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ArticleList of SADF raids into Neigbouring Countries
Cross border raids 1975 August Invasion of Angola. 1978 4 May Air and ground strike on SWAPO refugee camp at Kassinga inside…
Why protect worker’s rights?
The exploitation of workers was a feature of life in South Africa for decades. Apartheid thrived on cheap labour: workers had to contend with the migrant…
ArticleStructure of Government in South Africa
The South African government is divided into three parts: the Executive (the Cabinet), the Legislature (Parliament), and Judiciary (the courts). The Executive…
ArticleCelebrating Freedom and Democracy
The relationship between our Constitution and other laws The Constitution is a law passed by Parliament and it is the highest law in the land. All other laws…
The Court’s position in the justice system
The Constitutional Court is South Africa's highest court on constitutional matters. So its jurisdiction - the scope of its authority to hear cases - is…
ArticleWhy protect children’s rights?
The inclusion in the Bill of Rights of a special section on the rights of the child was an important development for South African children, most of whom had…
ArticleFederation of South African Trade Unions (FOSATU)
The Federation of South African Trade Unions (FOSATU) was the first South African trade union federation that organised mostly Black employees that aimed to be…
ArticleDemocratic Alliance (DA)
The Democratic Alliance (DA), previously named the Democratic Party (DP), was formed on 8 April 1989, when the former Progressive Federal Party, Independent…
ArticleInkatha Freedom Party (IFP)
The Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) is a South African political organization, established by Chief Gatsha Buthelezi, which encouraged a resurgent Zulu nationalism…
ArticleIndustrial and Commercial Workers Union (ICU)
During the 1920s, the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) - which changed its name to the African National Congress (ANC) in 1923 - did not…
ArticleProgressive Federal Party (PFP)
The Progressive Federal Party (PFP), successor to the Progressive Party (PP), was formed after a group of liberal members of the United Party (UP), broke away…
Student Politics in the Era of Democracy
During the 1990-1994 period of political liberalisation and negotiations leading to the first democratic elections the South African Students Organisation …
ArticleStudent Politics: SASO till SANSCO
1968 December, SASO is formed at the conference held in Marianhill, Natal. The conference was exclusively attended by Black students. 1969 1 July, SASO…
South African Prime Ministers from the National Party
South African Prime Ministers from the NP (equivalent to the position of President today): Following constitutional reforms in 1984, the office of State…
Documents, and articles pertaining to National Party
ArticleAfrican National Congress (ANC) office bearers
On 8 January 2012 the African National Congress (ANC) celebrated its centenary. As part of the uKhongolose: ANC and South Africa’s Struggle for Freedom feature…
ArticleIsitwalandwe/Seaparankwe Award
Isitwalandwe/Seaparankwe is the highest honour awarded by the people of South Africa, through the African National Congress, to those who have made an…
Early Resistance, the 1913 Land Act and deputations to London
The first restriction that the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) aimed to contest was the 1913 Land Act, an urgent issue that affected all black…
ArticleArmed Struggle, the anti-apartheid struggle accelerates 1984-1990
In September 1984, riots broke out in the Transvaal and spread to other parts of the country. These riots continued until 1986, when the African National…
ArticleArmed Struggle, the revival of armed activity 1970s-1980s
The independence of Mozambique, in particular, gave tremendous momentum to the armed struggle in South Africa. Jacob Zuma recalls that when Angola and…
ArticleA change to armed struggle and the state’s intensified repression 1960s
With no discernable change in government policies, some members of the African National Congress (ANC) began to move away from peaceful protest. The ANC…
Rejuvenation of the ANC and intensification of the struggle 1940s
In 1940, Alfred Xuma was elected the new president of the African National Congress (ANC), and a period of greater action was introduced. Xuma was still…
ArticleContinued resistance and internal criticism 1920s and 1930s
In the following years, the African National Congress (ANC) leadership evolved to be more inclined to action than passive deputation, but very little was…
Outside Links on Durban
Articles & Books on Johannesburg
Articles & books relating to Cape Town
ArticleThe Freedom struggle in Cape Town
Cape Town has a long history of the struggle against racial discrimination and social injustice. Some of the earlier struggles against injustice manifested…
ArticleCape Town the Segregated city
Contents Early settlement patterns of exclusion Towards racial segregation Segregated city Conclusion Once the fort and the early settlement were…
ArticlePort Elizabeth Historical & community biographies
ArticleCommunity histories in Port Elizabeth
Xhosa community The pre-1994 apartheid system of homelands or 'Bantusans' denied Xhosa people South African citizenship and attempted to confine them to the…