Ukubambisana Nokungqubuzana Emngceleni WaseKapa
Indlela imiphakathi yamaXhosa, ama-trekboer (abalimi bezinkomo abangamaBhunu), amaNgisi kanye nabefundisi bevangeli abahlangana ngayo, bahwebelana futhi baxabana emngceleni waseMpumalanga Koloni (Eastern Cape) ekuqaleni kwawo-1800.
Speaker notes
Beka isimo: 'umngcele' (frontier) awuwona nje umugqa emephini kodwa yindawo ebanzi lapho abantu abehlukene behlala eduze komunye nomunye, kwesinye isikhathi besizana kwesinye bexabana. Chaza ukuthi le yunithi ibheka umngcele waseMpumalanga Koloni (Eastern Cape) ekuqaleni kwawo-1800, cishe eduze koMfula iGreat Fish. Buza abafundi ukuthi bacabanga ukuthi kwenzekani lapho amaqembu amabili efuna umhlaba nomanzi afanayo.
Umngcele waseMpumalanga Koloni (Eastern Cape)
Ngonyaka we-1800 iKoloni yaseKapa (Cape Colony) yase inwebeke iya empumalanga kwaze kwahlangana abalimi bamaDashi nemiphakathi yamaXhosa eduze koMfula iGreat Fish.
I-Koloni yaseKapa (Cape Colony) yaqala njengendawo yokuhlala yamaDashi eTable Bay ngo-1652. Phakathi neminyaka engaphezu kuka-150, abalimi bezinkomo ababebizwa ngokuthi ama-trekboer bathuthela kude kakhulu impumalanga befuna amadlelo. Ngo-1795, futhi nango-1806, i-Britain (iNgilandi) yathatha ikoloni.
- Le ndawo yomngcele yayikwelaseMpumalanga Koloni (Eastern Cape) yanamuhla, eduze koMfula iGreat Fish.
- Wawungewona umngcele omile - wawushintsha njengoba abantu behamba futhi kuliwa izimpi.
- Amaqembu ahlukene abelana, aqhudelana futhi alwa ngomhlaba nomanzi afanayo.
Speaker notes
Tholela abafundi umngcele endaweni nasesikhathini. Khomba emephini iMpumalanga Koloni (Eastern Cape) noMfula iGreat Fish. Gcizelela ukuthi umngcele wawulokhu uqhubeka nokuya empumalanga njengoba ikoloni yayikhula. Qaphela ushintsho lokusuka ekulawulweni ngamaDashi kuya kwamaNgisi, okwakubalulekile ngoba iBritain yaletha abahlali abasha nezinqubomgomo ezintsha emngceleni.
Ubani owayehlala emngceleni?
Amaqembu ambalwa abelana ngendawo yomngcele, ngayinye inendlela yayo yokuphila.
Imiphakathi yamaXhosa
Abalimi abafuya izinkomo abahlala ezizweni empumalanga koMfula iFish, beholwa yiziphathimandla ezinjengoNgqika noNdlambe.
Ama-trekboer
Abalimi bezinkomo abakhuluma isiDashi abavela eKapa abathuthela empumalanga befuna amadlelo amasha.
AmaKhoikhoi namaSan
Abelusi nabazingeli bokuqala baleyo ndawo, abaningi manje asebesebenza emapulazini ekoloni noma behlala phakathi kwamaXhosa.
AmaNgisi nabefundisi bevangeli
Iziphathimandla zamaNgisi, amasosha kanye naBahlali baka-1820 (1820 Settlers), kanye nabefundisi bevangeli abafika bezofundisa nokuphendukisa abantu enkolweni.
Speaker notes
Nika abafundi uhlu lwabalingiswa ngaphambi kokuba indaba iqhubeke. Gcizelela ukuthi amaXhosa ayengabalimi abanenqubo enamandla yezenhlalo nezombusazwe, hhayi nje 'abavimbe indlela' yabahlali. Qaphela ukuthi amaKhoikhoi namaSan ayevele elapho kudala ngaphambi kwawomabili la maqembu. Gwema ukuveza noma iliphi iqembu njengelihle ngokuphelele noma elibi ngokuphelele.
Ukuhwebelana nokuhlalisana
Isikhathi esiningi, abantu bomngcele babebambisana ngoba babedingana.
Ukuphila emngceleni kwakungekhona nje kokulwa kuphela. Imiphakathi yamaXhosa nabakoloni babehwebelana, beshintshiselana ngezinkomo, izinyo lendlovu (ivory), ubuhlalu, ithusi, indwangu namathuluzi ensimbi. Abanye abantu babefunda izilimi zomunye nomunye, besebenza ndawonye baze bashadelana phakathi kwamaqembu.
- Izinkomo zaziyingcebo kokubili kubalimi bamaXhosa nama-trekboer, ngakho babehwebelana beluse ndawonye.
- Izisebenzi zamaKhoikhoi, abazingeli nabahwebi babevame ukuhamba phakathi kwemiphakathi yomibili.
- Abefundisi bevangeli, iziphathimandla neziphathimandla ngezinye izikhathi babenza izivumelwano zokugcina ukuthula.
Speaker notes
Lesi sithombe silinganisa indaba ukuze abafundi bangacabangi ukuthi umngcele wawugcwele udlame kuphela. Ubudlelwano bangempela - ukuhweba, umsebenzi, umshado, ukufunda izilimi - kwakuwela umngcele. Lokhu 'kubambisana' kuyingxenye eyodwa esihlokweni se-CAPS futhi kulula ukukudlula. Buza abafundi izibonelo zesimanje zamaqembu aqhudelanayo kanti abuye abambisane.
Kungani ukungqubuzana kwakhula?
Izinto ezifanayo ababelana ngazo abantu - umhlaba, amanzi nezinkomo - yizo futhi ezabangela izingxabano zabo.
Njengoba kufika ama-trekboer amaningi kamuva nabahlali bamaNgisi, babefuna umhlaba namadlelo okwelusa engeziwe. Lokhu kwafinyelela emiphakathini yamaXhosa eyayivele isebenzisa lowo mhlaba. Uma izinkomo zinyamalala, iqembu ngalinye lalisola elinye, futhi ukweba okuncane kwakungakhula kube yimpi.
- Womabili amaqembu ayefuya izinkomo, ngakho ukuqhudelana ngamadlelo kwakungapheli.
- Ukwebiwa kwezinkomo yizinhlangothi zombili kwadala intukuthelo nokungathembani.
- Uhulumeni wekoloni waqhubeka nokuzama ukumisa umngcele oqinile nokususa amaXhosa emhlabeni osentshonalanga kwawo.
Speaker notes
Dweba imbangela nomphumela ngokucacile: ukwanda kwenani labahlali kanye nomnotho wezinkomo owabelwana ngawo kanye nomngcele oshintshashintshayo kwaholela ekungqubuzaneni. Veza ukuthi ukwebiwa kwezinkomo kwenzeka nhlangothi zombili - lokhu kubalulekile ekulinganiseni. Chaza ukuthi imizamo kahulumeni yokudweba umugqa oqinile, nokugcina amaXhosa ohlangothini olulodwa, yenza ukuthula kwaba nzima.
Izimpi Zomngcele (Frontier Wars)
Phakathi kuka-1779 no-1879 kwaba khona uchungechunge lwezimpi phakathi kwabakoloni nemiphakathi yamaXhosa emngceleni waseMpumalanga Koloni (Eastern Cape).
Izazi-mlando zibala cishe Izimpi Zomngcele eziyisishiyagalolunye phakathi neminyaka engaba yikhulu. Kule yunithi sibheka lezo zempi zasekuqaleni kwawo-1800. Impi ngayinye yayivame ukuphetha ngokulahlekelwa kwamaXhosa umhlaba omningi, njengoba ikoloni yayiqhubeza umngcele wayo uye kude empumalanga.
- Lezi zimpi zazibuye zibizwe ngokuthi iZimpi Zomngcele WaseKapa (Cape Frontier Wars) noma iZimpi ZamaXhosa (Xhosa Wars).
- Zaziyingxabano eyodwa ende kodwa izingxabano eziningi ezehlukene, kunokuthula phakathi kwazo.
- Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iphethini yayicacile: umhlaba wawusuka ekulawulweni ngamaXhosa uye ekolonini.
Speaker notes
Nika isithombe esibanzi ngaphambi kwemininingwane. Abafundi abadingi ukukhumbula zonke izimpi eziyisishiyagalolunye; badinga ukuqonda iphethini - ukungqubuzana okuphindaphindekayo, impi ngayinye iphetha ngomngcele oqhutshelwa empumalanga namaXhosa elahlekelwa umhlaba. [SME] Izazi-mlando zihlukene ngokuthi lezi zimpi eziyisishiyagalolunye zibalwa futhi zibhalwa ngezinsuku ezinjani; qinisekisa inani nezinsuku ofuna abafundi bazisebenzise.
Baxoshwa eZuurveld
Amabutho amaNgisi axosha izinkulungwane zamaXhosa awela uMfula iFish ukuze avulele umhlaba wekoloni.
I-Zuurveld kwakuyisiqephu somhlaba osentshonalanga koMfula iFish lapho amaXhosa nabakoloni babehlala khona ndawonye. Ngo-1811-1812, uMbusi u-Sir John Cradock wayala amasosha amaNgisi nabalingani bawo ukuba axoshe amaXhosa futhi awaphoqe aye empumalanga awele umfula.
- Ikoloni yayifuna indawo evulekile ecacile eyisivikelo (buffer zone) emngceleni wayo osempumalanga.
- Ukuze kuqashwe umngcele omusha, idolobha iGrahamstown lasungulwa ngo-1812.
- Imindeni eminingi yamaXhosa yalahlekelwa amakhaya namadlelo eyayiwasebenzise iminyaka.
Speaker notes
Lesi yisibonelo esiqondile sokwephucwa umhlaba. Chaza 'indawo eyisivikelo' (buffer zone) - ikoloni yayifuna umhlaba ongenamuntu phakathi kwayo namaXhosa. Qaphela ukusungulwa kweGrahamstown (namuhla iMakhanda) njengedolobha lasempini lomngcele. Phatha lokhu ngenhlonipho: imindeni yangempela yaphoqwa ukuba iphume emhlabeni wayo. Buza abafundi ukuthi bacabanga ukuthi amaXhosa azizwa kanjani ngokuxoshwa.
Abahlali BamaNgisi baka-1820 (1820 British Settlers)
I-Britain yathumela cishe abahlali abangama-4 000 ukuba bahlale emngceleni njengesihlangu somuntu sokuvikela ikoloni.
Ngo-1820 uhulumeni wamaNgisi wasiza cishe abahlali abangama-4 000 ukuba bathuthele eMpumalanga Koloni (Eastern Cape). Banikwa amapulazi endaweni yomngcele, ngenxenye ukuze kukhuliswe ikoloni, ngenxenye ukuze kuvikelwe umngcele kumaXhosa.
- Abahlali abaningi bahlupheka: umhlaba wawunzima ukuwulima futhi ukungqubuzana kwakuseduze.
- Abanye bayeka ukulima base beqala amadolobha, amabhizinisi kanye namaphephandaba.
- Ukufika kwabo kwengeza ingcindezi emhlabeni wamaXhosa eduze komngcele.
Speaker notes
Chaza uhlelo lwamaNgisi: beka abahlali emngceleni ukuze uqiniswe futhi uvikelwe. Qaphela ukuthi abahlali abaningi baba nesikhathi esinzima base bephendukela emabhizinisini asedolobheni, okwaholela ekukhuleni kweGrahamstown nasembhalweni wezindaba womngcele. Gcina ukulingana: abahlali ngokuvamile babeyimindeni ehluphekile evamile, kodwa ukufika kwabo kwakhula ingcindezi emhlabeni wamaXhosa.
UMakhanda nokuhlaselwa kweGrahamstown
Ngo-1819 ibutho lamaXhosa eliholwa umholi wempi nomprofethi uMakhanda lahlasela idolobha lomngcele iGrahamstown.
AmaXhosa ayehlukene phakathi kwabaholi ababili, u-Ngqika nomalume wakhe u-Ndlambe. Lapho amaNgisi esekela uNgqika, amabutho kaNdlambe amelana. Ngo-1819 iqhawe elingumprofethi u-Makhanda (obuye abizwe ngokuthi uNxele noma uMakana) lahola ibutho elikhulu lamaXhosa ekuhlaseleni okunesibindi i-Grahamstown.
- Ukuhlasela kwahluleka, futhi amaXhosa alahlekelwa kakhulu.
- UMakhanda wazinikela wavalelwa eSiqhingini iRobben (Robben Island), lapho aminza khona ezama ukubaleka.
- Ngemva kwempi ikoloni yathatha umhlaba omningi kakhulu, yakha indawo 'engathathi hlangothi' amaXhosa ayengavumelekile ukungena kuyo.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukwehlukana phakathi kukaNgqika noNdlambe nokuthi ukubandakanyeka kwamaNgisi kwakujulisa kanjani ukungqubuzana. Veza uMakhanda njengomholi obalulekile nomprofethi, hhayi nje umhlaseli. Ukuvalelwa kwakhe nokushona kwakhe eSiqhingini iRobben kumenza aphawu lokuqala lokumelana. Phawula futhi iphethini: ngemva kwempi, ikoloni yathatha umhlaba omningi. [SME] Ubukhulu bebutho likaMakhanda buvame ukubalwa njengecishe abangu-10 000; qinisekisa inani ngaphambi kokuba ulisho kubafundi.
Abasizi futhi bayingxenye yokunqoba
Abefundisi bevangeli bafika bezofundisa nokuphendukisa abantu enkolweni - kodwa umsebenzi wabo wabuye wavulela indlela yokulawulwa yikoloni.
Speaker notes
Abefundisi bevangeli bayisibonelo esihle sendikimba yokuthi 'ukubambisana nokungqubuzana' kuyinkimbinkimbi. Amaqembu anjenge-London Missionary Society (uDkt Johannes van der Kemp, kamuva uDkt John Philip) kwesinye isikhathi ayekhulumela amalungelo amaKhoikhoi namaXhosa, kodwa umsebenzi wezenkolo wabuye wathobisa inkululeko yase-Afrika futhi wenza lula ukwanda kwekoloni. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba babambe imibono yomibili kanyekanye kunokwahlulela abefundisi njengabahle noma ababi.
Ukubulawa kweNkosi uHintsa
Ngo-1835 amaNgisi abulala inkosi enkulu yamaXhosa, uHintsa, phakathi nempi yomhlaba nezinkomo.
Ngo-1834 impi yaqhuma futhi lapho amabutho amaXhosa, ethukuthele ngokulahlekelwa umhlaba, angena ngamandla ekolonini. Phakathi nokulwa amaNgisi abamba inkosi enkulu uHintsa ka Phalo. NgoMeyi wango-1835 wa-dutshulwa wabulawa amasosha amaNgisi eyisiboshwa, isenzo esethusa futhi sathukuthelisa amaXhosa.
- Impi yabangela ukulahleka okukhulu kwempilo nezinkomo ezinhlangothini zombili.
- Ukufa kukaHintsa kwaba aphawu elihlala njalo lokungabi nabulungiswa kwekoloni.
- Ikoloni yaphinde yaqhubeza umngcele wayo uye empumalanga ngemva kwempi.
Speaker notes
Lona ngumzuzu obucayi - phatha ngokuzotha nangamaqiniso. UHintsa wayeyinkosi enkulu yamaXhosa; ukubulawa kwakhe eyisiboshwa kwabhekwa njengokukhaphela futhi kusewumlando obuhlungu. Gxila ekutheni kungani kwakubalulekile: kwajulisa ukumelana kwamaXhosa nokungathembani. Gwema imininingwane ebucayi; iphuzu eliyinhloko ukungabi nabulungiswa nesithunzi sakho eside. [SME] Izimo eziqondile zokufa kukaHintsa nokushwabadelwa kwakhe ziphikiswana ngazo izazi-mlando; gcina indaba yasekilasini icophelele futhi uqinisekise amagama.
Umholi owalwela ukugcina umhlaba
INkosi uMaqoma yahola ukumelana kwamaXhosa amashumi eminyaka futhi yashona iyisiboshwa eSiqhingini iRobben (Robben Island).
Umhlaba wawungowethu, futhi asisoze sayeka ukuzwa ukuthi wathathwa kithi. Umoya okhunjulwayo wokumelana kwamaXhosa emngceleni
U-Maqoma, indodana yeNkosi uNgqika, wayengomunye wabaholi bezempi bamaXhosa abanekhono elikhulu ezimpini zomngcele. Waxoshwa emhlabeni wakhe endaweni yaseKat River futhi wachitha ingxenye enkulu yempilo yakhe emelana nokwanda kwekoloni. Kamuva wavalelwa eSiqhingini iRobben (Robben Island), lapho ashona khona ngo-1873.
- Wasebenzisa amagquma nehlathi lomngcele ngobuqili ekulweni namabutho amakhulu.
- Impilo yakhe ikhombisa izindleko zabantu zokulahlekelwa umhlaba, kaninginingi.
- Namuhla ukhunjulwa njengeqhawe lokumelana.
Speaker notes
UMaqoma unika abafundi umuntu oyedwa okhumbulekayo ozokwakha indikimba yokumelana nokwephucwa umhlaba. Qaphela ukuthi lo mbhalo ocashuniwe uwukuhumusha okubamba umuzwa wamaXhosa wokulahlekelwa, hhayi umbhalo oqinisekisiwe oqondile - wethule njengoba unjalo. Xhumanisa ukuvalelwa kwakhe eSiqhingini iRobben noMakhanda ngaphambili, ukhombise umugqa omude wabaholi bokumelana ababevalelwe lapho. [SME] Qinisekisa ukuthi ukhululekile ukusebenzisa umbhalo ocashuniwe ohunyushiwe, noma uwushintshe ngomunye onomthombo.
Umngcele oshintshayo, 1806-1836
- 1806 I-Britain ithatha ikoloni yaseKapa ngokungapheli
- 1811-12 AmaXhosa axoshwa eZuurveld; iGrahamstown yasungulwa
- 1819 UMakhanda uhlasela iGrahamstown; kuthathwa umhlaba omningi
- 1820 Abahlali bamaNgisi bafika emngceleni
- 1835 INkosi uHintsa iyabulawa ngesikhathi seMpi Yesithupha Yomngcele
- 1836 UFuduko Olukhulu (Great Trek) luyaqala njengoba amaBhunu eshiya ikoloni
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa lolu hlelo lwezikhathi ukuhlanganisa. Cela abafundi ukuba balandele iphethini kuzo zonke izehlakalo: ukungqubuzana ngakunye kuvame ukuphetha ngomngcele oqhutshelwa empumalanga namaXhosa elahlekelwa umhlaba. Qaphela uFuduko Olukhulu (Great Trek) ekugcineni, abafundi abangase balufunde ngokulandelayo - lwavela ngenxenye ezingxabaneni zomngcele nasezinguqukweni zomthetho wekoloni.
Esikufundile
Umngcele waseKapa wawuyindawo yokubambisana nokungqubuzana - ukuhweba nomshado, kodwa futhi impi nokwephucwa umhlaba.
Emngceleni waseMpumalanga Koloni (Eastern Cape), imiphakathi yamaXhosa, ama-trekboer, amaKhoikhoi, abahlali bamaNgisi kanye nabefundisi bevangeli babelana ngomhlaba ngokuhweba nangempilo yansuku zonke, kodwa futhi baxabana ngomhlaba, izinkomo namandla. Impi ngemva kwempi yaphetha ngamaXhosa elahlekelwa umhlaba, kanti umngcele wekoloni waqhubeka nokuya empumalanga.
Q. Nikeza izibonelo ezimbili zokubambisana phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene emngceleni waseKapa. (4 marks)
Q. Chaza izizathu ezimbili zokuthi kungani ukungqubuzana kwakhula emngceleni ekuqaleni kwawo-1800. (4 marks)
Q. Khetha umholi oyedwa (uMakhanda, uHintsa noma uMaqoma) uchaze ukuthi kungani ekhunjulwa. (6 marks)
Speaker notes
Phetha ngokubuyela ezingxenyeni ezimbili zesihloko - ukubambisana nokungqubuzana - ukuze abafundi bakwazi ukuzibamba zombili emqondweni. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliwe noma ingxoxo; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulandela ukubhala kwe-CAPS kwezimpendulo ezimfushane nezindima. Khumbuza abafundi ukuthi lo mlando womngcele usiza ukuchaza izehlakalo zakamuva ezinjengoFuduko Olukhulu (Great Trek) nokulahlekelwa umhlaba wase-Afrika kulo lonke iNingizimu Afrika.
- Grade
- Grade 7
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Cooperation and conflict on the frontiers of the Cape Colony in the early 19th century
- Resource type
- Presentation