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… and Siporah Mmadira Kotane, a seasonal dressmaker. He is the second eldest son of eleven children. 1918 Kotane goes to … work at Driefontein farm, near Zwartruggens. He works for the Scheepers who got along with Kotane. He leaves after … and is given two heifers. 1920 Kotane attends school for the first time at the age of 15, he feels ashamed when he is …

… 1893 Alfred Bitini Xuma is born, the seventh child born of Abraham and Elizabeth Xuma, an aristocratic Xhosa family living in Manzana Village in the Engcobo district of the Transkei. 1900 Xuma attends the … Institute, after which he begins teaching at various schools in the Transkei. 1912-1913 Xuma starts working as a …

… is detailed and we have broken it up into 3 pages: Use the page navigation on the right or bottom of the page Introduction During the 1980s … action campaigns swept through the country. These included strikes, mass protests and school, rent and consumer … The 1980s and the crisis of Apartheid …

… Dhanamal, of Leopold Street, Durban. 1917-1926 - Attended the Carlisle Street Boys School, graduating from it with a … enrolled at Skerrys Tutorial College where he prepared for the entrance exam to the Edinburgh University. Dr Goonam was … union movement and identified himself with a number of strikes. 1943 - He confronted General Smuts's Pegging Act, …

… The inclusion in the Bill of Rights of a special section on the rights of the … Parliament, by prohibiting corporal punishment in all schools, had unconstitutionally limited the rights of parents of children in independent schools who, in line with their religious convictions, had …

… On 20 July 1985 the government declared a State of Emergency in 36 magisterial districts in the Eastern Cape and PWV (now Gauteng ) areas. This was the … in September when the police closed about 500 coloured schools and colleges. The UDF and Congress of South African …

… of a Khoisan lady. Source: unknown 1300-1599 c.1300-c.1500 The Khoisan are established as the dominant power in the southern and south-western Cape … passes plans for the introduction of white English-medium schools throughout the Cape Colony 1813 The founding of the …

… Amendment Act, Act No 21 of 1950 This Act was one of the most controversial pieces of Apartheid legislation. It … attempt to control African labour. The Act prohibited strikes by Africans. The Act did not give legal recognition … also gave additional powers to the minister to announce strikes illegal in essential industries. Whites benefited …

… 1950 A.K.M. Docrat , a popular activist, was named under the Suppression of Communism Act . He was jailed for thirty days during the 1952 Defiance Campaign and detained under the State of … leading religious figures addressed the meeting. Indian schools closed for the day as did businesses to allow …

… from one chimpanzee to one human, as early as 1908 in the southeastern corner of Cameroon. 1960s An HIV viral … mangabey monkeys in Guinea-Bissau. 1964 Jerome Horwitz of The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Wayne State … intended to treat cancer. 1966 Genetic studies of the HIV virus indicate that it first arrived in the Americas …

… selfless youth in late 1970s South Africa inspired by the black radical consciousness philosophy. Image Source … of their political, economic, and social rights in the early 1900s and how did this reality pave the way for the rise of African Nationalism? Present an …

… 1.1. With his call to put “America First”, Donald Trump is the latest recruit to a dangerous nationalism. Flagrantly … was a segregated education system which created separate schools for South African population groups which were … Germany. In 1936, Palestinian uprising began with general strikes occurring. These strikes were organized by a …

… my grandfather’s farm, which was fifteen miles away from the city, and in those days around us were plantations of … 100 acres of land was called Phoenix Settlement. It was the most beautiful piece of land, untouched by the then … to earth. We were with children –girls from other primary schools and we were not popular because of our good manners …

… The Azania Liberation Support Committee (ALSC) was formed in … of various broadly leftist political tendencies. The ALSC launched Azania Worker and Azania Frontline as publications that were part of the South African liberation movement but independent of any …

… Fischer, Brams grandfather, who was State Secretary of the Free State Republic and the only Prime Minister of the Orange River Colony in 1907, … lecturing to individuals as well as through correspondence schools and the University of Witwatersrand. Wins the Bar …

… 1920 The Housing Act is passed. This Act made funds available for the government to house the poor. “The resultant estates were required to be racially …

… Like all other Black ethnic groups, the Coloureds also fell victim to segregation and repressive … by Colonial and successive governments since shortly after the founding of the Cape of Good Hope, Natal and the Boer Republics. The … Lewis. G. (1987), Between the Wire and the Wall , Cape Town & Johannesburg: David …

… Mgxaji Mslaba “Dumile” Feni was born on 21 May 1942 in the small town of Withuis in Worcester, Cape Province. While … named their son Zwelidumile, or “a person known all over the country.” (Dube, 2006) His father was a policeman, who … institutions in South Africa, and the curriculum in Bantu schools became increasingly centred on traditional African …

… by non-vernacular-speaking friends. While noting this, the spelling on this site has not adhered to Chief Luthuli's … choice is in order to facilitate Internet searches, where the more widespread spelling of 'Chief Luthuli' is more … name Mvumbi, which means continuous rain. 1820s Shaka , the Zulu king, allows a small party of English traders to …

… This article was written by Bennett Gwynn and forms part of the SAHO and Southern Methodist University partnership project Overcoming Adversity from All Angles: The Struggle of the Domestic Worker during Apartheid   … the official medium of instruction in Black South African schools, the students and their parents were outraged (Cock …

… 1940 Mandela was elected to the Student Representative Council (SRC) at Fort Hare. After … low SRC poll, he followed his conscience and resigned. The head of the University gave him a choice: either he accepts the post …

… 11 September, Gerrit Viljoen is born in Cape Town. 1920 The Native Affairs Act The ANC supports the militant strike by African mineworkers … (SAIC) calls for a national day of prayer (hartal), strikes and the closure of shops in opposition to various …

… and Lesotho in 1980 and after, did not cease to work with the African National Congress (ANC) to end apartheid and write as well as encourage others to write to show the strength of individuals in the face of struggle. He still … the time with the having a very different view from most schools of apartheid. It was well-known for its rejection of …

… The post-1948 period saw the African National Congress (ANC) abandoning its … such as petitions and deputations. In December 1949, with the support of the ANC Youth League, a new leadership came to … nationalism and mass action and to tactics of boycotts, strikes and civil disobedience. The period culminated in the …

… at Taylor Street Secondary School. 1935 Govan Mbeki joins the African National Congress (ANC) 1938 Govan Mbeki receives a telegram about a job offer from the Clakesburg Institute, a Teacher Training College in Transkei . 1939 Govan Mbeki publishes "Transkei in the Making" a work of political analysis which is deeply …

… 1983 On 23 January, Allan Boesak makes a call for the formation of a ‘united front’ at an anti-SAIC Committee … sports and other bodies to unite and collectively oppose the state’s constitutional reforms. 24 January, 25 selected … Town in the Eastern Cape. This weekend, eight of nine schools in the area were burnt down, 38 people were killed …

… [Accessed 25 February 2015] The above video resource provides useful hints / study tips … begin, and to clear any confusion, we must understand what the term ‘civil society’ means. “ community  of  citizens … 2015] What forms of civil society protest emerged from the 1960s to 1990? Background and focus The Second World War …

… by James Backhouse in February 1840 (p 561), who recorded the following: "After riding about twenty-five miles from the Amse River, we arrived, long after dark, at Afrikaners … to the spread of Christianity and civilization. Our few schools and preaching places are like so many points light, …

… Maxeke, formerly a Kimberley schoolteacher, becomes the first South African Black woman to receive a Bachelor's degree. While on a choir trip to the United States (US) Institute of the African Methodist … economically active in South Africa. Fatima Meer builds schools in Umlazi, Port Shepstone, Inanda, establishes …

… The ANC in the 1920s was largely weakened and suffered from both … incapacity and financial constraints. During this period, the party attempted to reinvigorate itself by changing its … to fight against apartheid. Anti pass protests and strikes became was a common weapon in the 1920s that was used …