Amaqophelo Ashintshayo: U-1948 Nawo-1950s
Ukhetho luka-1948 lwenza kanjani ubandlululo (apartheid) lwaba umthetho, nokuthi abantu baseNingizimu Afrika abavamile baqala kanjani ukulwa nabo.
Speaker notes
Qala ngokubuza abafundi ukuthi yini abasazi ngobandlululo (apartheid). Beka izintambo ezimbili zalesi sifundo: (1) imithetho eyaphasiswa yi-National Party ngemva kokuwina amandla ngo-1948, kanye (2) nokukhula kokumelana naleyo mithetho phakathi neminyaka yawo-1950. Chaza ukuthi 'iqophelo elishintshayo' yisikhathi esishintsha indlela umlando oqonde ngayo.
INingizimu Afrika ngaphambi kuka-1948
Ukwehlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga akuqalanga ngo-1948 - kodwa u-1948 wakwenza kwahleleka kakhulu futhi kwaphelela.
Ngaphambi kakhulu kuka-1948, imithetho yayivele yehlukanisa abantu baseNingizimu Afrika ngokobuhlanga futhi ilawula ukuthi abantu abamnyama bangahlala, basebenze futhi bahambe kuphi. Imithetho yamapasi (pass laws) yaphoqa amadoda amnyama ukuthi aphathe amaphepha, kanti u-Natives Land Act ka-1913 wabekela abanikazi abamhlophe iningi lomhlaba wamapulazi.
- Ingcebo nomhlaba kwakuphethwe kakhulu yibona abamhlophe abambalwa.
- Abantu abamnyama, abaKhaladi (Coloured) namaNdiya babenamalungelo okuvota amancane noma bengenawo nhlobo.
- Ukwehlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga kwakuvamile kodwa kwakungakabi yisimiso esisodwa esiphelele.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela ukuqhubeka nokushintsha: ukwehlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga kwakukhona ngaphansi kohulumeni bangaphambili, kodwa kwakuvamvana. Ngemva kuka-1948 i-National Party yahlanganisa le mithetho eyahlukene yaba yisimiso esisodwa esimboza konke esibizwa ngokuthi ubandlululo (apartheid, igama lesiBhunu elisho 'ukwehlukana'). Xhumanisa nemigomo yangaphambili yamapasi nokwephucwa umhlaba.
Ukhetho luka-1948
Ngomhla ka-26 Meyi 1948 i-National Party yathola amandla ngesethembiso sobandlululo (apartheid).
I-National Party (NP), eyayiholwa u-D.F. Malan, yakhankasa ngesiqubulo se-apartheid - ukugcina amaqembu obuhlanga ehlukene ngokuphelele. Ngokubambisana ne-Afrikaner Party yanqoba i-United Party ka-Jan Smuts.
- Abavoti abamhlophe kuphela ababengabamba iqhaza okhethweni.
- I-NP yawina iningi lezihlalo yize yathola amavoti ambalwa kuwo wonke kunawe-United Party.
- U-D.F. Malan waba nguNdunankulu waqala ukwenza ubandlululo (apartheid) waba umthetho.
Speaker notes
Gqamisa ukuthi kungani u-1948 EYILONA qophelo elishintshayo laleli yunithi: ukushintsha kukahulumeni okwakha ngamabomu ubandlululo. Veza inkinga yobulungiswa - i-NP yawina izihlalo kodwa ayizange iwine amavoti amaningi, ngoba izifunda zasemakhaya (ikakhulukazi ezamaBhunu) zaziphakanyiswa kakhulu. Qaphela ukuthi izigidi zabantu abamnyama, abaKhaladi namaNdiya baseNingizimu Afrika babengenalizwi nhlobo.
Ukwenza ubandlululo (apartheid) ube umthetho
Phakathi kuka-1950 no-1953 uhulumeni waphasisa uchungechunge lwemithetho ukulawula zonke izingxenye zempilo.
Hlukanisa ngezigaba
Nquma ukuthi wonke umuntu ungowaliphi iqembu lobuhlanga.
Hlukanisa
Phoqa amaqembu ahlukene ukuthi ahlale, afunde futhi asebenze ehlukene.
Lawula
Thulisa futhi ujezise noma ubani omelana nesimiso.
Speaker notes
Buka phambili emithethweni emine elandelayo usebenzisa lezi zenzo ezintathu - hlukanisa ngezigaba, hlukanisa, lawula. Lokhu kunika abafundi uhlaka ukuze imithetho ngayinye ingabi uhlu nje lokukhumbula kodwa ibe yizinyathelo zohlelo olulodwa. Cela abafundi ukuthi baqagele ukuthi imuphi umthetho owenza muphi umsebenzi njengoba uqhubeka namaslayidi alandelayo.
Population Registration Act, 1950
Wonke umuntu waseNingizimu Afrika wafakwa eqenjini lobuhlanga, waqoshwa uhulumeni.
Lo mthetho wawudinga ukuthi abantu bahlukaniswe ngobuhlanga - njengoMhlophe, oKhaladi (Coloured) noma iNative (umAfrika omnyama). Abantu abangamaNdiya/ase-Asia babe sebefakwa kamuva njengeqembu elehlukene. Isigaba somuntu sasinquma ukuthi angahlala, asebenze, afunde kuphi nokuthi angashada nobani.
- Iziphathimandla zazisebenzisa ukubukeka, uzalo nokwamukelwa emphakathini ukuhlukanisa abantu.
- Imindeni yayingahlukaniswa lapho amalungu ehlukaniswa ngendlela ehlukene.
- Lo mthetho waba yisisekelo eyakhelwa kuso eminye imithetho yobandlululo.
Speaker notes
Chaza ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba kwakuyisihluthulelo esiyinhloko sobandlululo: uma nje uhulumeni esebeke 'uhlanga' lwakho, wonke omunye umthetho wawusungasetshenziswa kuwe. Yabelana ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwakwenziwa ngokungenambangela futhi kunonya - abazalwane babengafakwa emaqenjini ahlukene. Gcizelela inani lomonakalo kubantu, hhayi imininingwane yomthetho nje kuphela.
Group Areas Act, 1950
Umthetho wahlukanisa amadolobha nezindawo zamadolobha waba yizindawo zobuhlanga.
I-Group Areas Act yavumela uhulumeni ukubekela iqembu elilodwa lobuhlanga noma iyiphi indawo yasedolobheni. Abantu ababehlala endaweni 'engalungile' babengase baxoshwe ngenkani emakhaya abo bayiswe ezindaweni ezikude namadolobha nemisebenzi.
- Imiphakathi yonke yasishulwa kanti imizi yayo yabhidlizwa.
- Umhlaba osendaweni engcono cishe njalo wawubekelwa izakhamuzi ezimhlophe.
- Ukususwa okwaziwayo kufaka i-District Six eKapa neSophiatown eGoli.
Speaker notes
Xhumanisa lo mthetho nendlela izwe elakheke ngayo abafundi abangase bayibone emadolobheni abo - amaningi amadolobha aseNingizimu Afrika asakhombisa leli phethini lobandlululo. ISophiatown iphinda ivele emaslayidini amabili alandelayo njengesifundo esibhekiwe, ngakho tshala imbewu lapha. Buza: kuzwakala kanjani ukutshelwa ukuthi ikhaya lakho manje selisendaweni 'engalungile'?
Suppression of Communism Act, 1950
Umthetho owabhalwa ngokubanzi kangangokuthi wawungathulisa cishe noma yimuphi ophikisana nobandlululo.
Lo mthetho wavimbela i-Communist Party, kodwa wachaza 'ubukhomanisi' ngokubanzi kangangokuthi wawungasetshenziswa kunoma ubani ophikisana nenqubomgomo kahulumeni. UNgqongqoshe wayenga'vimbela' abantu - ancishe ukunyakaza kwabo, abathulise futhi abavimbele emihlanganweni - ngaphandle kokuthethwa kwecala.
- Izishoshovu zazingase 'zifakwe ohlwini', zivinjelwe noma zidingiswe emakhaya azo.
- Ukuvinjelwa (banning) kwenza kwaba icala ukuthi abaholi abaningi bakhulume esidlangalaleni noma bacashunwe.
- Uhulumeni wasebenzisa lo mthetho kuwo wonke amawo-1950 ukuze ubuthakathake ukumelana.
Speaker notes
Lona umthetho 'wokulawula'. Yenza kucace ingozi yomthetho ongacacile: ngenxa yokuthi 'ubukhomanisi' bachazwa ngokungaqondile, uhulumeni wayengathulisa abezinyunyana, abaholi bezenkolo namaliberali ababengahlangene nhlobo nobukhomanisi. Xhumanisa nombono wombuso womthetho - lapha isijeziso safika ngaphandle kokuthethwa kwecala ngokufanele.
Bantu Education Act, 1953
Imfundo ephansi ngamabomu eyayiklanyelwe ukugcina izingane ezimnyama emsebenzini oholelwa kancane.
Uhulumeni wathatha ukulawula imfundo yabantu abamnyama ezandleni zamasonto nezinhlangano zamamishinari ezaziphethe izikole eziningi. U-Hendrik Verwoerd, uNgqongqoshe owayephethe, wakwenza kwacaca inhloso: ukuqeqesha izingane ezimnyama zibe zimpilo yokusebenza nokukhonza kuphela, hhayi amathuba alinganayo.
- Izikole zabantu abamnyama zaziniketwa imali encane kakhulu kunezikole ezimhlophe.
- Uhlelo lwezifundo lwakhawulela lokho okwakufundiswa abafundi abamnyama.
- Intukuthelo nge-Bantu Education yondla ukumelana amashumi eminyaka, kuze kube ngu-1976.
Speaker notes
Caphuna noma udlulise inhloso ka-Verwoerd ngokucophelela ezingeni le-Grade 9: imfundo yasetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokukhawulela ikusasa lezingane ezimnyama. Dweba umugqa oya phambili - ukuvukela kwaseSoweto ngo-1976, abafundi abazohlangana nakho eyunithini elilandelayo, kwavuselelwa intukuthelo nge-Bantu Education. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi umthetho wawo-1950 waba nemiphumela amashumi eminyaka.
Ubandlululo luyakheka, 1948-1956
- 1948 I-National Party iwina ukhetho
- 1950 Imithetho ye-Population Registration, Group Areas ne-Suppression of Communism
- 1952 I-Defiance Campaign
- 1953 I-Bantu Education Act
- 1955 I-Freedom Charter yamukelwa; ukususwa kwaseSophiatown kuqala
- 1956 Umashi Wabesifazane; ukuboshwa kwecala lokuvukela umbuso (Treason Trial)
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa leli slayidi ukuhlanganisa ngaphambi kokusuka 'emithethweni' uye 'ekumelaneni'. Cela abafundi baqaphele iphethini: ukuqhuma kwemithetho yobandlululo ngo-1950, bese kuvuka igagasi lokubhikisha kusuka ngo-1952 kuya phambili. Ingxenye eseleyo yesifundo ilandela lokho kumelana.
I-Defiance Campaign, 1952
Izinkulungwane zephula imithetho yobandlululo ngamabomu ukugcwalisa amajele nokubonisa ukwenqaba kwabo isimiso.
Yethulwa ngomhla ka-26 Juni 1952 yi-African National Congress (ANC) ne-South African Indian Congress, amavolontiya ephula imithetho engenabo ubulungiswa ngamabomu - esebenzisa izikhungo 'zabamhlophe kuphela' futhi ephula ama-curfew - futhi bamukela ukuboshwa ngaphandle kodlame.
- Kwakungumkhankaso wokuqala omkhulu, wezinhlanga eziningi wokumelana ngaphandle kodlame.
- Abaholi babefaka uNelson Mandela, uWalter Sisulu noJames Moroka.
- Ubulungu be-ANC bakhula kakhulu njengoba umkhankaso wanda ezweni lonke.
Speaker notes
Gcizelela isu: ukungalaleli umbuso ngaphandle kodlame, okugqugquzelwa ngokwengxenye ukumelana ngokungenza lutho (passive resistance) kwangaphambili. Inhloso kwakuwuxineko lokuziphatha nobuningi babantu, hhayi amandla. Phawula ukuze kuxoxwe ngempendulo kahulumeni - i-Defiance Campaign yaholela ngokuqondile emithethweni eqinile futhi kamuva ecaleni lokuvukela umbuso (Treason Trial, islayidi sokugcina).
Ukususwa kwaseSophiatown
Idolobhana laseGoli elibukhali, elixubile labhujiswa ukuze kuphoqelelwe i-Group Areas Act.
ISophiatown yayingenye yezindawo ezimbalwa lapho abantu abamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika babengaba khona nomhlaba, futhi yayidume ngomculo nempilo yomphakathi. Kusukela ngomhla ka-9 Febhuwari 1955 uhulumeni waqala ukususa ngenkani izakhamuzi eziyisa eMeadowlands eSoweto nokubhidliza imizi yazo.
- Izakhamuzi zabhikisha ngesiqubulo esithi 'Ons dak nie, ons phola hier' (asisuki).
- Indawo yakhelwa kabusha izakhamuzi ezimhlophe yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi 'Triomf' (ukunqoba).
- ISophiatown yaba uphawu lwalokho ukususwa ngenkani okwakubhubhisa.
Speaker notes
Sebenzisa iSophiatown ukwenza i-Group Areas Act ibonakale futhi ibe nobuntu. Xhumanisa nesislayidi 6. Sho ukubaluleka kwayo kwamasiko (ababhali, abaculi benkathi ye-Drum) ukuze abafundi babone ukuthi ukususwa ngenkani akubhubhisanga izakhiwo kuphela kodwa nendlela yokuphila. Ukuqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi 'Triomf' kukhombisa ukuthi uhulumeni wawugubha lokhu kubhujiswa.
I-Congress of the People ne-Freedom Charter
Ngomhla ka-26 Juni 1955 cishe izithunywa ezingu-3,000 zahlangana eKliptown ukusho uhlobo lwezwe ezazilufuna.
Abantu Bayobusa! INingizimu Afrika ingeyabo bonke abahlala kuyo, abamnyama nabamhlophe. I-Freedom Charter, Kliptown, 26 Juni 1955
I-Congress of the People yayihlelwe yi-Congress Alliance. Izithunywa zaqoqa izidingo kulo lonke izwe zazibeka ku-Freedom Charter, isitatimende samalungelo nenkululeko abantu ababekufuna eNingizimu Afrika ene-demokhrasi.
- Yayifuna amalungelo alinganayo, umhlaba, umsebenzi nemfundo kubo bonke.
- Yaba nomthelela kamuva ezimisweni zoMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika onedemokhrasi.
- Amaphoyisa aphazamisa usuku lwesibili lomhlangano futhi abhala phansi labo ababekhona.
Speaker notes
Qhathanisa leli slayidi nemithetho yobandlululo: nangu umbono ohlukile. Chaza i-Congress Alliance kafushane (i-ANC nabalingani bayo abamele imiphakathi eyahlukene). Phawula umugqa oqondile osuka ku-Freedom Charter uye kuMthethosisekelo ka-1996 - idokhumenti yawo-1950 eyaba nomthelela kwidemokhrasi eminyakeni engu-40 kamuva. Ukubhekwa kwesixuku ngamaphoyisa kuxhumanisa naphambili ecaleni lokuvukela umbuso (Treason Trial).
Umashi Wabesifazane, 1956
Cishe abesifazane abangu-20,000 bamasha baya kwa-Union Buildings bemelene nemithetho yamapasi kwabesifazane.
Behlelwe nge-Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW), abesifazane bazo zonke izinhlanga bamasha baya kwa-Union Buildings ePitoli bemelene nezinhlelo zokwelula imithetho yamapasi eyayizondwa kwabesifazane abamnyama. Bashiya izinkulungwane zezicelo ezisayiniwe ehhovisi likaNdunankulu uStrijdom.
- Abaholi babefaka uLilian Ngoyi, uHelen Joseph, uRahima Moosa noSophia Williams-De Bruyn.
- Abamashi bacula 'Wathint' abafazi, wathint' imbokodo' (uthinta owesifazane, uthinta itshe).
- Umhla ka-9 Agasti manje ugujwa minyaka yonke njengoSuku Lwesizwe Lwabesifazane.
Speaker notes
Beka phambili ubuholi babesifazane - ithuba lokwandisa isithombe sabafundi somzabalazo ngaphandle kwamadoda adumile. Chaza ukuthi imithetho yamapasi yayiyini (amaphepha alawula ukunyakaza) nokuthi kungani ukwelula kwayo kwabesifazane kwazondwa kangaka. Xhumanisa nesimo samanje: uSuku Lwesizwe Lwabesifazane lwenza lo mcimbi ube yingxenye yekhalenda labafundi uqobo.
Icala Lokuvukela Umbuso (Treason Trial) nalokho esikufundile
NgoDisemba 1956 uhulumeni wabopha abaholi abangu-156 wabasola ngokuvukela umbuso.
Uhulumeni wasola izishoshovu ezingu-156 ngokuvukela umbuso, ethi i-Freedom Charter yayifakazela itulo lodlame lokuketula umbuso. Icala ladonsa iminyaka; ekugcineni bonke abasolwa batholakala bengenacala. Kwakhombisa kokubili ukuzimisela kombuso ukuchoboza ukumelana kanye nokuqina komzabalazo.
Q. Kungani u-1948 uchazwa njengeqophelo elishintshayo emlandweni waseNingizimu Afrika? (4 marks)
Q. Khetha umthetho owodwa wawo-1950 uchaze ukuthi wehlukanisa noma walawula kanjani izimpilo zabantu. (6 marks)
Q. Chaza izindlela ezimbili abantu baseNingizimu Afrika abamelana ngazo nobandlululo ngawo-1950. (4 marks)
Speaker notes
Vala isikhala: ukumelana kwasekuqaleni kwawo-1950 (Defiance Campaign, Freedom Charter) kwabangela icala lokuvukela umbuso (Treason Trial), kodwa umbuso wehluleka ukugweba noma ubani. Sebenzisa imibuzo emithathu njengomsebenzi obhaliwe noma ingxoxo yekilasi; ukwabiwa kwamamaki kulingisa izindlela ze-CAPS ezisekelwe emithombeni nokubhala okwelulekile. Khumbuza abafundi ukuthi lokhu kuvula iyunithi elilandelayo (iSharpeville 1960, iSoweto 1976, ukukhululwa kukaMandela 1990).
- Grade
- Grade 9
- Subject
- History
- CAPS topic
- Turning points in South African history: 1948 and the 1950s
- Resource type
- Presentation