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… Front (UDF) supporters in Natal, South Africa, following the release of Mandela on 11 February 1990.  One of the reasons advanced for this violence is that pro-government forces as well as members of the South African security establishment wished to …   [Accessed: 10 February 2010]|Ellis .S, (1998), The Historical significance of South Africa's Third Force, …

… On 19 October 1986, the Mozambique President, Samora Machel and thirty-three … passengers, died when their Tupolev 134 plane crashed into the Lebombo Mountains, South Africa, after allegedly … following a false beacon. Machel was a prominent leader of the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) and he …

… On 7 September 1986, former Secretary-General of the South African Council of Churches and Nobel Peace Prize … Desmond Tutu, was ordained as an Archbishop of Cape Town. The former teacher, whose decision to leave the profession was prompted by the implementation of the …

… in northern Namibia. Construction workers discovered the first mass grave containing human bones and ammunition 400 metres from the former military base on 9 November. The second grave was discovered the next day near the base's …

… uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) activist was hanged for his role in the MK and anti-apartheid resistance. As a member of the South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU), he was responsible for the organisation of metal workers at a time when the … SACP 65 Years in the Frontline struggle, Vuyisile Mini  [online], available …

… Zwelakhe Sisulu was a prominent journalist in the apartheid era who fought for justice and freedom. Sisulu was the founder and editor of the New Nation newspaper. He also founded the Media Workers … Southern Africa News Calendar: June and July 1986, from the International Defence and Aid Fund (I.A.D.F.) News , …

… The South African government led by National Party (NP) held …  decided whether South Africa should remain a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations or declare  a republic. The voting age restriction was lowered to eighteen years and …

… Many South Africans have heard of the ‘Bang Bang Club,’ a nickname given to four South African photographers who captured the dying years of apartheid through their camera lenses. The four thrill-seeking cameramen Kevin Carter, Greg …

… Britain imposed an embargo on Rhodesian trade. The ban came just two months after Southern Rhodesia (now … as Zimbabwe) Prime Minister, Ian Douglas Smith, announced the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI). During his … I would like to say a few words to you. Today, now that the final stalemate in negotiations has become evident, the …

… Nelson Mandela was identified as the "mouthpiece and mastermind" behind a call for a national strike and the formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation). Mandela founded Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) with the …  [Accessed on 11 October 2011]| Hepple, B. Rivonia: The Story of Accused No 11,‘The Road to Rivonia: July 11 …

… of friendship with Abyssinia (now known as Ethiopia). In the treaty, which was called the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928, also known as the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of Friendship and Arbitration, …

… On 1 October 1881, Pixley ka Isaka Seme was born at the Inanda mission station in Natal (now kwaZulu Natal). Seme was a founding member of the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) in 1912, which was renamed the African National Congress (ANC) in 1923. The organisation …

… after twelve years in office, B.J. Voster was elected to the unprecedented honorary position of State President. However, his spell in the new office was short-lived. He relinquished the position after he was implicated in the …

… In 1892 the first Psychiatric Institution in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, the Krankzinnige Gesticht, was established in 1892.  Later …

… Dr Allan Boesak, former anti-apartheid activist, leader of the World Alliance of Churches and patron of the now disbanded United Democratic Front (UDF), was one of the participants in the Rainbow Debate at a heritage festival …

… United Nations World Summit starts The United Nations World Summit started at the United Nations (UN) headquarters in New York. The Millennium Summit was the biggest ever for world leaders. …

… and other community and development organisations meet at the Presidential Job Summit to discuss ways to create jobs in the country. The Summit proposed the revival of South Africa's three most … System, p. 174.| sahistory,' Nelson Mandela's address to the Summit of the Patriotic ',[online],Available at …

… At the age of 88, Clarence Makwetu passed away in Queenstown … at 13:30 after a long illness. Makwetu was born on the 6th of December 1928 in the Transkei, as the 2nd of five children of Minah and Gqongo …

… The President of the National Union of South Africa Students (NUSAS), Ian Robertson, receives a banning order under the Suppression of Communism Act of 1950 when he was banned by the government only a month before Senator Kennedy's visit. …

… On 20th August 1983, the United Democratic Front was launched at the Rockland Civic Centre in Cape Town. It was a broad … coalition of anti apartheid organizations that opposed the government's constitutional reform proposals. On the …

… A government notice published on 6 November 1964 gave the names of 303 persons on whom banning notices under the General Laws Amendment Act of 1963 (the so-called 90 Day Act), consisting largely of amendments … B.J. & Spies, S.B. (eds) (1993). South Africa in the 20th Century, Pretoria: Van Schaik Academic, p. 407. …

… British forces at Ladysmith near Durban, KwaZulu Natal.  The British forces had been under siege by the Boers since 2 November 1899. They were besieged almost a month after the outbreak of the Second South African War (also known as …

… Danie Theron, an Afrikaner patriot believing in the just and divine right of the Boer to stand against British interference, died during the Second Anglo-Boer War in an inferno of lyddite and … 21 August 2013)| Boddy-Evans, A. ‘Danie Theron -- Hero of the Anglo-Boer War’ , [online], available at …

… The Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) was one of the women’s rights organisations that emerged in the 1950s and conducted a massive campaign against apartheid … University of the Witwatersrand (WITS), ‘Inventory: AD1137 Records of The Federation of South African Women’ , from WITS Historical …

… Dutch missionary Johannes Theodorus van der Kemp was the first missionary to work among the Xhosa. He became involved with the Khoi Khoi of the Cape Colony and was interested in …

… independence for Sudan following years of colonial rule. The tale of these two countries’ rule over Sudan dates back the 19th century. In 1823, Egyptians founded Khartoum as … and developed Sudan's trade in ivory and slaves, while in the 1890s the British decided to gain control of Sudan. …

… empire and to avenge Italy's defeat in 1896 at Adwa by the Eritreans invades Eritrea. A border clash at Wewel (also referred to as Ualual) in Southern Ethiopia along the border of Somaliland increased the tension. The League of Nations, which Ethiopia had joined …

… officially re-named Pageview in honour of Mr. J.J. Page, the Mayor of Johannesburg at the time. Up until this point, the area was popularly known as Fietas. It was one of the … SAHO unpublished archive and information received from the  'Fietas Festival Programme'  organizers …

… The Nationalist party government announced its intention to consolidate the total number of separate 'homeland' areas from 113 to 36. The homelands were officially instituted in the 1950s as a … SAHO,  The Homeland , from South African History Online , [online], …

… The first meeting of the Student Wages Commission was held at the Bolton Hall, Durban. Beforehand, thousands of pamphlets …