IMphi Yemhlaba Yesibili (1939-1945)
IMphi lebulale bantfu labanyenti kunato tonkhe emlandvweni webuntfu - kanye nekutsi yefika njani ngisho naseNingizimu Afrika nakuyo yonkhe i-Afrika.
Speaker notes
Vula ngekubuta bafundzi kutsi yini labasayatiko ngeMphi Yemhlaba Yesibili - emabhayisikobho, tindzaba temndeni, tikhumbuto. Beka phansi imicabango lemikhulu lemibili yalesi sifundvo: (1) bekungimpi yangempela yemhlaba wonkhe lenetimbangela leticacile nemaphuzu ekuguculuka, futsi (2) beyingekho nje 'laphaya' eYurophu kuphela - baseNingizimu Afrika nalabanye base-Afrika balwa, bafa futsi bashintja umlandvo ngenca yayo. Khumbuta bafundzi kutsi imphi yemhlaba isho kulwa emazwenikhulu lamanyenti ngesikhatsi sinye.
Timbangela teMphi Yemhlaba Yesibili
IMphi Yesibili Yemhlaba yavela etindzabeni letatingakapheli teMphi Yekucala Yemhlaba.
Ngemuva kweMphi Yekucala Yemhlaba, i-Treaty of Versailles (1919) (sivumelwano sekuthula) yajezisa iJalimane ngetinkhokhelo letinkhulu nangekulahlekelwa ngumhlaba. Ngesikhatsi i-Great Depression (kuwohloka lokukhulu kwemnotfo) iletsa kungasebenti kwebanyenti ngemnyaka wawo-1930, bantfu labatfukutsele nalabaphelelwe litsemba baphendvukela kubabusi labashiqelako (odikthetha) lababetsembisa kwenta tive tabo tibe nemandla futsi.
- Adolf Hitler kanye neliqembu lemaNazi bawutfola emandla eJalimane nga-1933, bashumayela bandlululo nekuphindzisela.
- Babusi labashiqelako e-Italy (Mussolini) nebosontangamandla eJapane bebafuna kwakha emabukhosi ngekusebentisa emandla nemphi.
- I-League of Nations (Sivumelwano Setive) beyibutsakatsaka kakhulu kutsi ingamisa kuhlasela, kwatsi naletinye tive tazama kubalekela imphi ngekunikela (i-appeasement, kutsi kuvumela loshiqelako).
Speaker notes
Dvweba lomudvwa wembangela nemphumela: kuthula lokulukhuni + kubhidlika kwemnotfo + kuphendvula lokubutsakatsaka kwemave = kuphakama kwebabusi labashiqelako labanelunya. Chaza 'i-appeasement' ngalula - iBrithani neFrance bavumela Hitler kwephula imitsetfo, batsemba kutsi utawuma. Akazange ame. Buyisela emuva etfisi yeLibanga 8 ngeMphi Yekucala Yemhlaba khona bafundzi batawubona kuchumana kwaletimphi letimbili.
Kucala kwemphi
Ngamhla wa-1 kuMandulo (Septhemba) 1939 iJalimane yahlasela iPoland, futsi umhlaba wabuye waba semphini.
Ngemuva kwekutsatsa i-Austria ne-Czechoslovakia, iJalimane yahlasela i-Poland ngamhla wa-1 kuMandulo (Septhemba) 1939. Emalanga lamabili ngemuva kwaloko iBrithani neFrance tamemetela imphi kuJalimane. Kuhlasela lokusheshako kweJalimane ngematanki nangetindiza kwakubitwa ngekutsi yi-Blitzkrieg ('imphi yembane').
- Kuze kube semkhatsini wa-1940 iJalimane yase yincobe iFrance nengcenye lenkhulu yeNyakatfo-Shonalanga yeYurophu.
- Emacembu lamabili aba yatiwa ngekutsi yi-Axis (iJalimane, i-Italy, iJapane) kanye ne-Allies (iBrithani, iFrance, kwatsi ngemuva kwaloko i-USSR ne-USA).
- IBrithani nembuso wayo - lokufaka ekhatsi neNingizimu Afrika - manje beyimile imelene neJalimane lelalibuswa ngemaNazi.
Speaker notes
Bekela ngco lilanga lekucala: 1 kuMandulo (Septhemba) 1939. Chaza i-Blitzkrieg ngesitfombe - ematanki netindiza letigxumela phansi letihamba sheshi kangangekutsi labavikelako bebangakhoni kuhlela. Yenta kucace kutsi kungani iNingizimu Afrika beyibandzakanya nje: njengengcenye yembuso weBrithani neCommonwealth, umbuto wekungena emphini wehla wangena ngco ephalamende laseNingizimu Afrika, lokungiso saydi lesilandzelako.
Tindzawo letinkhulu tekulwa
Kulwa kwasakateka etigcemeni letinkhulu letintsatfu, nome 'tindzawo tekulwa' (theatres), temhlaba.
IYurophu
IJalimane yalwa neBrithani ngasenshonalanga futsi, kusukela nga-1941, neSoviet Union ngasemphumalanga - imphi lenkhulu kunato tonkhe yasemhlabatsini emlandvweni.
INyakatfo-Afrika
Emabutfo e-Allies nawe-Axis alwa ehlane ngesitshingi sekulawula i-Suva Canal (Suez Canal) nawoyela. BaseNingizimu Afrika balwa lapha.
i-Asia ne-Pacific
Ngemuva kwekutsi iJapane ihlasele i-Pearl Harbor ngeNgongoni (Disemba) 1941, i-USA yangena emphini futsi yalwa neJapane ngaphesheya kweLwandle i-Pacific.
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lamakhadi lamatsatfu kunika bafundzi imephu yasengcondvweni. Gcizelela kutsi letindzawo tekulwa betichumene: kwehlulwa kwendzawo yinye kwatsintsa naletinye. Khomba iNyakatfo-Afrika ngalokusicaphile, ngobe kulapho linyenti lemasotja aseNingizimu Afrika lalisebenta khona. Cabanga sikhatsi lesibalulekile lapho i-USA yangena khona ngemuva kwe-Pearl Harbor (7 kuNgongoni/Disemba 1941), lokwashintja libhalansi laya kuma-Allies.
Emaphuzu ekuguculuka kwemphi
- 1939 IJalimane ihlasela iPoland; imphi iyacala
- 1940 Kuwa kweFrance; iMphi yeBrithani (Battle of Britain)
- 1941 IJalimane ihlasela i-USSR; iJapane ihlasela i-Pearl Harbor, i-USA iyangena
- 1942 TiMphi teStalingrad ne-El Alamein tiguculula sikhatsi
- 1944 i-D-Day: Ema-Allies afika eFrance ngamhla wa-6 Nhlaba (Juni)
- 1945 IJalimane iyanikela (Nhlaba/Mey); emabhomu enyukliya, iJapane iyanikela (Ncwaba/Agasti)
Speaker notes
'Liphuzu lekuguculuka' silisikhatsi lesishintja indlela imphi lehamba ngayo. Gcizelela nga-1942 njengemnyaka lapho sikhatsi saguculuka khona: iStalingrad yamisa iJalimane ngasemphumalanga, kwatsi i-El Alamein (lapho baseNingizimu Afrika balwa khona) yamisa iJalimane eNyakatfo-Afrika. Cela bafundzi kutsi babuke indlela imphi leyasakateka ngayo kusukela nga-1939 bese ibuyela kuvala kuJalimane neJapane nga-1945.
I-Holocaust
EmaNazi acala kubulala kwebantfu labanyenti ngamabomu, kwabulawa emaJuda langaba yisigidzi lesitfupha.
EmaNazi bekakholelwa kutsi letinye 'tinhlanga' betingcono kunaletinye. Aphuca emaJuda emalungelo awo, awafaka ngenkhani etindzaweni letivalelekile (ghettos), abese abulala cishe emaJuda langaba yisigidzi lesitfupha etindzaweni tekuvalela nekubulala tebo njenge-Auschwitz. Lokubulala kwesive kubitwa ngekutsi yi-Holocaust (ngesiHebheru, i-Shoah).
- EmaNazi abuye abulala bantfu bemaRoma, bantfu labakhubatekile, baphikisi bepolitiki nalabanye.
- I-Holocaust ikhombisa lapho bandlululo nenzondvo lokungakhona khona nangesikhatsi umbuso unemandla lapheleleko.
- Ngemuva kwemphi, umhlaba watsembisa 'kungaphindzi' futsi wacala kubhala imitsetfo lemisha yemalungelo ebantfu.
Speaker notes
Phatsa lesi saydi ngekunakekela nangebucotfo. Gcina lizinga lekufundza lilula kodvwa ungaltsambisi liciniso: loku bekukubulawa lokwakuhleliwe, kwemakhulukhulu ebantfu labamsulwa. Kuchumanise naloko bafundzi labatawukufundza ngabo ngebandlululo eNingizimu Afrika - ingoti yekufundzisa kutsi lelinye licembu lebantfu linelinye lisezingeni lelisetulu kunalelinye. Lena futsi yisikhatsi lesihle sekuchumanisa nge-Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
INingizimu Afrika ikhetsa kulwa
NgeMandulo (Septhemba) 1939 iphalamende laseNingizimu Afrika belifanele likhetse: kungatsatsi hlangotsi, nome kujoyina ema-Allies?
Ndvunankhulu J.B.M. Hertzog bekafuna iNingizimu Afrika ime ingatsatsi hlangotsi, kodvwa liphini lakhe Jan Smuts bekafuna kulwa naseceleni kweBrithani. Ngamhla wa-4 kuMandulo (Septhemba) 1939 iphalamende lavotela imphi. Hertzog wesula, kwatsi Smuts waba nguNdvunankhulu futsi waba ngumholi lomkhulu wema-Allies.
- Livoti lahlukanisa politiki yemhlophe kakhulu emkhatsini wemaBhunu lababefuna imphi nalababeyiphikisa.
- Libutfo laseNingizimu Afrika belilincane nga-1939 kodvwa lakhula sheshi ngebavolontiya.
- Kute umuntfu eNingizimu Afrika lowaphocelelwa (wanyantsatsiswa) kutsi alwe ngaphesheya - emasotja avolontiya.
Speaker notes
Lesi sikhatsi lesibalulekile seNingizimu Afrika. Chaza kutsi sincumo bekungasilula: emaBhunu lamanyenti akhumbula iMphi yaseNingizimu Afrika lababelwa neBrithani futsi bengafuni kulwela umbuso weBrithani. Livoti lelincane lasephalamende (cishe 80 kuya ku-67) lahlukanisa live. Yetfula Smuts njengemuntfu wemhlaba wonkhe lotawuphindze abonakale ekugcineni kwesifundvo ekusungulweni kwe-United Nations. [SME] Cinisekisa libanga lelicinisile levoti (livame kubhalwa njenge-80-67) ngaphambi kwekushicilela.
Base-Afrika ekulweni
Ngetulu kwa-300,000 baseNingizimu Afrika bavolontiya - futsi buhlanga bakha indlela lababevunyelwa kusebenta ngayo.
Emabutfo aseNingizimu Afrika asita kucosha ema-Italy e-East Africa (Abyssinia/Ethiopia) nga-1941 futsi alwa ngemandla e-hlane leNyakatfo-Afrika. Kuwo wonkhe lelizwekhulu, emakhulukhulu ekulinganisa emasotja base-Afrika nebatfwali bemtfwalo basebentela umsebenti wemphi wema-Allies.
- BaseNingizimu Afrika labamnyama nalabaLikhaladi basebenta ku-Native Military Corps naku-Cape Corps, kodvwa hulumende wehluleka kupha emasotja lamnyama tikhali, wawasebentisa njengabashayeli, bonogadi nebasebenti.
- Job Maseko, lisotja laseNingizimu Afrika lelimnyama, ladvuma ngekucwilisa umkhumbi weJalimane echwebeni laseTobruk futsi lanikwa i-Military Medal (Indondo Yebusotja).
- E-Tobruk (Nhlaba/Juni 1942) emasotja laseNingizimu Afrika labayinkhulungwane latfunjwa ngesikhatsi lidolobha liwela emandleni eJalimane.
Speaker notes
Lesi saydi sitfwele lokugcile kwe-CAPS eNingizimu Afrika nase-Afrika. Gcizelela kungabi nabulungiswa: baseNingizimu Afrika labamnyama babeka timphilo tabo engotini kodvwa bencaleliswa tikhali nemholo lolinganako ngenca yenqubo yebandlululo, babuyela ekhaya bangatfoli mvuzo. Sebentisa Job Maseko njengesibonelo lesicondzile, lesikhumbulekako sesibindzi. Khomba kutsi lokuhlangenwe nako kwemphi, nekungabi nabuciniso bekulwa nebandlululo bemaNazi ngaphandle kant'i ekhaya babhekene nebandlululo, kwaphakamisa kukhula kwetinhlangano tepolitiki tebamnyama. [SME] Cinisekisa inombolo yebavolontiya (~334,000) nenombolo yetiboshwa taseTobruk ngemtfombo ngaphambi kwekushicilela.
Kuphikiswa kwemphi ekhaya
Akusiye wonkhe eNingizimu Afrika lowasekela ema-Allies - labanye babncoma iJalimane yemaNazi ngekusobala.
I-Ossewabrandwag (OB) beyinhlangano lenkhulu yemaBhunu leyayiphikisa imphi futsi ivelana neJalimane yemaNazi. Lamanye emalunga enta bugebengu bekubhidlita (i-sabotage), kwatsi hulumende wavalela (waboshwa ngaphandle kwekutsetjwa) emakhulu awo ngesikhatsi semphi.
- Robey Leibbrandt, lowake waba yimshayi wetibhakela wema-Olympic, wabanjwa azama kuhlela kumelana ngetikhali kwelisita iJalimane.
- Loku kwehlukana kwajulisa buvelaphi bemaBhunu (Afrikaner nationalism) futsi kwangena epolitikini ngemuva kwemphi.
- Ngaso lesosikhatsi, labanyenti labanye baseNingizimu Afrika - betinhlanga tonkhe - baphikisa ngco bufashisi nebandlululo.
Speaker notes
Chaza kutsi live lelisemphini kuvame kutsi lingabumbani. Lamanye emaBhunu abona imphi njengemphi yeBrithani, hhayi yawo, kwatsi linani lelincane lasekela ngempela iJalimane yemaNazi. Ungakhulisi loku ngalokweqile - baseNingizimu Afrika labanyenti basekela ema-Allies - kodvwa kubalulekile ngobe letinhlangano takha politiki ngemuva kwaloko, tondla kukhula kwe-National Party nga-1948 (siyunithi lesilandzelako). Linganisa lesitfombe ngekusho baseNingizimu Afrika labanyenti labaphikisa bufashisi.
Impilo yasekhaya ngesikhatsi semphi
IMphi yashintja imphilo yansuku tonkhe nemnotfo kubantfu labangazange baphume eNingizimu Afrika.
Njengoba emadvodza abesemphini, bafati bangena emisebentini yasemafemini nasemahhovisi ngetinombolo letinkhulu. Emafemi ashintjela ekwentweni kwemphahla yemphi, lokwakhulisa imboni yaseNingizimu Afrika futsi kwaletsa basebenti labamnyana labanyenti emadolobheni.
- Impahla lenjenge-phethroli nekudla beyanikwa ngokulinganiselwa (rationed) futsi emanani enyuka.
- Kukhula lokusheshako kwetimboni kwenyusa kuya edolobheni kwebase-Afrika nekugcwala kakhulu kwemalokishi.
- Loku kushintja kwaphakatsi nemphi kwasita kubeka sisekelo semphi tepolitiki tawo-1940 nawo-1950.
Speaker notes
Chumanisa imphi netinshintjo tebumphilo netemnotfo bafundzi labangahlobanisa nato. Umcabango losemcoka ngukutsi imphi lesemphambili yabangela kushintja ekhaya: umsebenti webafati, kukhula kwetimboni, futsi ngetulu kwako konkhe, ligagasi lebasebenti base-Afrika labaya emadolobheni. Loku kuya edolobheni - netimo letimbi letifika nako - kuchumene ngco netepolitiki tekumelana teyunithi lelandzelako ye-CAPS nga-1948 nawo-1950.
Indlela imphi lephela ngayo - nemtselo wayo
Kuze kube nga-1945 emandla e-Axis abesehluliwe, kodvwa ngentsengo lesabekako yebantfu.
IJalimane yanikela nga-Nhlaba (Mey) 1945. Kuze kuphelise imphi lemelene neJapane, i-USA yalahla emabhomu enyukliya e-Hiroshima ne-Nagasaki ngeNcwaba (Agasti) 1945, kwatsi iJapane yanikela. Kwakungekwekucala kusetjentiswa tikhali tenyukliya emphini.
- Kulinganiselwa kutsi bantfu labasigidzi lemashumi lasitfupha (60 million) nangetulu bafa - labanyenti babo bebatakhamuti.
- Ingcenye lenkhulu yeYurophu ne-Asia yasala yincombuluka, futsi tigidzi taba babalekeli.
- IMphi yashiya emave lamabili lamasha lanemandla lamakhulu, i-USA ne-USSR, mncintiswano wawo lwaba yiMphi Lebandzako (Cold War).
Speaker notes
Kubili lokufanele kufike lapha: bukhulu bekufa (labanyenti bebatakhamuti labavamile, hhayi emasotja kuphela) nekufika kwesikhatsi senyukliya. Emabhomu enyukliya alibhuloho leliya etfisini lelandzelako yeLibanga 9, iSikhatsi Senyukliya neMphi Lebandzako. Cabanga kutsi inombolo yalabafile yisilinganiso - bochwepheshe bemlandvo banika libanga. Gcizelela kutsi imphi ayizange nje iphelise tinkinga; yasungula mncintiswano lomusha loyingoti emkhatsini we-USA ne-USSR. [SME] Tilinganiso tenani lalabafile tisukela ku-60 kuya ku-85 million; cinisekisa inombolo lesetjentiswa yincwadzi yesikolo.
Kwakha umhlaba lomusha: i-United Nations
Encombulukweni yemphi, tive tazama kwakha luhlelo lwekugcina kuthula.
Tsine bantfu be-United Nations sitimisele kusindzisa titukulwane letilandzelako ekushingeni kwemphi... Preamble to the Charter of the United Nations, 1945
NgeNhlaba (Juni) 1945, tive letingu-50 tahlangana e-San Francisco tasayina i-Charter ye-United Nations (UN), inhlangano yekulungisa tingxabano ngekuthula. Ndvunankhulu waseNingizimu Afrika Jan Smuts wasita kubhala i-preamble ledvumile ye-Charter.
- I-UN yatsatsa indzawo ye-League of Nations leyayehlulekile yawo-1920 nawo-1930.
- Nga-1948 i-UN yamukela i-Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Simemetelo Semhlaba Semalungelo Ebantfu).
- Ngalokumangalisako, i-UN ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi yaba livi lelihamba embili lelimelene nembandlululo (apartheid) eNingizimu Afrika.
Speaker notes
Vala sifundvo ngemitselo netsemba. Chaza kudideka lokujulile i-CAPS lefuna bafundzi bakubone: Smuts wasita kubhala emavi lamahle ngesitfunti sebuntfu se-UN, kant'i hulumende labewuhola abesancale emalungelo kubantfu labanyenti baseNingizimu Afrika ekhaya - futsi lena i-UN nayo ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi yalahla i-apartheid. Loku kucindzetelana kulibhuloho lelinemandla leliya etiyunithi tekuguculuka kweNingizimu Afrika. Chaza 'i-preamble' njengesitatimende sekucala setinhloso.
Loku lesikufundzile
IMphi Yemhlaba Yesibili beyimphi yemhlaba wonkhe leyabumba kabusha umhlaba wonkhe - kufaka ekhatsi neNingizimu Afrika.
Silandzele imphi kusukela etimbangeleni tayo (kuthula lokulukhuni, i-Depression nekuphakama kwebabusi labashiqelako), sicedza emaphuzu ekuguculuka, buhlungu be-Holocaust, sincumo seNingizimu Afrika sekulwa nendzima yemasotja base-Afrika, imphilo yasekhaya, futsi ekugcineni imitselo nekusungulwa kwe-United Nations.
Q. Chaza timbangela letimbili teMphi Yemhlaba Yesibili. (4 marks)
Q. Kungani nga-1942 (i-El Alamein neStalingrad) kuchazwa njengeliphuzu lekuguculuka kwemphi? (4 marks)
Q. Chaza kutsi buhlanga bawutsintsa njani indlela baseNingizimu Afrika labamnyama lababevunyelwa kubamba ngayo ingcenye emphini. (6 marks)
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lemibuto lemitsatfu njengemsebenti lobhaliwe nome ingxoxo yeklasi; kwabiwa kwemamaki kulandzela tindlela te-CAPS letisekelwe emtfonjeni nekubhala lokwendlaliwe. Khutsata bafundzi kutsi basebentise bufakazi lobucondzile (emalanga, emagama lanjenga-Smuts naJob Maseko, tindzawo letinjengeTobruk). Vala ngekuchumanisa embili: imitselo yemphi - kuya edolobheni, buvelaphi bemaBhunu, iMphi Lebandzako ne-UN - konkhe kungena ngco etiyunithini letilandzelako teLibanga 9 ngeSikhatsi Senyukliya nemaphuzu ekuguculuka eNingizimu Afrika ngemuva kwa-1948.
- Grade
- Grade 9
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- World War II (1939-1945)
- Resource type
- Presentation