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… The Company had been granted a monopoly to trade with Asia by the government of the Netherlands. Jan van Riebeeck … Hope and are now almost extinct. The Khoikhoi as depicted by Samuell Daniell (Africana-Museum). Source: … started to disintegrate the settlement was secured by a hedge with a series of outlook posts. The Cape was not …

… kinds of transportation that use wheels. Some are drawn by animals, like wagons and carriages, and others are drawn by people, like the rickshaw. Cycles also have wheels, … with two or four wheels, which could be pulled along by people or animals. An image of a cart pulled along by …

… qualified ‘Coloured’ teachers in places like Stellenbosch, by way of example, was challenging. Consequently, qualified … the process through. Their efforts however, were stalled by the Education Department, who required the provision of a … establishing a secondary school was eventually supported by the Superintendent-General of Education, provided that the …

… social contexts, believed that the same system used by Natural Scientists to classify animals and plants … in order to confirm the ideas about race as developed by social scientists at that time. They would take some of … left behind. This theory of evolution was developed by a British Scientist Charles Darwin in 1859. This process …

… 23 to 27 February 1917. [1] Russia before the Revolution By the 1800s a number of countries in Western Europe had … time. Capitalist heavy industry grew slowly in Russia, and by the early 1900s it had only established itself in a … They lived in rural areas and worked on the land owned by landlords. Both the working class and the peasantry were …

… of history, theory and criticism of art and architecture by: promoting research encouraging liaison and discussion … Ordinary members forfeit their membership upon death or by giving written notice of resignation or by being twelve months in arrears with subscription fees or …

… of Art Historians launched a journal in 1987. Accredited by the Department of Education and Training, the journal … well as exhibition and book reviews. Published initially by the Bureau of Scientific Research, the journal was shared … it tended to be associated with Nationalist ideologies. By 1990, the editorial committee had persuaded the Bureau …

… strikes provided another platform for this line. Buoyed by a mandate in favour of organising African unions from the … registered unions’ assistance to emerging African unions. By 1973, Harriet’s role as a member of the TUCSA executive, … parallel to the Natal garment union, battled to survive.  By the late 1980s, they had mostly either fallen into ruin or …

… By the 1950s, Harriet Bolton began to help with organising … furniture and garment unions, in 1964, Harriet was asked by the executives of both unions if she would take Jimmy’s … In 1966, Harriet was voted on to the TUCSA executive. By the 1970s she was a national representative of TUCSA. …

… an atheist. At both schools she was strongly influenced by teachers active in the Non-European Unity Movement … course and then get a job and pay the loan back month by month,’ van der Heyden explained. [2] So after high school … public order or safety. The African National Congress (ANC), Pan Africanist Congress and their elected …

… support base the Ambundu people and was largely supported by other African countries, Cuba and the Soviet Union. The … developing into a nationalist movement supported by the government of Zaire and (initially) the People’s … Angola (UNITA), which was established in 1966 and founded by a prominent former leader of the FNLA, Jonas Savimbi.  …

… In the course of the 18th century, new communities defined by race, culture, religion and differential access to land … as he moved up from Piketberg to Little Namaqualand and by the 1790’s Cornelius Kok, Adams’ son moved out of the … the Orange River until 1804 when they were persuaded by two missionaries from the London Missionary Society to …

… In the course of the 18th century, new communities defined by race, culture, religion and differential access to land … as he moved up from Piketberg to Little Namaqualand and by the 1790’s Cornelius Kok, Adams’ son moved out of the … the Orange River until 1804 when they were persuaded by two missionaries from the London Missionary Society to …

… and governance legislation.W. J. du Plessis notes that “By the time of the advent of the new South Africa, about 17 … Corner of the Waterberg District (No: 8) was passed by the Zuid - Afrikaansche Republiek (South African … of Zoutpansberg, and it became the first law passed by the ZAR to control the distribution of land in the …

… in the legislation. The Act was transgressed not only by independent African farmers and sharecroppers but also by landowners. Much of the land in the region was owned by absentee landlords and speculators not particularly … a South African Sharecropper, 1894-1985 Keynote address by North West Premier Mme Edna Molewa at the Bakwena Ba …

… since Chiefs proved they were willing to be co-opted by the colonial rulers at the expense of their subjects. The … or Land Reclamation Scheme was introduced to Pondoland by magistrates in 1947. This scheme was about resettlements, … (1939-1976), accepted the limitations placed on his power by the Colony. For example, in 1889 and 1894, Sigcau granted …

… A documentary history, Volume two 1943 – 1964.  Edited by Alison Drew. Part one Harry Snitcher 1, Unite Against … Coloured People's Council, to be "the only body recognized by the Government to express the views of the Coloured … proposals to place Government? In spite of the statement by the President of the A.P.O. that his Executive supports …

… (CBSIA) amalgamated. [1] Opposition to the participation by the NIC in the Colonisation Commission appointed by the Union Government in 1933, some members of the NIC … Restriction Bill in 1926. [6] This grave threat by the Minister of the Interior to bring in a Union-wide …

… on the continent before it was dissolved and succeeded by the African Union in 2002.  However, the OAU did make a … communities (RECs).  The Abuja Treaty was again adopted by the African Union (AU) , which considered regional … 1: creating new RECs and strengthening existing RECs (by 1999) Stage 2: stabilizing barriers to regional trade (by …

… From the book:  Say It out Loud by Mohamed Adhikari The 1929 Presidential Address, Cape Town, … making that enquiry, we should bear in mind that it is not by a magician's wand that a people can be transformed into … is blacker than it has ever been before. Joint meeting of ANC and APO in Bloemfontein 1931. At the the centre of the …

… the 150 strikers, about 100 decide to continue the strike. By 25 January the company agrees to raise wages by R3, 00 and to reinstate most of the dismissed workers, but … refuse the management’s wage offer. Most return to work by 25 January but 100 are dismissed. 25 January - Workers at …

… deal with mass atrocities – particularly those committed by Germany and Japan - at the international level.  The … came into force through the 1945 London Agreement signed by the major Allied powers (the United States, the United … group.  The Nürnberg Charter was quickly followed by the Tokyo Charter and the trials of Japanese war criminals …

… By the 1860s, subjugation of African people in the immediate … on the eastern frontier however, although annexed by the colonial authorities, were retained largely as 'tribal … scarcity of labour ... has been to a great extent caused by the last two fruitful seasons, the abundance of food in …

… the Interior why the campaign was being resumed. The visit by G.I Gokhale in October and November 1912 had failed to … refused to recognise Hindu and Muslim marriages. Angered by this, Indian women joined the Campaign for the first time. … where the women began the first part of their journey by train to the Transvaal. This was a criminal offence for …

… Bookmarked by Dan Cameron in Art Forum as “what may turn out to be the … Routes: History and Geography, the biennale was curated by Nigerian-born, and at that stage New York based, curator Okwui Enwezor, as appointed by Christopher Till, executive director of the Johannesburg …

… was the finest ever held, although it had been preceded by much serious controversy during the year. There were 30 … Opening greetings Beginning with a 'social' entertained by talent of a high order from Vereeniging, Potchefstroom and … branches, the 'real business' was ushered in next morning by a procession with band and banners from the Party …

… often silenced to maintain the financial support provided by the male abuser. The task of providing education and … Girl children in South Africa are not only affected by poverty and abuse in the home, but also by the discrimination they face at school with regard to …

… of the Republic of South Africa , 1996, was drawn up by the Parliament elected in 1994 in the first non-racial elections and approved by the Constitutional Court (CC) on 4 December 1996. It was signed into law by President Nelson Mandela on 10 December 1996 at …

… NOVEMBER TO ACKNOWLEDGE ITS INDENTURED   LABOUR HERITAGE By Brij Maharaj … invisible in South Africa. This can be further illustrated by the failure to recognise important festivals in the Muslim … of Christian holidays is important. However, the ANC government has failed to declare a single public holiday …

… the country into a series of ‘districts’, each governed by a Landdrost under the authority of central government. … in nature, and the work of the Landdrost was supported by a military ‘Commandant’ and his ‘Field-cornets’, a Market … of town management boards. As these had no powers to make by-laws or impose rates and taxes upon residents, early …