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European Societies in the Middle Ages
The Middle Ages in Europe, a feudal society Glossary Feudal Society: The stage of society that preceded capitalism, during which a small elite (the…
ArticleAfrica, Portugal
Portuguese trading stations in West Africa and the slave trade Portuguese expansion into Africa began with the desire of King John I to gain access to the…
America, Spanish conquest
All the content in this America section was developed from 2003 lessons, namely; – America in the 1500s – The Slave TradeThe content below has been modified…
ArticleBritain takes control of the Cape
The arrival of the British at the Cape changed the lives of the people that were already living there. Initially British control was aimed to protect the trade…
ArticleThe Zulu kingdom and the colony of Natal
The need for a controlled labour force: Indentured Labourers There is an indentured labour gallery on the SAHO site, webteam please select an image from there…
ArticleIndia, Mughal Empire, 16-19th Century
The Mughal India 1526-1858 The Mughal Empire: government and society The Moghuls were a powerful Muslim family who came from lands that are today part of…
ArticleFietas: Pageview timeline 1880-1988
This timeline is NOT complete. Any omissions are unintentional as this timeline is a work in progress that will be added to over time. Please click on the…
ArticleGrey Street Complex timeline 1800-1999
1854 15 May, The proclamation of the settlement of Durban into a Borough. The European population stands at 1,204. 1858 The Umzinto Sugar Company…
ArticleThe Grey Street Mosque, 1880-1930
The Grey Street Mosque, 1880-1930 Indians began settling in Natal from 1860 when the first indentured workers arrived.1 They were followed from the mid-1870s…
The Ideology of the Black Consciousness Movement
The emergence of the Black Consciousness movement that swept across the country in the 1970s can best be explained in the context of the events from 1960…
ArticleBlack Consciousness Movement Timeline 1903-2009
1903 William Edward Durghardt Du Bois publishes The Souls of Black Folk rejecting the notion that Black people need western values be to accepted as citizens…
ArticleBlack Consciousness Movement Documents, Articles and Papers
All our archival material on this subject are found here:Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) Archive
ArticleThe formation of SASO and the Black People’s Convention
Black university students had tried for many years to make progress through the multiracial and liberal National Union of South African Students (NUSAS). In…
The Black Face of Apartheid
Biko was critical of the homeland (Bantustan) policy. At the height of his influence, between 1963 and 1976, Steve Biko called the homelands “the greatest…
ArticleBiko’s imprisonment, death and the aftermath
In the wake of the urban revolt of 1976 and with prospects of a national revolution becoming apparent, security police detained Biko, the outspoken student…
ArticleThe Inquest into Biko’s Death and his funeral
Prior to Biko's inquest, magistrates had declined to examine the interrogation methods used, and had attributed detention deaths to natural causes, suicides or…
ArticleConclusion: Black Consciousness Movement
It can be concluded that the death of Biko left a vacuum similar to the one created by the banning of the ANC and the PAC after Sharpeville. On the positive…
ArticleBlack Consciousness: Cultural Expression and Representation
Though first publicized as a respected medium for the liberation struggle in 1967, poetry and literary expression had been popularized throughout the 1950s and…
ArticleAnti-Indian Legislation
Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Harry Escombe became one of the most prominent White politicians in the Colony of Natal. Initially he pursued a…
Passage to Natal - The Journey
Travelling conditions on the ships transporting workers from India were deplorable. The voyages were long, with the danger of disease breaking out, ever…
Indian immigrants engaged in non-sugar growing activities
From the outset a large number of Indians were employed in non-sugar growing activities. A small group was employed as domestic servants and they were…
Documents and books relating to Indian history in South Africa
Indian education in Natal
1865 A report? Native Schools 1865? states that these were day and evening schools.Á‚ There was a Mr Earl?s school on the Isipingo plantation which was…
A new class struggle
While historians are generally in agreement that the main anti-Indian feeling in South Africa was directed towards the merchant class, these sentiments were…
ArticleSita’s story
My Childhood at Phoenix Settlement I was born on 19th of October 1928 on my grandfather’s farm, which was fifteen miles away from the city, and in those days…
Indian Community in Lenasia
From the very beginning, settlement in Lenasia was a contentious issue, driven with debates about race, class, collaboration with and resistance to apartheid…
ArticleIndian South Africans: 1924-1948 Legislation and Segregation
Contents Introduction The concept of segregation Discriminatory legislation up to 1924 Political Legislation Economic Legislation Legislation regarding…
ArticleThe Padavatan Six and the 1917 Natal Floods
On 28 October 1917 more than 400 market gardeners from the Springfield Flats (Tintown) area in Durban, Natal (now Kwazulu-Natal) drowned when the banks of the…
ArticleThe Dutch Settlement
The region of the Western Cape which includes the Table Bay area (where the modern city of Cape Town is located) was inhabited by Khoikhoi pastoralists who…
ArticleCradle of Humankind
The Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and EnvironsThe Sterkfontein Valley landscape is in both western Gauteng and the North West…