha ezinkanjini zokucindezela nezokubulala njenge-Auschwitz. Lokhu kubulawa kwesizwe kubizwa ngokuthi i-Holocaust (ngesiHeberu, i-Shoah).
- AmaNazi abuye abulala abantu bamaRoma, abantu abakhubazekile, abaphikisi bezepolitiki nabanye.
- IHolocaust ikhombisa ukuthi ubandlululo nenzondo kungaholela kuphi lapho umbuso unamandla apheleleyo.
- Ngemuva kwempi, umhlaba wathembisa ukuthi 'akusoze kwaphinda' futhi waqala ukubhala imithetho emisha yamalungelo abantu.
Speaker notes
Phatha lesi silayidi ngokunakekela nangokuzimisela. Gcina izinga lokufunda lilula kodwa ungathambisi iqiniso: lokhu kwakuwukubulawa okuhleliwe, kwezimboni, kwezigidi zabantu abamsulwa. Kuxhumanise nalokho abafundi abazokufunda ngobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika - ubungozi bokufundisa ukuthi elinye iqembu labantu libaluleke kancane kunelinye. Lesi futhi yisikhathi esihle sokuxhumana phambili ne-Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
INingizimu Afrika inquma ukulwa
NgoSepthemba 1939 iphalamende laseNingizimu Afrika kwakumele likhethe: ukungathathi hlangothi, noma ukujoyina i-Allies?
UNdunankulu u-J.B.M. Hertzog wayefuna iNingizimu Afrika ingathathi hlangothi, kodwa iphini lakhe u-Jan Smuts wayefuna ukulwa eceleni kweBrithani. Ngomhla ka-4 Septhemba 1939 iphalamende lavotela impi. UHertzog wesula, kwathi u-Smuts waba nguNdunankulu nomholi omkhulu we-Allies.
- Ivoti lahlukanisa kakhulu ipolitiki yabamhlophe phakathi kwama-Afrikaner ayesekela impi nayephikisa impi.
- Ibutho leNingizimu Afrika lalilincane ngo-1939 kodwa lakhula ngokushesha ngokusebenzisa amavolontiya.
- Akekho eNingizimu Afrika owaphoqwa (conscripted) ukuba alwe ngaphandle kwezwe - amasosha ayezinikela ngokuzithandela.
Speaker notes
Lesi yisikhathi esibalulekile saseNingizimu Afrika. Chaza ukuthi isinqumo sasingasobala: amaningi ama-Afrikaner ayekhumbula iMpi YaseNingizimu Afrika eyayilwa neBrithani futhi ayengafuni ukulwela uMbuso WaseBrithani. Ivoti elincane lephalamende (cishe u-80 ku-67) lahlukanisa izwe. Ethula uSmuts njengomuntu odumile emhlabeni ozophinda avele ekupheleni kwesifundo ekusungulweni kwe-United Nations. [SME] Qinisekisa umkhawulo oqondile wevoti (ovamise ukubalwa njengo-80-67) ngaphambi kokushicilela.
Ama-Afrika ekulweni
Ngaphezu kuka-300,000 wabaseNingizimu Afrika bazinikela ngokuzithandela - futhi uhlanga lwabumba indlela ababevunyelwe ukukhonza ngayo.
Amasosha aseNingizimu Afrika asiza ekuxosheni ama-Italy e-East Africa (Abyssinia/Ethiopia) ngo-1941 futhi alwa kanzima e-hlane laseNyakatho Afrika. Kulo lonke izwekazi, amakhulu ezinkulungwane amasosha ama-Afrika nabathwali bakhonza umzabalazo wempi we-Allies.
- AbaseNingizimu Afrika abamnyama nabeBala bakhonza ku-Native Military Corps naku-Cape Corps, kodwa uhulumeni wenqaba kakhulu ukuhlomisa amasosha amnyama, ewasebenzisa njengabashayeli, onogada nezisebenzi.
- U-Job Maseko, isosha elimnyama laseNingizimu Afrika, ladumela ngokucwilisa umkhumbi waseJalimane echwebeni laseTobruk futhi laklonyeliswa nge-Military Medal.
- E-Tobruk (Juni 1942) izinkulungwane zamasosha aseNingizimu Afrika athunjwa lapho idolobha liwela emabuthweni aseJalimane.
Speaker notes
Lesi silayidi siphethe ukugxila kwe-CAPS eNingizimu Afrika nase-Afrika. Gcizelela ukungabi nabulungiswa: abaseNingizimu Afrika abamnyama babeka izimpilo zabo engozini kodwa banqatshelwa izikhali nomholo olinganayo ngenxa yenqubomgomo yobandlululo, futhi babuyela ekhaya bengatholi mvuzo. Sebenzisa uJob Maseko njengesibonelo esiqinile, esikhumbulekayo sesibindi. Veza ukuthi ulwazi lwempi, nokuzenzisa kokulwa nobandlululo bamaNazi phesheya ngesikhathi ubhekene nobandlululo ekhaya, kwondla ukukhula kwemibutho yezepolitiki yabamnyama. [SME] Qinisekisa inani lamavolontiya (~334,000) nenani labathunjwa baseTobruk ngomthombo ngaphambi kokushicilela.
Ukuphikisana nempi ekhaya
Akuwona wonke umuntu eNingizimu Afrika owasekela i-Allies - abanye babncoma ngokusobala iJalimane lamaNazi.
I-Ossewabrandwag (OB) kwakuyinhlangano enkulu yama-Afrikaner eyaphikisana nempi futhi yazwelana neJalimane lamaNazi. Amanye amalungu enza ubuphekula, kwathi uhulumeni wavalela (wabophela ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala) amakhulu awo phakathi nempi.
- URobey Leibbrandt, owayeyimboxeli yama-Olympic, wabanjwa ezama ukuhlela ukuphikisana okuhlomile kweJalimane.
- Lokhu kwehlukana kwajulisa ubuzwe bama-Afrikaner futhi kwondla ipolitiki ngemuva kwempi.
- Ngasikhathi sinye, abaningi abanye abaseNingizimu Afrika - bazo zonke izinhlanga - baphikisana ngokuqinile nobufashisi nobandlululo.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi izwe elisempini alivamile ukubumbana. Amanye ama-Afrikaner ayebona impi njengempi yeBrithani, hhayi eyabo, kwathi inani elincane lasekela ngenkuthalo iJalimane lamaNazi. Ungakubaluli ngokweqile lokhu - abaningi abaseNingizimu Afrika basekela i-Allies - kodwa kubalulekile ngoba le mibutho yabumba ipolitiki ngemuva kwalokho, yondla ukukhula kweNational Party ngo-1948 (iyunithi elandelayo). Linganisa isithombe ngokubala abaningi abaseNingizimu Afrika abaphikisana nobufashisi.
Ikhaya empini (home front)
Impi yaguqula impilo yansuku zonke nomnotho wabantu abangaphumanga eNingizimu Afrika.
Njengoba amadoda ayehambele impi, abesifazane bangena emisebenzini yezimboni namahhovisi ngobuningi obukhulu. Izimboni zaguqukela ekwenzeni izimpahla zempi, okwathuthukisa imboni yaseNingizimu Afrika futhi kwadonsela izisebenzi eziningi ezimnyama emadolobheni.
- Izimpahla ezinjengophethiloli nokudla kwabelwa ngokulinganiselwa (rationed) futhi amanani enyuka.
- Ukukhula okusheshayo kwezimboni kwandisa ukuya kwabantu base-Afrika emadolobheni nokugcwala ngokweqile emalokishini.
- Lezi zinguquko zangesikhathi sempi zasiza ukubeka isisekelo semizabalazo yezepolitiki yeminyaka yawo-1940 nawo-1950.
Speaker notes
Xhumanisa impi nezinguquko zenhlalo nezomnotho abafundi abangazihlobanisa nazo. Umqondo obalulekile ukuthi impi phambili yabanga inguquko ekhaya: umsebenzi wabesifazane, ukukhula kwezimboni, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke igagasi labasebenzi base-Afrika beya emadolobheni. Lokhu kuya emadolobheni - nezimo ezimbi ezeza nakho - kuxhumene ngqo nepolitiki yokuphikisana yeyunithi elandelayo ye-CAPS ngo-1948 nangeminyaka yawo-1950.
Indlela impi eyaphela ngayo - nezindleko zayo
Kwathi ngo-1945 amandla e-Axis ahlulwa, kodwa ngezindleko ezimangalisayo zempilo yesintu.
IJalimane yazinikela ngo-Meyi 1945. Ukuze aqede impi nge-Japan, i-USA yaphonsa amabhomu enuzi e-Hiroshima naseNagasaki ngo-Agasti 1945, kwathi i-Japan yazinikela. Kwaba yisikhathi sokuqala izikhali zenuzi zisetshenziswa empini.
- Kubalelwa ukuthi abantu abayizigidi ezingu-60 noma ngaphezulu bafa - iningi labo kwakuyizakhamuzi.
- Ingxenye enkulu yaseYurophu nase-Asia yashiywa ilincithakele, kwathi izigidi zaba ababaleki.
- Impi yashiya amandla amabili amasha amakhulu, i-USA ne-USSR, okwathi ukuncintisana kwawo kwaba yiMpi Yomshoshaphansi (Cold War).
Speaker notes
Imibono emibili okumele igxile lapha: ubungako bokufa (ikakhulukazi izakhamuzi ezijwayelekile, hhayi amasosha kuphela) nokufika kwenkathi yenuzi. Amabhomu enuzi ayibhuloho eliya esihlokweni esilandelayo seBanga 9, iNkathi Yenuzi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Qaphela ukuthi inani labafileyo liyisilinganiso - izazi-mlando zinikeza ububanzi. Gcizelela ukuthi impi ayizange nje iqede izinkinga; yadala ukuncintisana okusha okuyingozi phakathi kwe-USA ne-USSR. [SME] Izilinganiso zabafileyo zisukela cishe ku-60 kuya ku-85 wezigidi; qinisekisa inani elisetshenziswa incwadi yesikole.
Ukwakha umhlaba omusha: i-United Nations
Ezinsalelweni zempi, izizwe zazama ukwakha uhlelo lokugcina ukuthula.
Thina bantu be-United Nations sinqume ukusindisa izizukulwane ezilandelayo enhluphekweni yempi... Isingeniso soMqulu we-United Nations, 1945
NgoJuni 1945, izizwe ezingu-50 zahlangana e-San Francisco zasayina uMqulu we-United Nations (UN), inhlangano yokuxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula. UNdunankulu waseNingizimu Afrika u-Jan Smuts wasiza ukubhala isingeniso esidumile soMqulu.
- I-UN yathatha indawo ye-League of Nations eyehluleka yeminyaka yawo-1920 nawo-1930.
- Ngo-1948 i-UN yamukela i-Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
- Ngokushiyanayo, i-UN kamuva yaba yizwi eliphambili eliphikisana nobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika.
Speaker notes
Phetha isifundo ngemiphumela nethemba. Chaza ukushiyana okujulile okuthi i-CAPS ifuna abafundi bakuqaphele: uSmuts wasiza ukubhala amagama ahloniphekile ngesithunzi sesintu se-UN, kodwa uhulumeni ayewuhola wawulokhu unqabela amalungelo abaningi abaseNingizimu Afrika ekhaya - futhi le UN efanayo kamuva yagxeka ubandlululo. Lokhu kushubana kuyibhuloho elinamandla eliya emayunithini eNingizimu Afrika okuphenduka khona. Chaza 'isingeniso' (preamble) njengesitatimende sokuqala sezinhloso.
Esikufundile
IMpi Yezwe Yesibili kwakuyimpi yomhlaba eyakha kabusha wonke umhlaba - okuhlanganisa neNingizimu Afrika.
Silandele impi kusukela ku-zimbangela zayo (ukuthula okulukhuni, ukuwohloka komnotho nokuvela koshiqela), sidlula ku-zindawo eziphenduka khona, ukwesabeka kwe-Holocaust, isinqumo seNingizimu Afrika sokulwa nendima yamasosha ama-Afrika, impilo e-home front, kanye ekugcineni imiphumela nokusungulwa kwe-United Nations.
Q. Chaza izimbangela ezimbili zeMpi Yezwe Yesibili. (4 marks)
Q. Kungani u-1942 (i-El Alamein neStalingrad) uchazwa njengendawo ephenduka khona yempi? (4 marks)
Q. Chaza indlela uhlanga olwathinta ngayo indlela abaseNingizimu Afrika abamnyama abavunyelwa ukubamba iqhaza ngayo empini. (6 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliwe noma ingxoxo yekilasi; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulandela izitayela ze-CAPS zezimpendulo ezisekelwe emithonjeni nezokubhala okwandisiwe. Khuthaza abafundi ukusebenzisa ubufakazi obuqondile (izinsuku, amagama afana noSmuts noJob Maseko, izindawo ezifana neTobruk). Vala ngokuxhumanisa phambili: imiphumela yempi - ukuya emadolobheni, ubuzwe bama-Afrikaner, iMpi Yomshoshaphansi ne-UN - konke kudlulela ngqo emayunithini eBanga 9 alandelayo ngeNkathi Yenuzi nezindawo zeNingizimu Afrika eziphenduka khona ngemuva kuka-1948.
- Grade
- Grade 9
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- World War II (1939-1945)
- Resource type
- Presentation