IMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibini (1939-1945)
Eyona mfazwe ibulala kakhulu embalini yoluntu - nendlela efike ngayo kude eMzantsi Afrika naseAfrika iphela.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubuza abafundi ukuba yintoni abasele beyazi ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibini - iifilimu, amabali osapho, iindawo zenkumbulo. Misela izimvo ezimbini ezinkulu zesi sifundo: (1) yayiyimfazwe yehlabathi liphela enezizathu ezicacileyo neenguqu ezibalulekileyo, kwaye (2) yayingekho 'phaya' eYurophu kuphela - abantu baseMzantsi Afrika nabanye baseAfrika balwa, bafa baza batshintsha imbali ngenxa yayo. Khumbuza abafundi ukuba imfazwe yehlabathi ithetha ukulwa kumazwekazi amaninzi ngaxeshanye.
Izizathu zeMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibini
IMfazwe Yesibini yakhula ivela kwimicimbi engagqitywanga yeMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala.
Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala, iTreaty of Versailles (1919) yayohlwaya iJamani ngeentlawulo ezikhulu nomhlaba elawulahlekelwa nguwo. Xa iGreat Depression (ukuwa okukhulu koqoqosho) yazisa intswela-ngqesho enkulu ngeminyaka yee-1930s, abantu abanomsindo nabaphelelweyo bajika baya koozwilakhe ababathembisa ukwenza amazwe abo aphinde abe namandla.
- UAdolf Hitler neqela lamaNazi bathabatha ulawulo eJamani ngo-1933, beshumayela ubuhlanga nempindezelo.
- Oozwilakhe eItali (uMussolini) namajoni-mkhosi eJapan babefuna ukwakha iimpuma-ngqondo (ii-empire) ngamandla.
- ILeague of Nations yayibuthathaka kakhulu ukunqanda ubundlobongela, kwaye amanye amazwe azama ukuphepha imfazwe ngokunikezela (i-appeasement).
Speaker notes
Zoba umgca wonobangela nesiphumo: uxolo olulukhuni + ukudilika koqoqosho + impendulo ebuthathaka yamazwe ehlabathi = ukunyuka koozwilakhe abanobundlobongela. Chaza i-'appeasement' ngendlela elula - iBritane neFransi bavumela uHitler ukuba aqhawule imithetho, benethemba lokuba uya kuyeka. Akayekanga. Buyela kwisihloko sika-Grade 8 esiyiMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala ukuze abafundi babone unxibelelwano phakathi kweemfazwe ezimbini.
Ukuqhambuka kwemfazwe
Ngomhla woku-1 kuSeptemba 1939 iJamani yahlasela iPoland, ihlabathi laphinda laba semfazweni.
Emva kokuthabatha i-Austria ne-Czechoslovakia, iJamani yahlasela iPoland ngomhla woku-1 kuSeptemba 1939. Kwiintsuku ezimbini kamva iBritane neFransi zabhengeza imfazwe ngokuchasene neJamani. Uhlaselo olukhawulezayo lweJamani lweetanki neenqwelo-moya lwabizwa ngokuba yiBlitzkrieg ('imfazwe yombane').
- Phakathi ku-1940 iJamani yayiyoyisile iFransi kunye nenxalenye enkulu yeNtshona Yurophu.
- Amacala amabini aza kwaziwa ngokuba yiAxis (iJamani, iItali, iJapan) kunye neAllies (iBritane, iFransi, kamva iUSSR ne-USA).
- IBritane ne-empire yayo - kubandakanya noMzantsi Afrika - ngoku babemi ngokuchasene neJamani yamaNazi.
Speaker notes
Misela ngokuqinileyo umhla wokuqala: 1 kuSeptemba 1939. Chaza i-Blitzkrieg ngomfanekiso - iitanki neenqwelo-moya ezijula-bhombu ezihamba ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba abakhuseli babengakwazi ukuzilungiselela. Yenza kucace ukuba kwakutheni uMzantsi Afrika ubandakanyeke: njengenxalenye ye-British Empire neCommonwealth, umbuzo wokungena emfazweni wehla ngqo epalamente yaseMzantsi Afrika, esiyi-slide elandelayo.
Iindawo ezinkulu zemfazwe
Ukulwa kwasasazeka kwimimandla emithathu emikhulu, okanye 'ii-theatres', zehlabathi.
IYurophu
IJamani yayilwa neBritane entshona kwaye, ukusukela ngo-1941, neSoviet Union empuma - eyona mfazwe yasemhlabeni inkulu embalini.
IMntla Afrika
Imikhosi yama-Allies neye-Axis yayilwa kulo lonke intlango isilwela ulawulo lwe-Suez Canal neoyile. Abantu baseMzantsi Afrika balwa apha.
IAsia nePacific
Emva kokuba iJapan ihlasele iPearl Harbor ngoDisemba 1941, i-USA yangena emfazweni yaza yalwa neJapan kulo lonke uLwandle iPacific.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa iikhadi ezintathu ukunika abafundi umephu wengqondo. Gxininisa ukuba ezi theatres zazinxibelelene: ukoyiswa kwenye indawo kwakuchaphazela ezinye. Khomba iMntla Afrika ngokukodwa, kuba yindawo apho amajoni amaninzi aseMzantsi Afrika akhonza khona. Qaphela ixesha elibalulekileyo apho i-USA yangena khona emva kwePearl Harbor (7 kaDisemba 1941), okwatshintsha ibhalansi ngasekhosi lwe-Allies.
Iindawo zoguquko zemfazwe
- 1939 IJamani ihlasela iPoland; imfazwe iyaqala
- 1940 Ukuwa kweFransi; iBattle of Britain
- 1941 IJamani ihlasela iUSSR; iJapan ihlasela iPearl Harbor, i-USA iyangena
- 1942 Iimfazwe zaseStalingrad naseEl Alamein ziguqula ityh eli
- 1944 I-D-Day: ama-Allies ehla eFransi ngomhla we-6 kaJuni
- 1945 IJamani iyanikezela (Meyi); iibhombu zenyukliya, iJapan iyanikezela (Agasti)
Speaker notes
I-'turning point' (indawo yoguquko) ngumzuzu otshintsha icala lemfazwe. Gqamisa u-1942 njengonyaka apho ityheli laguquka khona: iStalingrad yayinqanda iJamani empuma, kwaye iEl Alamein (apho abantu baseMzantsi Afrika balwa khona) yanqanda iJamani eMntla Afrika. Cela abafundi baqaphele indlela imfazwe eyasasazeka ngayo ngaphandle ukususela ngo-1939 yaza yabuya yavala kwiJamani neJapan ngo-1945.
IHolocaust
AmaNazi enza ukubulawa okucwangcisiweyo kwabantu abangamaJuda abazizigidi ezithandathu.
AmaNazi ayekholelwa ukuba ezinye 'iintlanga' zazingcono kunezinye. Ahluthela amaJuda amalungelo awo, awanyanzela angena kwii-ghetto, aza abulala malunga nezigidi ezithandathu zamaJuda kwiinkampu zoxinaniso nezokubulala njengeAuschwitz. Olu bulala luthiwa yiHolocaust (ngesiHebhere, i-Shoah).
- AmaNazi abulala kwakhona abantu bakwaRoma, abantu abakhubazekileyo, abachasi bepolitiki nabanye.
- IHolocaust ibonisa apho ubuhlanga nentiyo bunokukhokelela khona xa urhulumente enamandla apheleleyo.
- Emva kwemfazwe, ihlabathi lathembisa ukuba 'akusayi kuphinda kwenzeke' laza laqala ukubhala imithetho emitsha yamalungelo oluntu.
Speaker notes
Phatha esi slide ngononophelo nangokuzimisela. Gcina inqanaba lokufunda lilula kodwa ungayithambisi inyaniso: oku kwakukukubulawa okucwangcisiweyo, okwemveliso, kwezigidi zabantu abamsulwa. Kunxibelelanise noko abafundi baya kukufunda ngobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika - ingozi yokufundisa ukuba iqela elinye labantu lixabiseke ngaphantsi kunelinye. Le yindawo elungileyo yokunxibelelanisa phambili neUniversal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
UMzantsi Afrika ugqiba ekubeni alwe
NgoSeptemba 1939 ipalamente yaseMzantsi Afrika kwafuneka ikhethe: ukungathathi cala, okanye ukungenela ama-Allies?
INkulumbuso uJ.B.M. Hertzog wayefuna uMzantsi Afrika ungathathi cala, kodwa isekela lakhe uJan Smuts wayefuna ukulwa ecaleni kweBritane. Ngomhla we-4 kaSeptemba 1939 ipalamente yavotela imfazwe. UHertzog warhoxa, waza uSmuts waba yiNkulumbuso nenkokeli ephezulu yama-Allies.
- Ivoti yahlukanisa kakhulu ipolitiki yabamhlophe phakathi kwama-Afrikaner axhasa imfazwe nawachasene nayo.
- Umkhosi waseMzantsi Afrika wawumncinci ngo-1939 kodwa wakhula ngokukhawuleza ngamavolontiya.
- Akukho mntu eMzantsi Afrika owanyanzelwa (conscripted) ukuba alwe phesheya - amajoni azithandela ngokwawo.
Speaker notes
Lo ngumzuzu obalulekileyo waseMzantsi Afrika. Chaza ukuba isigqibo sasingacacanga: ama-Afrikaner amaninzi ayekhumbula iMfazwe yaseMzantsi Afrika ngokuchasene neBritane kwaye ayengafuni ukulwela i-British Empire. Ivoti yepalamente encinci (malunga ne-80 ku-67) yahlukanisa ilizwe. Yazisa uSmuts njengomntu wehlabathi oya kuphinda avele ekupheleni kwesi sifundo ekusekweni kweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. [SME] Qinisekisa umgca othile wevoti (odla ngokuchazwa njenge-80-67) phambi kokupapasha.
AbaseAfrika ekulweni
Ngaphezu kwabantu abangama-300,000 baseMzantsi Afrika bazithandela - kwaye ubuhlanga bubumbe indlela ababevumeleke ukukhonza ngayo.
Amajoni aseMzantsi Afrika anceda ekugxotheni ama-Italiane eMpuma Afrika (Abyssinia/Ethiopia) ngo-1941 kwaye alwa ngamandla entlango yaseMntla Afrika. Kulo lonke izwekazi, amakhulukhulu amawaka amajoni namajoni-nesirho aseAfrika akhonza umzamo wemfazwe wama-Allies.
- AbaseMzantsi Afrika abaNtsundu nabeBala bakhonza kwiNative Military Corps neCape Corps, kodwa urhulumente ubukhulu becala wala ukuxhobisa amajoni amnyama, ewasebenzisa njengabaqhubi, abagcini nabasebenzi.
- UJob Maseko, ijoni elimnyama laseMzantsi Afrika, ngokudumileyo watshonisa inqanawa yaseJamani echwebeni laseTobruk waza wanikwa iMbasa Yomkhosi (Military Medal).
- ETobruk (Juni 1942) amawaka amajoni aseMzantsi Afrika abanjwa xa idolophu yawela emkhosini waseJamani.
Speaker notes
Esi slide siphethe ugxininiso lwe-CAPS kuMzantsi Afrika neAfrika. Gxininisa intswela-bulungisa: abantu abamnyama baseMzantsi Afrika babeka ubomi babo esichengeni kodwa balelwa izixhobo nomvuzo olinganayo ngenxa yomgaqo-nkqubo wobuhlanga, baza babuyela ekhaya bengafumananga mvuzo. Sebenzisa uJob Maseko njengomzekelo ophathekayo, ohlala engqondweni wesibindi. Bonisa ukuba amava emfazwe, nokungabi nyani kokulwa ubuhlanga bamaNazi phesheya ngelixa ujongene nobuhlanga ekhaya, kwondla ukukhula kweentshukumo zezopolitiki zabantu abamnyama. [SME] Qinisekisa inani lonke lamavolontiya (~334,000) nenani lamabanjwa aseTobruk (POW) ngomthombo phambi kokupapasha.
Ukuchasa imfazwe ekhaya
Ayingomntu wonke eMzantsi Afrika owayexhasa ama-Allies - abanye babeyincoma ngokuphandle iJamani yamaNazi.
IOssewabrandwag (OB) yayilintshukumo enkulu yama-Afrikaner eyayichasene nemfazwe kwaye ivelana neJamani yamaNazi. Amanye amalungu enza ukonakalisa (sabotage), kwaye urhulumente wavalela (wabanjwa ngaphandle kokuxoxwa etyaleni) amakhulu awo ngexesha lemfazwe.
- URobey Leibbrandt, owayesakuba yibhokisi yeOlimpiki, wabanjwa ezama ukulungiselela ukuchasa ngezikhali eJamani.
- Olu lwahlulo lwalongeza ubuzwe bama-Afrikaner kwaye lwandla ipolitiki emva kwemfazwe.
- Ngaxeshanye, abaninzi abanye baseMzantsi Afrika - beentlanga zonke - bachasa ngokuqinileyo ubufascist nobuhlanga.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuba ilizwe elisemfazweni ngokunqabileyo limanyene. Amanye ama-Afrikaner ayeyibona imfazwe njengemfazwe yeBritane, ingeyoyawo, kwaye inani elincinci laxhasa ngokusebenzayo iJamani yamaNazi. Musa ukuyandisa le nto - abaninzi baseMzantsi Afrika baxhasa ama-Allies - kodwa ibalulekile kuba ezi ntshukumo zabumba ipolitiki emva koko, zondla ukunyuka kweNational Party ngo-1948 (iyunithi elandelayo). Linganisa umfanekiso ngokubiza abantu baseMzantsi Afrika abaninzi abachasa ubufascist.
Icala lasekhaya
Imfazwe yatshintsha ubomi bemihla ngemihla noqoqosho kubantu abangazange bemke eMzantsi Afrika.
Ngokuba amadoda esemfazweni, abasetyhini bangena kwimisebenzi yasemafektri neyasezofisini ngamanani amakhulu. Iifektri zajika zenza izinto zemfazwe, okwakhulisa ishishini laseMzantsi Afrika kwaye kwatsala abasebenzi abaninzi abamnyama ukuza ezidolophini.
- Iimpahla ezinjengepetroli nokutya zazinikwa ngesabelo (rationing) kwaye amaxabiso enyuka.
- Ukukhula okukhawulezayo kweshishini kwandisa ukufuduka kwabaseAfrika ezidolophini nokuxinana kwiilokishi.
- Ezi nguquko zexesha lemfazwe zanceda ukulungiselela imizabalazo yezopolitiki yee-1940s nee-1950s.
Speaker notes
Nxibelelanisa imfazwe notshintsho lwezentlalo noqoqosho abafundi abanokuluqonda. Umbono ophambili kukuba imfazwe emgceni yabangela utshintsho ekhaya: umsebenzi wabasetyhini, ukukhula kweshishini, kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke iliza labasebenzi baseAfrika befudukela ezidolophini. Oku kufuduka - neemeko ezimbi ezaziza nako - kunxulumene ngqo nepolitiki yokuchasa yeyunithi elandelayo ye-CAPS ka-1948 nee-1950s.
Indlela imfazwe eyaphela ngayo - nendleko yayo
Ngo-1945 amagunya e-Axis ayoyisiwe, kodwa ngeendleko ezimangalisayo zoluntu.
IJamani yanikezela ngoMeyi 1945. Ukuphelisa imfazwe ngokuchasene neJapan, i-USA yajula iibhombu zenyukliya eHiroshima naseNagasaki ngo-Agasti 1945, yaza iJapan yanikezela. Yayilixesha lokuqala izixhobo zenyukliya zisetyenziswa emfazweni.
- Kuqikelelwa ukuba abantu abazizigidi ezingama-60 okanye ngaphezulu bafa - abaninzi babo babengabemi.
- Inxalenye enkulu yeYurophu neAsia yayilele emabhodleni, kwaye izigidi zaba ziimbacu.
- Imfazwe yashiya amagunya amabini amatsha amakhulu, i-USA neUSSR, apho ukhuphiswano lwabo laba yiMfazwe Ebandayo (Cold War).
Speaker notes
Izimvo ezimbini ekufuneka zibethelelwe apha: ubungakanani bokufa (ubukhulu becala babemi abaqhelekileyo, hayi amajoni kuphela) nokufika kwexesha lenyukliya. Iibhombu zenyukliya zibhulohu eliya kwisihloko esilandelayo se-Grade 9, iXesha LeNyukliya neMfazwe Ebandayo. Qaphela ukuba inani labafileyo liqikelelo - ababhali-mbali banikela uluhlu. Gxininisa ukuba imfazwe ayizange iphelise iingxaki nje; yadala ukhuphiswano olutsha oluyingozi phakathi kwe-USA neUSSR. [SME] Iiqikelelo zenani labafileyo zisuka kuma-60 ukuya kuma-85 ezigidi; qinisekisa inani elisetyenziswa yincwadi yesikolo.
Ukwakha ihlabathi elitsha: iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo
Kumabhodlo emfazwe, izizwe zazama ukwakha inkqubo yokugcina uxolo.
Thina zizwe zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo sizimisele ukusindisa izizukulwana ezilandelayo kwintlekele yemfazwe... Preamble to the Charter of the United Nations, 1945
NgoJuni 1945, izizwe ezingama-50 zahlangana eSan Francisco zaza zasayina iSitifiketi seSivumelwano (Charter) seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo (UN), umbutho wokusombulula iimbambano ngoxolo. INkulumbuso yaseMzantsi Afrika uJan Smuts wanceda ukubhala isivulo (preamble) esidumileyo seCharter.
- IUN yatshintshela iLeague of Nations eyaphelayo yee-1920s nee-1930s.
- Ngo-1948 iUN yamkela iUniversal Declaration of Human Rights.
- Ngokungalindelekanga, iUN yaza yaba lilizwi eliphambili elichasene nocalucalulo eMzantsi Afrika.
Speaker notes
Phelisa isifundo ngeziphumo nethemba. Chaza ukungqubuzana okunzulu i-CAPS efuna abafundi bakuqaphele: uSmuts wanceda ekubhaleni amazwi ahle malunga nesidima somntu kwiUN, kanti urhulumente awayeyikhokela wayesahluthela amalungelo abantu abaninzi baseMzantsi Afrika ekhaya - kwaye kwakhona iUN yagxeka ucalucalulo. Le ngxaki yibhulohu enamandla eya kwiiyunithi zeendawo zoguquko zaseMzantsi Afrika. Chaza i-'preamble' njengentetho evulayo yeenjongo.
Esikufundileyo
IMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibini yayiyimfazwe yehlabathi eyabumba kwakhona ihlabathi liphela - kubandakanya noMzantsi Afrika.
Silandele imfazwe ukusuka kwizizathu zayo (uxolo olulukhuni, iDepression nokunyuka koozwilakhe), sidlula kwiindawo zayo zoguquko, ubunzima beHolocaust, isigqibo saseMzantsi Afrika sokulwa nendima yamajoni aseAfrika, ubomi becala lasekhaya, kwaye ekugqibeleni iziphumo nokusekwa kweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.
Q. Chaza izizathu ezibini zeMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibini. (4 marks)
Q. Kutheni u-1942 (iEl Alamein neStalingrad) echazwa njengendawo yoguquko yemfazwe? (4 marks)
Q. Chaza indlela ubuhlanga obachaphazela ngayo indlela abaseMzantsi Afrika abamnyama ababevunyelwe ukuthatha inxaxheba ngayo emfazweni. (6 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliweyo okanye ingxoxo yeklasi; ukwabiwa kwamanqaku kulandela iindlela ze-CAPS ezisekelwe kwimithombo nokubhala okwandisiweyo. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba basebenzise ubungqina obuthile (imihla, amagama afana noSmuts noJob Maseko, iindawo ezifana neTobruk). Vala ngokunxibelelanisa phambili: iziphumo zemfazwe - ukufuduka ezidolophini, ubuzwe bama-Afrikaner, iMfazwe Ebandayo neUN - zonke zingena ngqo kwiiyunithi ze-Grade 9 ezilandelayo zeXesha LeNyukliya neendawo zoguquko zaseMzantsi Afrika emva ko-1948.
- Grade
- Grade 9
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- World War II (1939-1945)
- Resource type
- Presentation