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Rejuvenation of the ANC and intensification of the struggle 1940s
In 1940, Alfred Xuma was elected the new president of the African National Congress (ANC), and a period of greater action was introduced. Xuma was still…
ArticleContinued resistance and internal criticism 1920s and 1930s
In the following years, the African National Congress (ANC) leadership evolved to be more inclined to action than passive deputation, but very little was…
Outside Links on Durban
Articles & Books on Johannesburg
Articles & books relating to Cape Town
ArticleThe Freedom struggle in Cape Town
Cape Town has a long history of the struggle against racial discrimination and social injustice. Some of the earlier struggles against injustice manifested…
ArticleCape Town the Segregated city
Contents Early settlement patterns of exclusion Towards racial segregation Segregated city Conclusion Once the fort and the early settlement were…
ArticlePort Elizabeth Historical & community biographies
ArticleCommunity histories in Port Elizabeth
Xhosa community The pre-1994 apartheid system of homelands or 'Bantusans' denied Xhosa people South African citizenship and attempted to confine them to the…
The Freedom struggle: Political mobilisation in Port Elizabeth
The Eastern Cape is regarded by many as the cradle of Black resistance against White oppression. After the defeat of the Xhosa by the British in the frontier…
ArticlePort Elizabeth the Segregated city
Contents 1910-1950 Apartheid ideology and implementation from 1950 Conclusion 1910-1950 By 1950, the population of New Brighton had grown from 3,650 in…
ArticleColonial History of Port Elizabeth
Colonial settlement Land wars The 'Frontier Wars' in the Eastern Cape Europeans who came to stay in South Africa first settled in and around Cape Town. As…
Documents, and articles relating to Durban
ArticlePrehistory of the Durban area
Prehistory of Southern Africa The Durban area is probably best known for the historic Zulu kingdom, dating to the early 19th century. To understand the…
Bloemfontein Books and further links
ArticleThe Freedom struggle in Bloemfontein
Bloemfontein ultimately played an important role in the Province during the early years of the 19th century as it became the meeting place for discussions that…
ArticleBloemfontein the Segregated city
In the early days of the Free State, citizenship was limited to the White population only. This became part of the constitution in 1854, and included those who…
ArticleColonial history of Bloemfontein
The area between the Orange and Vaal rivers, originally known as Transoranje, with its abundance of permanent water sources, was the hunting grounds of the San…
Johannesburg Historical & community Leaders
ArticleJohannesburg the Segregated city
Contents Town & regional planning in Johannesburg Residential development in Johannesburg <a data-cke-saved-href="#Black residential development in…
Colonial History and Development of Johannesburg
Prehistory: Pre colonial farmers in Gauteng
Prehistory of Southern AfricaFarming people did not inhabit the Greater Johannesburg region until the Late Iron Age. Then, beginning in the 15th century,…
Maps through time, Pretoria
ArticlePretoria Historical & community Leaders
Community histories of Pretoria
The Freedom struggle in Pretoria
Pretoria the Segregated city
Contents Pretoria the Segregated city The Tomlinson Report Atteridgeville and Saulsville Hammanskraal Mamelodi Mabopane Laudium Eersterus …
ArticleThe Nelson Mandela Presidency - 1994 to 1999
In 1991, Nelson Mandela was elected the president of the African National Congress (ANC), and his friend and colleague, Oliver Tambo, was elected the ANC’s…
ArticleThe Namibian struggle for independence – 1966 – 1990 – a historical background
During the 1960s most of Africa’s countries had gained independence except for Namibia. Geographically, Namibia is made up of savannah, dry scrub land, as well…
ArticleTimeline of the German and Herero, Nama War and Genocide
1904 6 January, The settler Frau Sonnenberg tells German soldiers stationed at the Waterberg, including the Sergeant in charge, Sergeant Rademacher, that…