Kubambisana Nekungcubutana Emngceleni WaseKapa
Indlela imiphakatsi yemaXhosa, ema-trekboer (balimi betinkhomo lebebangemaBhunu), emaNgisi kanye nebafundisi bevangeli lebebahlangana ngayo, bahwebelane babuye baxabane emngceleni waseMpumalanga Kapa (Eastern Cape) ekucaleni kwabo-1800.
Speaker notes
Beka simo: 'umngcele' (frontier) akusiyo nje kuphela lomudvwa emephini kodvwa yindzawo lebanti lapho khona bantfu labehlukene bahlala badvutane, ngalesinye sikhatsi basitana ngalesinye sikhatsi balwa. Chaza kutsi lesifundvo sibuka umngcele waseMpumalanga Kapa (Eastern Cape) ekucaleni kwabo-1800, cishe eceleni koMfula lomkhulu iGreat Fish River. Buta bafundzi kutsi bacabanga kutsi kwentekani nangabe emacembu lamabili afuna lomhlaba nemanti lafanako.
Umngcele waseMpumalanga Kapa
Ngabo-1800 iCape Colony beyisandzalele ibhekise nasemphumalanga kwaze kwatsi balimi bemaDashi (Dutch) bahlangana nemiphakatsi yemaXhosa eceleni koMfula lomkhulu iGreat Fish River.
I-Cape Colony yacala njengendzawo yemaDashi (Dutch) eTheku laseTable Bay ngo-1652. Kwatsi ngemvakwemiyaka lengaphezu kwe-150, balimi betinkhomo lebekutsiwa ma-trekboer bachubeka baya ngasemphumalanga bafuna emadlelo. Ngo-1795, futsi nango-1806, iBritain yatsatsa umbuso weKapa.
- Indzawo yemngcele beyisemhlabeni waseMpumalanga Kapa (Eastern Cape) lwanamuhla, eceleni koMfula lomkhulu iGreat Fish River.
- Bekungesiwo umngcele lomile - bewushintja njengoba bantfu bahamba netimphi tilwa.
- Emacembu lehlukene abelana, ancintisana futsi alwela lomhlaba nemanti lafanako.
Speaker notes
Tfola indzawo yemngcele endaweni nasesikhatsini kubafundzi. Khomba emephini iMpumalanga Kapa (Eastern Cape) nemfula iGreat Fish River. Gcizelela kutsi umngcele bewuchubeka uya ngasemphumalanga njengoba ikoloni ikhula. Caphela lushintjo lekusuka ekubuseni kwemaDashi (Dutch) kuya kwemaNgisi (British), lokwaba nemtselela ngoba iBritain yaletsa bahlali labasha netinchubomgomo letinsha emngceleni.
Ngubani bebahlala emngceleni?
Emacembu lambalwa abelana ngendzawo yemngcele, ngulinye linendlela yalo yekuphila.
Imiphakatsi yemaXhosa
Balimi labafuya tinkhomo labebahlala etigodlweni (chiefdoms) ngasemphumalanga koMfula iFish River, baholwa tikhulu letinjenga-Ngqika na-Ndlambe.
Ema-trekboer
Balimi betinkhomo labebakhuluma siDashi (Dutch) labesuka eKapa baya ngasemphumalanga bafuna emadlelo lamasha.
EmaKhoikhoi nemaSan
Bafuyi nebatingeli bekucala balesigodzi, labanyenti sebasebenta emapulazini emakoloni nobe bahlala emkhatsini wemaXhosa.
EmaNgisi nebafundisi bevangeli
Titfunywa temaNgisi (British), emasotja neBahlali bango-1820 (1820 Settlers), kanye nebafundisi bevangeli labeta kufundzisa nekuphendvula bantfu enkholweni.
Speaker notes
Nika bafundzi luhla lwebantfu ngaphambi kwekutsi indzaba ivuleke. Gcizelela kutsi emaXhosa bekungabalimi labenehlelo lelicinile lemphakatsi netembusave, hhayi nje bantfu 'labebavimba' bahlali. Cwaninga kutsi emaKhoikhoi nemaSan bekukadze bakhona ngaphambi kwawo omabili lamacembu. Gwema kubukisa noma yiliphi licembu njengalelihle konkhe nobe lelibi konkhe.
Kuhwebelana nekuhlalisana
Isikhatsi lesinyenti, bantfu bemngcele bebabambisana ngoba babedzingana.
Kuphila emngceleni bekungesikho kuphela kwekulwa. Imiphakatsi yemaXhosa nemakoloni babehwebelana, bantjintjiselana ngetinkhomo, indlovu (ivory), ubuhlalu, ithusi (copper), indwangu netikhali tensimbi. Labanye bantfu bafundza tilimi tabanye, basebenta ndzawonye baze bendzelana emkhatsini wemacembu.
- Tinkhomo betiwumcebo kubo bobabili emaXhosa nema-trekboer, ngako babehwebelana befuyele ndzawonye.
- Bebasebenti bemaKhoikhoi, batingeli nebahwebi bebavamise kuhamba emkhatsini wemiphakatsi lemibili.
- Bafundisi bevangeli, tikhulu netitfunywa ngalesinye sikhatsi babenta tivumelwane tekugcina kuthula.
Speaker notes
Lesi-slide silinganisa indzaba khona bafundzi bangacabangi kutsi umngcele bewunodlame kuphela. Buhlobo bangempela - kuhweba, kusebenta, umshado, kufundza tilimi - kwewela umngcele. Loku 'kubambisana' kuyincenye yesihloko seCAPS futsi kulula kukungananaki. Buta bafundzi tibonelo tanamuhla temacembu lancintisanako abuye abambisane.
Kungani kungcubutana kwakhula?
Tintfo letifanako bantfu lababelana ngato - umhlaba, emanti netinkhomo - naletabangela tingcubutane tabo.
Njengoba kwefika ema-trekboer lamanyenti bese kubuye kwefika nebahlali bemaNgisi (British), bafuna umhlaba lomunyenti kanye nemadlelo lamanyenti. Loku kwacindzetela imiphakatsi yemaXhosa lebeyivele isebentisa lowo mhlaba. Kwatsi tinkhomo natilahleka, ngulelo cembu labeka lomunye licala, futsi kutseleka lokuncane kwakhula kwaba yimphi.
- Omabili lamacembu abefuya tinkhomo, ngako kuncintisana ngemadlelo bekunjalo njalo.
- Kutseleka tinkhomo (cattle raiding) ngemacembu omabili kwabangela intfukutselo nekungetsembani.
- Hulumende wekoloni wachubeka etama kubeka umngcele lomile nekususa emaXhosa emhlabeni losenshonalanga wawo.
Speaker notes
Dvweba imbangela nemphumela ngalokucacile: kwandza kwenani lebahlali kanye nemnotfo wetinkhomo lababelana ngawo kanye nemngcele loshintjako kwaholela ekungcubutaneni. Khombisa kutsi kutseleka tinkhomo kwakwentiwa nguto tombili - loku kubalulekile ngenca yekulingana. Chaza kutsi imizamo yahulumende yekudvweba umudvwa locinile, nekugcina emaXhosa ngakwelinye lelicele, kwenta kuthula kwaba matima.
TiMphi teMngcele (Frontier Wars)
Emkhatsini wa-1779 na-1879 kwaba khona tinhlobonhlobo tetimphi emkhatsini wemakoloni nemiphakatsi yemaXhosa emngceleni waseMpumalanga Kapa (Eastern Cape).
Batati bemlandvo babala cishe tiMphi teMngcele letili-9 (nine Frontier Wars) phakatsi kweminyaka lecishe ibe likhulu. Kulesifundvo sibuka leto letentiwa ekucaleni kwabo-1800. Ngulinye limphi lativame kuphetsa ngekutsi emaXhosa alahlekelwe ngumhlaba lomunyenti, njengoba ikoloni yayicindzetela umngcele wayo waya ngasemphumalanga.
- Letimphi tatibuye tibitwe ngekutsi tiCape Frontier Wars nobe tiXhosa Wars.
- Beti ngesiyo yinye imphi lendze kodvwa betitinhlobonhlobo tekungcubutana letehlukene, kunekuthula emkhatsini.
- Ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi lisu belicacile: umhlaba wasuka ekulawulweni ngemaXhosa waya ekolonini.
Speaker notes
Nika sitfombe lesikhulu ngaphambi kwemininingwane. Bafundzi abadzingi kubamba ngekhanda tonkhe letimphi letili-9; badzinga kucondza lisu - kungcubutana lokuphindzaphindzako, ngulinye limphi liphetsa ngekutsi umngcele ucindzetelwe uye ngasemphumalanga emaXhosa alahlekelwe ngumhlaba. [SME] Batati bemlandvo bayehlukana ngekutsi letimphi letili-9 tibalwa titeng tibekwa nini; cinisekisa inombolo netinsuku lofuna bafundzi batisebentise.
Baciteka eZuurveld
Emabutfo emaNgisi (British) acindzetela tinkhulungwane temaXhosa taweluka uMfula iFish River kuze kuvuleke umhlaba wekoloni.
I-Zuurveld beyisigcamu semhlaba losenshonalanga koMfula iFish River lapho emaXhosa nemakoloni babehlala khona ndzawonye. Ngo-1811-1812, Umbusi Sir John Cradock wayala emabutfo emaNgisi (British) nebahlangene nawo kutsi baxoshe emaXhosa bawaphocelele awele umfula aye ngasemphumalanga.
- Ikoloni beyifuna indzawo lengenabantfu lecacile emngceleni wayo waseMpumalanga.
- Kuze kuvikelwe umngcele lomusha, lidolobha iGrahamstown lasungulwa ngo-1812.
- Imindeni leminyenti yemaXhosa yalahlekelwa ngemakhaya nemadlelo lebeyiwasebentise iminyaka.
Speaker notes
Lesi sibonelo lesicacile sekwephucwa umhlaba (dispossession). Chaza 'indzawo yekuvikela' (buffer zone) - ikoloni beyifuna umhlaba longenabantfu emkhatsini wayo nemaXhosa. Caphela kusungulwa kweGrahamstown (namuhla iMakhanda) njengelidolobha lelisemngceleni lemabutfo. Phatsa loku ngekunakekela: imindeni yangempela yaphocelelwa yasuka emhlabeni wayo. Buta bafundzi kutsi bacabanga kutsi emaXhosa aticwa njani ngekuxoshwa.
Bahlali BemaNgisi bango-1820 (1820 British Settlers)
I-Britain yatfumela cishe bahlali laba-4,000 kutsi bahlale emngceleni njengelihawu lebantfu lekuvikela ikoloni.
Ngo-1820 hulumende wemaNgisi (British) wasita cishe bahlali laba-4,000 bathutsele eMpumalanga Kapa (Eastern Cape). Baniketwa emapulazi endzaweni yemngcele, ngenca yekukhulisa ikoloni futsi ngenca yekuvikela umngcele kumaXhosa.
- Bahlali labanyenti balwa: umhlaba bewumatima kuwulima nekungcubutana bekusedvute.
- Labanye bayekela kulima bacala emadolobha, tinkhampani (trades) nemaphephandzaba.
- Kufika kwabo kwengeta kucindzeteleka emhlabeni wemaXhosa lolisedvute nemngcele.
Speaker notes
Chaza lisu lemaNgisi (British): beka bahlali emngceleni kuwucinisa nekuwuvikela. Caphela kutsi bahlali labanyenti baba nesikhatsi lesimatima base baphendvukela ekwenteni tinkhampani emadolobheni, lokwaholela ekukhuleni kweGrahamstown nemaphephandzaba emngceleni. Gcina kulingana: bahlali kanyenti bekungimindeni lehluphekile lejwayelekile, kodvwa kufika kwabo kwaengeta kucindzeteleka emhlabeni wemaXhosa.
Makhanda nekuhlaselwa kweGrahamstown
Ngo-1819 libutfo lemaXhosa leliholwa ngumholi wemphi kanye nemphrofethi Makhanda lahlasela lidolobha lasemngceleni iGrahamstown.
EmaXhosa abehlukene emkhatsini webaholi lababili, Ngqika nemalume wakhe Ndlambe. Kwatsi lapho emaNgisi (British) aseka Ngqika, emabutfo aNdlambe amelana. Ngo-1819 liciko-mphrofethi Makhanda (lobitwa nangekutsi Nxele nobe Makana) laholela libutfo lelikhulu lemaXhosa ekuhlaseleni lokunesibindzi iGrahamstown.
- Kuhlasela kwehluleka, emaXhosa alahlekelwa kakhulu.
- Makhanda watinikela wafakwa ejele eRobben Island, lapho watfumbeka khona etama kubaleka.
- Ngemvakwemphi ikoloni yatsatsa umhlaba lomunyenti, yenta indzawo 'lengathathi luhlangotsi' (neutral) emaXhosa langakhoni kuyingena.
Speaker notes
Chaza kwehlukana kwaNgqika naNdlambe nekutsi kubandzakanyeka kwemaNgisi (British) kwakuchubekisela njani kungcubutana. Beka Makhanda njengemholi lobalulekile nemphrofethi, hhayi nje mhlaseli. Kuboshwa kwakhe nekufa kwakhe eRobben Island kwenta abe luphawu lwekucala lwekulwela. Caphela futsi lisu: ngemvakwemphi, ikoloni yatsatsa umhlaba lomunyenti. [SME] Bukhulu bebutfo laMakhanda buvamise kubekwa cishe ku-10,000; cinisekisa lelinombolo ngaphambi kwekulisho kubafundzi.
Basiti futsi bayincenye yekungathwa
Bafundisi bevangeli beta kufundzisa nekuphendvula bantfu enkholweni - kodvwa umsebenti wabo wavula nendlela yekulawulwa ngemakoloni.
Speaker notes
Bafundisi bevangeli bayisibonelo lesihle sekutsi sihloko 'sekubambisana nekungcubutana' siyinkimbinkimbi. Emacembu lanjengeLondon Missionary Society (Dr Johannes van der Kemp, ngemuva Dr John Philip) ngalesinye sikhatsi akhuluma alwela emalungelo emaKhoikhoi nemaXhosa, kodvwa umsebenti webafundisi wabuye wentsa kutimela kwebantfu labamnyama kuncipha kwenta kwandza kwemakoloni kube lula. Khutsata bafundzi kutsi babambe yomibili leminaka kunekwehlulela bafundisi njengalabahle nobe lababi nje.
Kubulawa kweNkhosi Hintsa
Ngo-1835 emaNgisi (British) abulala inkhosi lenkhulu yemaXhosa, Hintsa, ngesikhatsi semphi ngemhlaba netinkhomo.
Ngo-1834 imphi yaphindze yagcuma lapho emabutfo emaXhosa, atfukutselele kulahlekelwa ngumhlaba, angena ekolonini. Ngesikhatsi sekulwa emaNgisi (British) atfumba inkhosi lenkhulu Hintsa ka Phalo. Ngo-May 1835 wadutjulwa wabulawa ngemabutfo emaNgisi aseyisibotjwa, sento lesetfusa satfukutselisa emaXhosa.
- Imphi yabangela kufa lokukhulu kwebantfu netinkhomo etinhlangotsini tombili.
- Kufa kwaHintsa kwaba luphawu loluhlala njalo lwekungabi nabulungiswa kwemakoloni.
- Ikoloni yaphindze yacindzetela umngcele wayo waya ngasemphumalanga ngemvakwemphi.
Speaker notes
Lesi sikhatsi lesibucayi - siphatse ngekuzotsa nangeliciniso. Hintsa bekuyinkhosi lenkhulu yemaXhosa; kubulawa kwakhe aseyisibotjwa kwabonwa njengekukhaphela futsi kusewumlandvo lobuhlungu. Gcizelela kutsi kungani kwakubalulekile: kwacinisa kulwela nekungetsembani kwemaXhosa. Gwema imininingwane lecolisako; liphuzu lelikhulu bulungiswa lobungekho nesitfunti saso lesidze. [SME] Timo letiphelele tekufa kwaHintsa nekulinyazwa kwemtimba wakhe tiyaphikiswa ngubatati bemlandvo; gcina indzaba yasekilasini inakekelekile ucinisekise emagama.
Umholi lowalwela kugcina umhlaba
Sikhulu Maqoma saholela kulwela kwemaXhosa emashumini eminyaka safa siyisibotjwa eRobben Island.
Umhlaba bewungewetfu, futsi angeke siyekele kutiva kutsi watsatfwa kitsi. Umoya lokhunjulwako wekulwela kwemaXhosa emngceleni
Maqoma, indvodzana yeSikhulu Ngqika, abengomunye webaholi bemphi bemaXhosa labanelikhono kakhulu etimphini temngcele. Waphocelelwa wasuka emhlabeni wakhe endzaweni yeKat River wachitsa ingcenye lenkhulu yekuphila kwakhe alwela kwandza kwemakoloni. Ngemuva wafakwa ejele eRobben Island, lapho afela khona ngo-1873.
- Wasebentisa timhlambi netihlahla temngcele ngobuhlakani kumabutfo lamakhulu.
- Kuphila kwakhe kukhombisa indleko yebuntfu yekulahlekelwa ngumhlaba, ngokuphindzaphindzako.
- Namuhla ukhunjulwa njengeliqhawe lekulwela.
Speaker notes
Maqoma unika bafundzi umuntfu lokhumbulekako kuhlanganisa sihloko sekulwela nekwephucwa umhlaba. Caphela kutsi lesicaphuno siyinchazelo lebamba umuzwa wemaXhosa wekulahlekelwa, hhayi sicaphuno lesiciniseke ngco - sethule ngaleyo ndlela. Hlanganisa kuboshwa kwakhe eRobben Island naMakhanda ngaphambilini, kukhombisa luhla lolude lwebaholi bekulwela lababegcinwa lapho. [SME] Cinisekisa kutsi ukhululekile kusebentisa sicaphuno lesinchaziwe, nobe usivalele ngalesinye lesinemtfombo.
Umngcele loshintjako, 1806-1836
- 1806 I-Britain itsatsa umbuso lohlala njalo weCape Colony
- 1811-12 EmaXhosa aciteka eZuurveld; iGrahamstown yasungulwa
- 1819 Makhanda uhlasela iGrahamstown; umhlaba lomunyenti utsatfwa
- 1820 Bahlali bemaNgisi (British) befika emngceleni
- 1835 Inkhosi Hintsa yabulawa ngesikhatsi seMphi Yesitfupha Yemngcele
- 1836 IGreat Trek yacala njengoba emaBhunu asuka ekolonini
Speaker notes
Sebentisa lomugca wesikhatsi kucinisa lokufundziwe. Buta bafundzi balandzele lisu etigamekweni: ngulokunye kungcubutana kuvame kuphetsa ngekutsi umngcele ucindzetelwe uye ngasemphumalanga emaXhosa alahlekelwe ngumhlaba. Caphela iGreat Trek ekugcineni, bafundzi labangase bayifundze ngokulandzelako - yakhula ngenca yetinsayeya temngcele nelushintjo emtsetfweni wemakoloni.
Lesikufundzile
Umngcele waseKapa bekuyindzawo yekubambisana kanye nekungcubutana - kuhweba nemshado, kodvwa futsi imphi nekwephucwa umhlaba.
Emngceleni waseMpumalanga Kapa (Eastern Cape), imiphakatsi yemaXhosa, ema-trekboer, emaKhoikhoi, bahlali bemaNgisi (British) nebafundisi bevangeli babelana ngemhlaba ngekuhweba nekuphila kwansuku tonkhe, kodvwa futsi bagcubutana ngemhlaba, tinkhomo nemandla. Imphi ngemvakwemphi yaphetsa ngekutsi emaXhosa alahlekelwe ngumhlaba, kepha umngcele wekoloni wachubeka uya ngasemphumalanga.
Q. Niketa tibonelo letimbili tekubambisana emkhatsini wemacembu lehlukene emngceleni waseKapa. (4 marks)
Q. Chaza tizatfu letimbili tekutsi kungani kungcubutana kwakhula emngceleni ekucaleni kwabo-1800. (4 marks)
Q. Khetsa umholi munye (Makhanda, Hintsa nobe Maqoma) uchaze kutsi kungani akhunjulwa. (6 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala ngekubuyela etincenyeni letimbili tesihloko - kubambisana nekungcubutana - khona bafundzi bangabamba tombili emcabangweni. Sebentisa leyo mibuto lemitsatfu njengemsebenti lobhaliwe nobe ingcoco; kwabiwa kwemamaki kulandzela indlela yeCAPS yemphendvulo lemifisha nekubhala sigaba. Khumbuta bafundzi kutsi lomlandvo wemngcele usita kuchaza tigameko letatako letinjenge-Great Trek nekulahlekelwa ngumhlaba webantfu labamnyama kulo lonkhe leNingizimu Afrika.
- Grade
- Grade 7
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Cooperation and conflict on the frontiers of the Cape Colony in the early 19th century
- Resource type
- Presentation